Skip to main content
PMC home page
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD logoLink to Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD
. 2014 Jul-Sep;27(3):184–187. doi: 10.1590/S0102-67202014000300006

IMPORTANCE OF BIOPSIES AND HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DIARRHEA AND NORMAL COLONOSCOPIES

Importância das biópsias seriadas e avaliação histológica em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal

Franciane Mayra Nicoli KAGUEYAMA 1, Fernanda Michely NICOLI 1, Mauro Willemann BONATTO 1, Ivan Roberto Bonotto ORSO 1,✉
PMCID: PMC4676365  PMID: 25184768

Abstract

Background

In patients with chronic diarrhea, colonoscopy may identify inflammatory causes or some occult disease, and also can show a normal mucosa. Serial biopsies of intestinal mucosa can be useful for a differential diagnosis, and to modify the treatment.

Aim

To evaluate whether the biopsies performed in patients with chronic diarrhea and a normal colonoscopy contribute to the differential diagnosis and alter the therapeutic approach.

Methods

A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study using a computerized database was done. Patients with chronic diarrhea and a normal colonoscopy underwent serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectum.

Results

From 398 records, 214 were excluded. Of the 184 patients enrolled, 91 showed histological changes: 40% nonspecific inflammation; 5.18% lymphocytic inflammation, 10.37% eosinophilic inflammation; 39.26% lymphoid hyperplasia; 2.22% collagenous colitis; 2.22% melanosis; and 0.74% pseudomelanose. The sites with the largest number of changes were the terminal ileum and right colon.

Conclusions

Serial biopsies in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy identified changes in almost 50% of cases and 22% of these cases may had modified the treatment after identification of collagenous, lymphocytic and eosinophilic colitis.

Keywords: Colonoscopy, Biopsy, Collagenous colitis

INTRODUCTION

Chronic diarrhea may be defined as changes in intestinal transit lasting four or more weeks characterized by reduced stool consistency, increased daily evacuation frequency and a daily stool weight of >200 g. The cause may be infectious, endocrine-metabolic, neoplastic, functional or drug related1,6,24. Thus, the diagnosis of chronic diarrhea is ample and complex24.

Since 1970, colonoscopy has been used to evaluate the large bowel and to screen colorectal disease, especially neoplasia and polyps8,15,16. It also makes it possible to identify early lesions in risk groups, to investigate signs and symptoms of abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, chronic diarrhea, unexplained refractory iron deficiency anemia and abdominal masses, to follow patients treated for colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease7,13. Through colonoscopy, it is possible to visualize the mucosa of the terminal ileum, colon and rectum, and to check for macroscopic lesions3,8,17. In addition, several procedures can be performed, especially biopsies2,9,27. The introduction of associated technologies, such as chromoscopy and image magnification, has extended the use colonoscopy, making it easier to identify subtle lesions and benefiting a greater number of patients18,22. In fact, colonoscopy is currently one of the most complete tools for colorectal disease investigation18,19,22.

However, some patients with chronic diarrhea present a normal mucosa on colonoscopy. In such cases, serial biopsies can provide the information required to establish a diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment10. Serial biopsies are widely used to diagnose and investigate inflammatory bowel disease and consist of multiple mucosa specimens taken along the colon, from the proximal to the distal part. A complete colonoscopy may include biopsies of the terminal ileum, cecum, ascendending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum4,5,26. Based on the collected specimens, the pathologist can determine the distribution, extension and depth of the disease and identify changes undetectable on colonoscopy12,25.

According to the Royal College of Pathologists (2005), the histopathological findings of endoscopy and colon biopsies only have predictive and clinical value in patients with a clinical picture of persistent diarrhea without bleeding. The guidelines set forth the Quality and Safety Indicators for Endoscopy (2007), issued by the British Society of Gastroenterology in association with the Joint Advisory Group in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, recommend performing biopsies in all patients with persistent diarrhea5,29.

