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. 2015 Nov 13;(3):e6835. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e6835

Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil

Walter Santos de Araújo ‡,✉, Eder Dasdoriano Porfírio Júnior §, Bárbara Araújo Ribeiro ‡, Taiza Moura Silva ‡, Elienai Cândida e Silva ‡, Frederico Augusto Guimarães Guilherme |, Claudia Scareli-Santos , Benedito Baptista dos Santos ‡
PMCID: PMC4678802  PMID: 26696767

Abstract Abstract

Background

Surveys of host plants of insect galls have been performed in different regions of Brazil. The knowledge of species of host plants of insect galls is fundamental to further studies of plant-galling insect interactions. However, a list of host plant species of gall-inducing insects has not yet been compiled for the flora of the Midwest Region of Brazil.

New information

We provide a compilation of the plant species reported to host insect galls in the Cerrado of the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Altogether we found records for 181 species of 47 families of host plants, which hosted 365 distinct gall morphotypes.

Keywords: Cerrado, galls, Goiás, host plants, Neotropical savannas, plant-insect interactions

Introduction

Insect galls are structures formed by the development of larvae or nymphs in the interior of plant tissues (Mani 1964, Rohfritsch 1982, Stone and Schönrogge 2003). Galls develop by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the plant cells, which changes all of the structure of the attacked plant organ (Moura et al. 2008). Because of the intimate level of interaction between gall-inducing insects and their host plants at histological and cellular scale, these insects are considered the most specialized guild of herbivores (Stone and Schönrogge 2003, Carneiro et al. 2009, Fernandes and Santos 2014). Due to this high degree of specialization, knowledge regarding the identity of host plant species is fundamental to studies of plant-galling insect interactions.

It is already known that there exists a high diversity of insect galls in the Neotropics (Gagné 1994, Fernandes and Santos 2014), mainly in the savannas located in central Brazil (Araújo et al. 2014b). A likely explanation for this is the great diversity of plants in the region (Espírito-Santo and Fernandes 2007), since richness of host plants is an important factor in explaining the distribution patterns of insect galls (Araújo et al. 2014b). Considering that each species of plant is a potential host for galling, a greater local and regional diversity of plant species implies greater galling species richness (Mendonça 2007). Several studies in Brazil have produced local and regional lists of host plant species and their associated galls, especially in the South and Southeast regions (e.g. Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes 2001, Maia and Fernandes 2004, Mendonça 2007, Maia et al. 2008, Bregonci et al. 2010), while in other regions, such as the Midwest, surveys are still scarce (Araújo et al. 2013). In the present work, we provide a compilation of plant species that have been recorded to host insect galls in the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil.

Material and methods

We compiled data from different surveys of plant species that are hosts of insect galls from several locations in the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil (Fig. 1). We also included data from the Distrito Federal, which is a separate political entity, but is surrounded by the state of Goiás. All records of hosts and galls were collected between 2005 and 2013 in different types of vegetation that comprise the Cerrado biome (Table 1). We included data published in local checklists (e.g. Santos et al. 2010, Araújo et al. 2011, Araújo et al. 2014a) as well as unpublished data. The identification of the plants was made by comparison with the collections of Universidade Federal de Goiás, herbarium, literature, as well as consultation with specialists. We checked the synonymy using The Plant List database (www.theplantlist.org). In addition to the list of host plants, we provide a short morphological characterization of gall morphotypes (plant organ, gall form and gall color) associated with each host plant species. The use of gall morphotypes is a commonly used and reliable parameter because evidence indicates that each gall morphospecies (examples in Fig. 2) is unique to a particular gall-inducing insect (Stone and Schönrogge 2003), and each galling species is specific to a particular host plant (Abrahamson et al. 1998). Insect galls can be differentiated from galls induced by other organisms, such as mites and nematodes, because they form an internal chamber where the immature insect develops (see Fig. 2f). Furthermore, insect galls are relatively large structures (in cm scale) and usually closed (internal chamber has no opening to the outside), unlike other galls induced by animals. Insect galls were collected and taken to laboratory where they were dissected to obtain the immature and adults gall-inducing insects. It was not our objective to list the species (or taxa) of the gall-inducing insects responsible for the galls observed in the plants of our survey. For details about galling insect taxa associated with each host plant species the original studies should be consulted.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Localization of the sites in which insect galls were sampled in the state of Goiás, Midwest, Brazil. 2005-2013. The number of each site corresponds to code in the Table 1.