The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate whether serial biopsies in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy findings contribute to the differential diagnosis and management of chronic diarrhea.

METHODS

The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade Assis Gurgacz and filed under # 209/2013 - CEP/FAG.

The study was descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional. Information was retrieved from digital clinical records at Gastroclínica de Cascavel (Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil) covering the period January 2007 to February 2013. The subjects were patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy findings submitted to serial biopsy of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon. The inclusion criteria were diarrhea for over 15 days and normal mucosa without macroscopic changes on colonoscopy. Patients diagnosed with HIV, lactose intolerance, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease or diverticular disease and associated complications were excluded, as were patients with incomplete data. The study parameters included age, gender, indication for colonoscopy, duration of diarrhea, colonoscopy findings and histology findings. Lesions were classified by pathologists in accordance with the Atlas of Nontumor Pathology - Gastrointestinal Diseases (2007): 1) lymphocytic colitis or inflammation: increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in surface epithelium - at least 20 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells (average: 25-32); 2) collagenous colitis: chronic inflammation of the mucosa associated with subepithelial fibrous layer measuring over 10 μm and involving capillaries, red blood cells and inflammatory cells; 3) non-specific inflammation: not matching the criteria for specific inflammation but exceeding the limits of the normal mucosa or reactional; 4) lymphoid hyperplasia: mucosa containing activated lymphoid follicles with enlarged germinal center; 5) melanosis and pseudomelanosis: presence lipofuscin pigments in macrophages in the large bowel associated with the use of anthraquinone-based laxatives; 6) eosinophilic colitis: increase of 20 eosinophils per field, compromising the submucosa and muscularis propria.

The collected data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The clinical records included 398 patients with chronic diarrhea, 184 (46.23%) of whom met the inclusion criteria: diarrhea lasting over 15 days, no macroscopic changes in the mucosa on colonoscopy, and availability of results of serial biopsy of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon. The female gender was predominant (females n=122; 66.30%; average age: 38.40±14.72 years vs. males n=62; 33.70%; average age: 39.16±14.65 years).

Thirty-four male patients (54.83%) displayed non-specific inflammatory changes on histology, especially in specimens from the ascending colon. Fifty-seven female patients (46.72%) presented lymphoid hyperplasia, especially in the terminal ileum.

Histological changes were observed in approximately half the patients (91/184; 49.45%). When classified according to duration of diarrhea, symptoms lasted for 15-30 days in 17 patients (17/184; 9.24%), eight of whom (8/17; 47.05%) presented changes on biopsy. The group with diarrhea lasting between 30 days and one year included 85 patients (85/184; 46.20%), 47 of whom (47/85; 55.30%) displayed histological changes. Likewise, changes were observed in 36 (36/82; 43.90%) of the 82 (82/184; 44.57%) patients who reported diarrhea lasting over one year (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Open in a new tab

Incidence of histological changes in serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon of 184 Brazilian patients with chronic diarrhea classified according to duration of symptoms

The 91 patients with positive biopsies had a total of 135 changes (with each colon segment considered in separate) distributed as follows: non-specific inflammation n=54 (40%), lymphocytic inflammation n=7 (5.18%), eosinophilic inflammation n=14 (10.37%), lymphoid hyperplasia n=53 (39.26%), collagenous colitis n=3 (2.22%), melanosis n=3 (2.22%), and pseudomelanosis n=1 (0.74%) (Figure 2). Some patients had changes in more than one segment.

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Open in a new tab

Approximate percentage distribution of anatomopathological changes observed in serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon of 91 Brazilian patients with chronic diarrhea based on the classification provided in the Atlas of Nontumor Pathology (AFIP), 2007

Six patients (6/91; 6.6%) had changes in all three segments (the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon). Among these, the most frequently observed was non-specific inflammation (4/91; 4.4%). Twenty-three patients (23/91; 25.27%) had changes in the terminal ileum and the ascending colon; non-specific inflammation was again the most frequently observed (10/91; 11%). Seven patients (7/91; 7.7%) displayed changes in the ascending colon and the rectosigmoid colon; in this group, lymphoid hyperplasia was the most frequent (4/91; 4.4%). Twenty-nine patients (29/91; 31.87%) presented changes in the terminal ileum only, with lymphoid hyperplasia as the most common (15/91; 16.48%). Twenty-two patients (22/91; 24.17%) had lesions in the ascending colon only, predominantly lymphoid hyperplasia (14/91; 15.38%). Two patients (2/91; 2.2%) had lesions (lymphoid hyperplasia) in the rectosigmoid colon only (Table 1).

TABLE 1.

Number of histological changes observed in serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon of 91 Brazilian patients with chronic diarrhea according to affected colon segment and the most frequent type of lesion

Affected segment Number of patients Most frequent lesion Number of patients
Terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon 6 Non-specific inflammation 4
Terminal ileum and ascending colon 23 Non-specific inflammation 10
Ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon 7 Lymphoid hyperplasia 4
Terminal ileum 29 Lymphoid hyperplasia 15
Ascending colon 22 Lymphoid hyperplasia 14
Rectosigmoid colon 2 Lymphoid hyperplasia 2
Open in a new tab

Three other anatomopathological changes were observed: two cases of melanosis (one isolated and one associated) and one case of isolated pseudomelanosis.

As shown in Figure 3, the segments on the right side (the terminal ileum and the ascending colon) were much more frequently affected than the rectosigmoid colon.

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Open in a new tab

Percentage distribution of anatomopathological changes observed in serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon of 91 Brazilian patients with chronic diarrhea based on the classification provided in the Atlas of Nontumor Pathology (AFIP), 2007, according to affected colon segment

DISCUSSION

Despite the normal endoscopic appearance of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectosigmoid colon in this sample of patients with chronic diarrhea, almost half the collected biopsies (49.5%) revealed histopathological changes. This matches the findings of Silva et al. (2006) who in addition concluded that the observed changes had diagnostic implications for 32.1% of their patients. In contrast, Rafi et al. (2008) found serial biopsy of the colon in patients with normal colonoscopy to be of little diagnostic value.

Some of the lesions in this sample may be included in the diagnosis of microscopic colitis, a common finding in chronic diarrhea with increasing incidence over the past 20 years. The condition is currently divided into two major subtypes: collagenous and lymphocytic. The former is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa and a large part of the subepithelium. The latter is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa without subepithelial involvement14,23.

Eosinophilic colitis may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to comorbidities. The former is diagnosed by ruling out comorbidities capable of inducing the latter. On endoscopy, mild inflammatory changes with edema, erythema and loss of vascular patterns may be observed. Colon biopsies usually reveal eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria extending towards the lamina muscularis mucosae and the submucosa. Healthy bowels have 5-35 eosinophils per high-power field, with greater numbers in the right colon. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the number of eosinophils required to confirm diagnosis, which still requires the presence of excessive infiltration in more than one colon segment30. The lack of clear criteria can lead to underestimation of the incidence. Thus, because diagnosis depends on the subjective judgment of the pathologist, the actual number of patients in this sample with eosinophilic colitis may have been higher.

In the present study, serial biopsy made it possible to identify histopathological changes in nearly 50% of a sample of patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy findings. Approximately 20% of these could be prescribed a more appropriate treatment based on the finding of collagenous, lymphocytic or eosinophilic colitis.

Microcolitis (collagenous or lymphocytic) may be treated with corticoids. The best response is obtained with budesonide, but recurrence is common. The issue is controversial, with some researchers questioning the benefits of treatments which are effective during administration, but not curative. The treatment of eosinophilic colitis depends on the etiology14,23,30. Identifying the underlying disease responsible for the signs and symptoms makes it possible to prescribe specific treatment and obtain a positive response23,30.