Table 1.

Description of the sites and vegetation formations in which insect galls were sampled in the state of Goiás, Midwest, Brazil. 2005-2013.

Code Sampled site Municipaly Vegetation type Geocoordinate Altitude (m) Reference
1 Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus Pirenópolis Savanna, Rock Savanna, Semidecidual Forest, Riparian Forest 15°49'S, 48°53'W 1,156 Araújo et al. 2011
2 Pedreira da Prefeitura Pirenópolis Savanna 15°50'S, 48°55'W 840 Unpublished
3 Reserva da UEG Anápolis Savanna 16°22'S, 48°56'W 1,097 Unpublished
4 Floresta Nacional de Silvânia Silvânia Grassland, Savanna, Semidecidual Forest, Riparian Forest 16°38'S, 48°39'W 963 Unpublished
5 Fazenda do Geraldo Silvânia Savanna 16°40'S, 48°18'W 837 Unpublished
6 Condomínio Itanhangá Goiânia Savanna 16°33'S, 49°17'W 762 Araújo et al. 2013
7 Bosque Saint Hilaire Goiânia Semidecidual Forest 16°36'S, 49°15'W 795 Santos et al. 2010
8 Zona Rural de Senador Canedo Senador Canedo Savanna 16°43'S, 49°06'W 774 Unpublished
9 Fazenda Bom Sucesso Senador Canedo Savanna 16°42'S, 49°02'W 749 Unpublished
10 Banana Menina Hidrolânia Savanna 16°59'S, 49°14'W 893 Unpublished
11 Zona Rural de Bela Vista Bela Vista Savanna 15°57'S, 48°56'W 809 Unpublished
12 Condomínio Del Rey Caldas Novas Savanna 17°42'S, 48°38'W 702 Santos et al. 2012
13 Fazenda Caiapônia Caiapônia Semidecidual Forest 16°56'S, 51°49'W 703 Unpublished
14 Fazenda Lajeado Jataí Savanna 17°53'S, 51°38'W 756 Unpublished
15 Estação Ecológica da UFG Jataí Semidecidual Forest 17°56'S, 51°42'W 646 Unpublished
16 Jardim Botânico Mata do Açude Jataí Semidecidual Forest 17°56'S, 51°43'W 618 Unpublished
17 Parque Nacional das Emas Mineiros Savanna, Grassland 17°56'S, 52°56'W 878 Araújo et al. 2014a
18 REBIO Contagem Brasília Savanna 15°37'S, 47°52'W 994 Unpublished
19 APA Cafuringa Brasília Savanna 15°31'S, 47°57'W 873 Unpublished
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Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Examples of insect galls recorded to state of Goiás, Midwest, Brazil. 2005-2013. a) Stem gall of Apion sp. (Coleoptera, Brentidae) on Diospyros hispida (Ebenaceae); b) Stem gall of Palaeomystella oligophaga (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae) on Macairea radula (Melastomataceae); c) Leaf galls of Neotrioza sp. (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on Psidium salutare (Myrtaceae); d) Leaf gall of Myrciariamyia admirabilis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Erythroxylum suberosum (Erythroxylaceae); e) Leaf gall of an undetermined Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) on Anadenanthera peregrina (Fabaceae); f) Leaf galls of an undetermined Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) on Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae) with the detail of a larva in the internal chamber.