The terminal ileum was the colon segment with the greatest number of lesions observed, possibly due to the presence in this segment of toxins of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin associated with digestion. Lymphoid tissue is normally present in healthy bowels4,11,12, but an increased number of lymphoid cells per field suggests changes have occurred. The most frequently observed change was lymphoid hyperplasia, matching the findings of Koksal et al. (2014). The ascending colon presented the second-greatest number of histopathological changes, indicating that biopsies should focus on the ascending colon and the terminal ileum.

Specimens from patients with diarrhea lasting 15-30 days displayed a high percentage of histopathological changes (47.05%), suggesting that biopsies taken in this period can yield significant results. According to Rafi et al. (2008), colonoscopy is only useful in the diagnosis of patients with diarrhea for over four weeks and/or associated with blood in the stools. Fine and Schiller (1999) believe serial biopsy helps establish a histopathological diagnosis in 15% of patients with diarrhea lasting over four weeks.

CONCLUSION

Changes were identified by serial biopsy in almost 50% of a sample of patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy findings. Based on histopathological findings, approximately 20% could be prescribed a more appropriate treatment. Changes were observed most frequently in the ascending colon and the terminal ileum, suggesting serial biopsies be focused on these segments. Patients with diarrhea lasting 15-30 days displayed a high incidence of changes on histology; therefore, serial biopsy would seem indicated in this patient population.

Footnotes

Conflicts of interest: none

Financial source: none

REFERENCES

  • 1.American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement Guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1999;6:146–1463. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70512-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Batista RR, Lima RFC, Fonseca MFM, Todinov LR, Formiga GJS. Indicações de colonoscopia versus achado de pólipos e neoplasias colorretais. Rev Bras. de Coloproc. 2011;31(1):64–70. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Bowles CJ, Leicester R, Romaya C, Swarbrick E, Williams CB, Epstein O. A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow? Gut. 2004;53:277–283. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.016436. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Cuvelier C, Demetter P, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Vos M. Interpretation of ileal biopsies: morphological features in normal and diseased mucosa. Histopathology. 2001 Jan;38(1):1–12. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01070.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Elliot VJ, Bateman AC, Green B. The Endoscopically Normal Colon When Is Mapping Biopsy Histopathologically Justifiable. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2012;3(2):104–108. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2011-100023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Ferreira S, Magalhães M, Cotrim I, Pereira A, Saraiva R. Diarreia crónica. J. Port. Gastrenterol. Lisboa, Maio. 2012;19(3) [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Fine KD, Schiller LR. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1464–1464. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70513-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Finlay AM, Prithi B. Colonoscopy and biopsy. Gastroenterology. 1997 Mar;11(1):65–82. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3528(97)90054-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.GUIDELINE: Appropriate use of gastrointestinal endoscopy. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). Gastrointest. Endosc. 2012;75(6):1127–1131. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.01.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Howat A, Boyd K, Douce G. The Royal College of Pathologists. 2 edicion. London: RCPath; 2005. Histopathology and cytopathology of limited or no clinical value. [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Koksal AR, Boga S, Alkim H, Ergun M, Bayram M, Sakiz D. How does a biopsy of endoscopically normal terminal ileum contribute to the diagnosis? Which patients should undergo biopsy? [série online] Libyan Journal of Medicine. 2014;9:23441. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v9.23441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v9.23441 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Melo MMC, Cury PM, Ronch LS, Gonçalves-Filho FA, Cunrath GS, Netinho JG. Arq. Gastroenterol. 2 Vol. 46. São Paulo, Abril/Junho: 2009. Íleo terminal de pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia: aspectos endoscópicos, histológicos e clínicos. [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Melo MMC, Netinho JG. Aspectos endoscópicos no diagnóstico de doenças que acometem o íleo terminal. Rev. Col. Bras Cir. 2010;37(3):234–239. doi: 10.1590/s0100-69912010000300012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Münch A, Langner C. Microscopic Colitis: Clinical and Pathologic Perspectives. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Linköpings University, Linköping, Sweden; and Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria: 2014. [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Nagasako K, Endo M, Takemoto T, Kmura K, Kondo T. The insertion of fibercolonoscope into the cecum and direct observation of the ileocecal valve. Endoscopy. 1970;2(2):123–126. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Nagasako K, Yazawa C, Takemoto T. Observation of the terminal ileum. Endoscopy. 1971;3(1):45–51. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(72)73931-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Nahas SC, Alves PA, Nahas OS, Habr-Gama A, Pinotti HW. Colonoscopia como método diagnóstico e terapêutico na doença do intestino grosso no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Rev. Bras Coloproctologia. 1989;9(suppl. 1):20. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Nahas SC, Alves PRA, Araújo SEA, Sousa JAHS, Sobrado JCW, Nahas CSR, et al. Emprego da colonoscopia como método diagnóstico e terapêutico das doenças do intestino grosso. Resultados observados em 1.715 exames. Revista Hospital Clínicas Faculdade Medicina São Paulo. 1998;53:117–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Nahas SC, Oliveira FDES, Araújo SE, Lourenção JL, Sobrado JCW, Nahas CSR, et al. Colonoscopia: indicações, contraindicações e complicações. Revista Hospital Clínicas Faculdade Medicina São Paulo. 1998;53(1):91–99. [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Nahas SC, Marques CFS, Araújo AS, Aisaka AA, Nahas CSR, Pinto RA, et al. Colonoscopia como método diagnóstico e terapêutico das moléstias do intestino grosso: análise de 2567 exames. Arq. Gastroenterol. 2005;42:77–82. doi: 10.1590/s0004-28032005000200003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Noffsinger A, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Maru D, Gilinisky N. Gastrointestinal Diseases, AFIP Atlas of Nontumor Pathology. First Series. 2007;5:656–658. [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Nossa FLC, Paula NBLBB, Todinov LR, Barreto NPF, Silva JH, Formiga GJS. Colonoscopia diagnóstica e terapêutica. Avaliação das indicações e resultados. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 1999;19:168–171. [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Ozdil K, Sahin A, Calhan T, Kahraman R, Nigdelioglu A, Akyuz U, Sokmen HM. The Frequency of Microscopic and Focal Active Colitis in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. BMC Gastroenteroly. 2011;11(96) doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-96. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Rafi UD, Manzar Z, Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman AB. Chronic Diarrhea: Large Gut Causes. Professional Med J Dec. 2008;15(4):479–485. [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Santos CHMD, Cury MDS, Saad FT. Principais Achados de Colonoscopias Realizadas em Caráter de Urgência e Eletivas. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 2009;29(1):83–87. [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Santos JCMJ. Preparo do intestino grosso para a colonoscopia - usos, abusos e ideias controversas. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 2010 Jul-Setembro;30(3) [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Silva EJ, Câmara MAR, Gaidão E, Almeida EC. Colonoscopia: Análise crítica de sua indicação. Rev Bras. de Coloproc. 2003;23(2):77–81. [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Silva JG, Brito T, Cintra DAO, Laudanna AA, SIPAHI AM. Histologic study of colonic mucosa in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopic findings. J Clin Gastroenteroly. 2006;40:44–48. doi: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000190760.72992.ed. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Valori R, Barton RBSG. Quality and Safety Indicators for Endoscopy. [série online] London: British Society of Gastroenterology Endoscopy Committee; 2007. Disponível em: http://www.bsg.org.uk/attachments/170_bsg_grs_indic07.pdf. [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Yen EF, Pardi DS. Non-IBD colitides (eosinophilic, microscopic). Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. Chicago, USA. 2012;26:611–622. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.11.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD = Brazilian Archives of Digestive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva

RESOURCES