Results

We recorded a total of 181 species of 47 families of plants that host insect galls in the state of Goiás (Table 2). Seventy-three (40.3%) plant species are registered as gall hosts for the first time to Goiás. Associated with plant species were 365 gall morphotypes, of which 192 (52.6%) had previously been recorded and 173 (47.4%) are new records. The plant families with the highest gall richness were Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Myrtaceae, Vochysiaceae, Sapindaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae and Asteraceae. These 10 families exhibited 58% of the insect gall morphotype richness and 52.4% of the total number of host plant species. The family Fabaceae hosted 58 gall morphotypes, while Malpighiaceae, Myrtaceae and Vochysiaceae had 29, 28 and 23 gall morphotypes, respectively.

Table 2.

Host plants (families and species) and insect galls (occurrence organ, form and color) recorded in the state of Goiás, Central-western Brazil. 2005-2013. References: A = Santos et al. 2010; B = Araújo et al. 2011; C = Santos et al. 2012; D = Araújo et al. 2014a; * = new record.

Host family Host species Plant organ Gall form Gall color Reference
Anacardiaceae Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil. Leaf Conical Green B
Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Leaf Discoid Green *
Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Leaf Globose Brown *
Anacardiaceae Astronium graveolens Jacq. Leaf Globose Red *
Anacardiaceae Astronium graveolens Jacq. Stem/Leaf Globose Yellow *
Anacardiaceae Litharea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. Leaf Discoid Green *
Annonaceae Annona coriacea Mart. Leaf Discoid Yellow B; D
Annonaceae Annona coriacea Mart. Leaf Globose Green B; D
Annonaceae Annona coriacea Mart. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown B; D
Annonaceae Bocageopsis mattogrossensis (R.E.Fr.) R.E.Fr. Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Annonaceae Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff. Leaf Globose Green *
Annonaceae Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Apocynaceae Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart. Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Apocynaceae Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart. Leaf Conical Green D
Apocynaceae Aspidosperma nobile Müll.Arg. Leaf Discoid Green D
Apocynaceae Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. Leaf Discoid Yellow B
Araliaceae Schefflera macrocarpa (Seem) D.C. Frodin Leaf Discoid Bege *
Araliaceae Schefflera macrocarpa (Seem) D.C. Frodin Leaf Globose Yellow *
Araliaceae Schefflera morototoni Aubl. Leaf Ellipsoid Green A
Araliaceae Schefflera vinosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Frodin & Fiaschi Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Araliaceae Schefflera vinosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Frodin & Fiaschi Petiole Ellipsoid Brown D
Asteraceae Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish Leaf Globoid Green D
Asteraceae Eremanthus goyazensis (Gardner) Sch. Bip. Stem Ellipsoid Rust *
Asteraceae Eremanthus sp. Midvein Globose Brown *
Asteraceae Heterocondylus alatus (Vell.) King and H. Rob. Leaf Ellipsoid Green *
Asteraceae Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker Leaf Discoid Green D
Asteraceae Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker Leaf Globose Bege *
Asteraceae Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker Midvein Ellipsoid Green D
Asteraceae Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker Stem Globose Brown *
Asteraceae Vernonia polysphaera Baker Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Bignoniaceae Arrabidaea sp. Leaf/Stem Globose Yellow A
Bignoniaceae Arrabidaea sp. Stem Ellipsoid Green A; B
Bignoniaceae Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos Leaf Conical Brown D
Bignoniaceae Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos Stem Globose Green *
Bignoniaceae Macfadyena sp. Stem Ellipsoid Green *
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore Leaf Ellipsoid Green *
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore Leaf Globose Yellow *
Bignoniaceae Tabebuia sp. Leaf Conical Green C
Boraginaceae Cordia sellowiana Cham. Leaf Globose Brown *
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Leaf Marginal roll Green *
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Leaf Cylindrical Green *
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Leaf Conical Green B
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Leaf Discoid Green *
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Leaf Globose Brown *
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Leaf Globose Green A
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown A
Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum March. Stem Globose Green *
Burseraceae Protium sp. Leaf Ellipsoid Green *
Burseraceae Protium sp. Leaf/Stem Ellipsoid Green *
Burseraceae Protium sp. Stem Ellipsoid Green *
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Leaf Globoid Brown D
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Leaf Ellipsoid Brown *
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc. Midvein Amorphous Brown D
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi Leaf Discoid Brown D
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera rubriflora Camb. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Calophyllaceae Kielmeyera sp. Leaf Globose Green *
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Leaf Discoid Yellow C
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Leaf Ellipsoid Yellow *
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Leaf Globose Yellow B; D
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Leaf Globoid Yellow B; C; D
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Petiole Globoid Brown *
Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Stem Amorphous Brown C
Caryocaraceae Caryocar glabrum (Aubl.) Pers. Leaf Globose Green *
Celastraceae Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C. Sm. Midvein Globose Brown *
Celastraceae Maytenus sp. Leaf Discoid Green *
Celastraceae Maytenus sp. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Celastraceae Plenckia populnea Reissek Leaf Discoid Brown *
Chrysobalanaceae Couepia grandiflora (Mart. and Zucc.) Benth. and Hook. Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella glandulosa Spreng. Leaf Globose Yellow *
Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella sp. Leaf Globose Brown *
Chrysobalanaceae Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl. Leaf Marginal roll Green *
Chrysobalanaceae Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl. Leaf Globose Brown *
Chrysobalanaceae Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl. Midvein Globoid Brown D
Chrysobalanaceae Licania tomentosa Benth. Leaf Discoid Green A
Clusiaceae Calophylum brasiliensis Camb. Leaf Globose Green B
Clusiaceae Clusia sp. Leaf Amorphous Red B
Combretaceae Terminalia argentea Mart. and Zucc. Leaf Discoid Green C
Combretaceae Terminalia argentea Mart. and Zucc. Leaf Globose Brown B
Connaraceae Connarus suberosus Planch. Leaf Discoid Green D
Connaraceae Connarus suberosus Planch. Leaf Globose Brown C
Connaraceae Connarus suberosus Planch. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Connaraceae Connarus suberosus Planch. Stem Globose Brown *
Connaraceae Rourea induta Planch. Leaf Discoid Green D
Connaraceae Rourea induta Planch. Leaf Discoid Red *
Dichapetalaceae Tapura sp. Leaf Globose Green *
Dilleniaceae Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Brown B; C; D
Dilleniaceae Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil. Leaf Ellipsoid Green B; C
Dilleniaceae Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Green D
Ebenaceae Diospyros burchelii Hern. Leaf Amorphous Green B
Ebenaceae Diospyros hispida A.DC. Leaf Globose Yellow C
Ebenaceae Diospyros hispida A.DC. Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Ebenaceae Diospyros hispida A.DC. Leaf Globoid Yellow D
Ebenaceae Diospyros hispida A.DC. Stem Globose Green C
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum campestre A. St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Green *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum deciduum A. St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Green *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum deciduum A. St.-Hil. Terminal bud Globose Brown C
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum engleri O.E.Schulz Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum sp. Leaf Ellipsoid Yellow *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum sp. Stem Globose Brown *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Leaf Amorphous Red B; C
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Green *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Leaf Marginal roll Green C
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Leaf Globose Red *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Leaf Marginal leaf roll Green D
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart. Leaf Globose Red *
Euphorbiaceae Manihot sp. Leaf Conical Red A
Euphorbiaceae Manihot tripartita (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. Leaf Conical Green C
Euphorbiaceae Maprounea guianensis Aubl. Stem Ellipsoid Green *
Fabaceae Acosmium dasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev Leaf Discoid Yellow C
Fabaceae Acosmium dasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev Leaf Discoid Green B
Fabaceae Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg. Leaf Globoid Red D
Fabaceae Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Spreng. Leaf Conical Yellow *
Fabaceae Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Spreng. Leaf Globose Red B
Fabaceae Andira cujabensis Benth. Leaf Discoid Green D
Fabaceae Andira cujabensis Benth. Leaf Conical Green D
Fabaceae Andira cujabensis Benth. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Fabaceae Andira cujabensis Benth. Petiole Globoid Brown D
Fabaceae Andira paniculata Benth. Leaf Amorphous Green B
Fabaceae Andira paniculata Benth. Leaf Discoid Brown B
Fabaceae Andira paniculata Benth. Leaf Ellipsoid Green B
Fabaceae Andira sp. Leaf Discoid Green *
Fabaceae Andira sp. Leaf Ellipsoid Green *
Fabaceae Andira sp. Leaf Globose Green C
Fabaceae Bauhinia curvula Benth. Leaf Globose Yellow *
Fabaceae Bauhinia curvula Benth. Leaf Globose Brown *
Fabaceae Bauhinia curvula Benth. Leaf Globose Green *
Fabaceae Bauhinia curvula Benth. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.1 Leaf Globose red *
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.1 Stem Ellipsoid Brown A
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.1 Stem Globose Brown *
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.2 Leaf Globose Brown C
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.3 Leaf Globose Branca *
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.3 Leaf Globose Green C
Fabaceae Bauhinia sp.4 Leaf Globose Green *
Fabaceae Bauhinia ungulata L. Leaf Discoid Green A
Fabaceae Bauhinia ungulata L. Midvein Globose Red B
Fabaceae Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Leaf Discoid Green D
Fabaceae Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Midvein Ellipsoid Green D
Fabaceae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leaf Bilobed Brown C
Fabaceae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leaf Discoid Yellow C
Fabaceae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leaf Globose Yellow *
Fabaceae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leaf Globose Brown *
Fabaceae Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Fabaceae Dalbergia miscolobium Benth. Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Fabaceae Dimorphandra mollis Benth. Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Fabaceae Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne Leaf Discoid Brown B
Fabaceae Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne Leaf Discoid Yellow A; D
Fabaceae Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart. Leaf Cylindrical Green A
Fabaceae Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart. Leaf Globose Green A
Fabaceae Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart. Midvein Globose Green A
Fabaceae Inga marginata Willd. Leaf Discoid Green *
Fabaceae Inga sp. Leaf Globose Brown *
Fabaceae Inga sp. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Fabaceae Inga uruguensis Hooker et Arnott Leaf Globose Green A
Fabaceae Leotolobium dasycarpum Vogel Leaf Discoid Green D
Fabaceae Leotolobium dasycarpum Vogel Midvein Ellipsoid Green D
Fabaceae Machaerium opacum Vog. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Fabaceae Machaerium opacum Vog. Leaf Discoid Green *
Fabaceae Piptadenia sp. Leaf Discoid Yellow A
Fabaceae Piptadenia sp. Stem Ellipsoid Grey *
Fabaceae Sclerolobium paniculatum Vog. Leaf Discoid Green *
Fabaceae Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville Leaf Discoid Brown *
Fabaceae Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Fabaceae Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Fabaceae Tachigali aurea Tul. Leaf Ellipsoid Brown D
Fabaceae Tachigali vulgaris L.G.Silva & H.C.Lima Leaf Globoid Yellow D
Lauraceae Nectandra cuspidata Nees Leaf Discoid Green A
Loganiaceae Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Green *
Loganiaceae Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil. Leaf Globose Green C
Loranthaceae Struthanthus sp. Leaf Discoid Brown B
Malpighiaceae Banisteriopsis argyrophylla (A. Juss.) B. Gates Leaf Globose Green *
Malpighiaceae Banisteriopsis megaphylla (A. Juss.) B. Gates Leaf Globose Green *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima basiloba A. Juss. Leaf Globose Brown *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth Leaf Conical Green D
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth Leaf Discoid Brown D
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima guilleminiana Brad. and Mark. Leaf Discoid Yellow B
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima laxiflora Griseb. Leaf Conical Yellow *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima laxiflora Griseb. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Leaf Conical Yellow B
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Leaf Ellipsoid Brown *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Leaf Vírgula Yellow *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Leaf Conical Brown D
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Leaf Discoid Green D
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. Stem Globose Brown C
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sp.1 Leaf Conical Green *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sp.2 Leaf Discoid Green *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sp.3 Leaf Conical Yellow B
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sp.3 Midvein Ellipsoid Green *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. Leaf Discoid Green D
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. Leaf Conical Yellow *
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. Leaf Globose Purple *
Malpighiaceae Diplopterys pubipetala (A. Juss.) W.R. Anderson and C. Cav. Davis Leaf Discoid Green *
Malpighiaceae Heteropterys byrsonimifolia A. Juss. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Malpighiaceae Heteropterys byrsonimifolia A. Juss. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Malpighiaceae Peixotoa sp. Leaf Globose Green C
Malpighiaceae Pterandra pyroidea A. Juss. Leaf Globose Yellow B
Malvaceae Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Malvaceae Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns Leaf Discoid Green D
Malvaceae Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns Midvein Ellipsoid Green D
Malvaceae Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns Midvein Globoid Brown D
Malvaceae Eriotheca pubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott & Endl. Leaf Globoid Brown C
Malvaceae Eriotheca pubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott & Endl. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Malvaceae Eriotheca pubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott & Endl. Leaf Discoid Green *
Malvaceae Pseudobombax longiflorum (Mart. and Zucc.) A. Robyns Leaf Conical Red B; C
Malvaceae Sida micrantha A.St.-Hil Leaf/Stem Globose Yellow B
Melastomataceae Macairea radula (Bonpl.) DC. Leaf/Stem Globose Yellow B
Melastomataceae Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Leaf Globoid Brown B; C; D
Melastomataceae Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Leaf Discoid Brown D
Melastomataceae Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Leaf Discoid Bege *
Melastomataceae Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Leaf Globose Brown *
Melastomataceae Miconia sp.1 Stem Globose Green *
Melastomataceae Miconia sp.2 Leaf Amorphous Brown *
Melastomataceae Miconia sp.2 Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Melastomataceae Miconia sp.3 Inflorescence Globose Brown *
Meliaceae Guarea sp. Stem Globose Brown *
Myristicaceae Virola sebifera Aubl. Leaf Globose Green *
Myrsinaceae Rapanea guianensis Aubl. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Myrtaceae Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O.Berg Leaf Discoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Eugenia aurata O.Berg Leaf Discoid Black D
Myrtaceae Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. Leaf Ellipsoid Green B
Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. Leaf Discoid Green *
Myrtaceae Eugenia ternatifolia Cambess. Leaf Globoid Green D
Myrtaceae Myrcia bella Cambess. Leaf Discoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Myrcia bella Cambess. Midvein Ellipsoid Green D
Myrtaceae Myrcia camapuanensis N.Silveira Midvein Globoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. Leaf Globoid Green D
Myrtaceae Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. Leaf Discoid Green D
Myrtaceae Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. Midvein Globoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. Midvein Conical Green D
Myrtaceae Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. Leaf Globoid Green D
Myrtaceae Myrcia rostrata DC Leaf Discoid Green A
Myrtaceae Myrcia sp.1 Leaf Globose Green B
Myrtaceae Myrcia sp.1 Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Myrtaceae Myrcia sp.1 Stem Globose Green *
Myrtaceae Myrcia sp.2 Leaf Globose Green A
Myrtaceae Myrcia sp.2 Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Myrtaceae Myrcia sp.3 Axillary bud Ellipsoid Brown *
Myrtaceae Myrcia variabilis DC. Leaf Discoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Myrcia vestita DC. Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Myrtaceae Psidium laruotteanum Cambess. Leaf Globoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Psidium laruotteanum Cambess. Leaf Discoid Brown D
Myrtaceae Psidium laruotteanum Cambess. Leaf Marginal leaf roll Green D
Myrtaceae Psidium myrtoides O.Berg Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Myrtaceae Psidium myrtoides O.Berg Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Myrtaceae Psidium salutare var. pohlianum (O.Berg) Landrum Leaf Globose Green B
Nyctaginaceae Guapira gracilifolia (Vell.) Reitz Leaf Discoid Brown *
Nyctaginaceae Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell Leaf Discoid Brown D
Nyctaginaceae Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Nyctaginaceae Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell Midvein Globoid Brown D
Nyctaginaceae Guapira sp. Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Nyctaginaceae Guapira sp. Leaf Globose Green *
Nyctaginaceae Guapira sp. Midvein Ellipsoid Green *
Nyctaginaceae Guapira sp. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Nyctaginaceae Neea theifera Oerst. Leaf Discoid Green C
Ochnaceae Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. Leaf Discoid Green B; C; D
Ochnaceae Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill. Stem Globose Brown *
Ochnaceae Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Engl. Leaf Conical Brown D
Ochnaceae Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Engl. Leaf Discoid Green D
Piperaceae Piper arboreum Aubl. Leaf Discoid Green A
Piperaceae Piper arboreum Aubl. Stem Ellipsoid marron A
Piperaceae Piper arboreum Aubl. Stem Globose Green B
Piperaceae Piper sp. Leaf Globose Green *
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Leaf Discoid Green B; C; D
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Leaf Conical Green C
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Leaf Ellipsoid Brown *
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Leaf Ellipsoid Green *
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Midvein Ellipsoid Green D
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Petiole Ellipsoid Red D
Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Ramnaceae Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek Stem Globose Brown *
Rubiaceae Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. Ex DC. Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Rubiaceae Alibertia sp.1 Leaf Discoid Green *
Rubiaceae Alibertia sp.2 Leaf Discoid Orange *
Rubiaceae Coussarea sp. Leaf Globose Yellow *
Rubiaceae Coussarea sp. Stem Globose Green *
Rubiaceae Palicourea rigida Kunth Leaf Globoid Brown D
Rubiaceae Palicourea rigida Kunth Leaf Amorphous Bege *
Rubiaceae Palicourea rigida Kunth Leaf Globose Yellow B
Rubiaceae Palicourea sp. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Salicaceae Casearia sylvestris Sw. Leaf Discoid Brown D
Salicaceae Casearia sylvestris Sw. Leaf Globose Green *
Sapindaceae Cupania sp. Stem Ellipsoid Green *
Sapindaceae Matayba guianensis Aubl. Leaf Globose Green *
Sapindaceae Matayba sp. Leaf Conical Green *
Sapindaceae Matayba sp. Midvein Globose Green *
Sapindaceae Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil. Leaf Discoid Green *
Sapindaceae Serjania obtusidentata Radlk Leaf Discoid Green A
Sapindaceae Serjania obtusidentata Radlk Leaf/Stem Ellipsoid Green A
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Leaf Discoid Green *
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Leaf Ellipsoid Green *
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Leaf Globose Brown *
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown B
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Midvein Ellipsoid Green *
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Stem Conical Brown *
Sapindaceae Serjania sp. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Sapotaceae Chrysophylum marginatum (Hook. and Arn.) Radlk. Leaf Globose Green *
Sapotaceae Micropholis sp. Leaf Globose Green B
Sapotaceae Micropholis sp. Stem Globose Brown B
Sapotaceae Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. Leaf Discoid Brown D
Sapotaceae Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. Leaf Globose Green *
Sapotaceae Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. Stem Ellipsoid Brown B
Sapotaceae Pouteria sp. Leaf Discoid Red *
Sapotaceae Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. Leaf Conical Green D
Sapotaceae Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. Leaf Discoid Yellow D
Sapotaceae Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. Leaf Conical Brown D
Sapotaceae Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. Leaf Discoid Brown C
Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Leaf Cylindrical Green *
Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Leaf Ellipsoid Yellow *
Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Leaf Ellipsoid Brown *
Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Stem Ellipsoid Green *
Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Stem Globose Brown *
Siparunaceae Siparuna guianensis Aubl. Stem Globose Green A
Siparunaceae Siparuna sp. Midvein Ellipsoid Green *
Smilacaceae Smilax fluminensis Steud. Leaf Discoid Yellow *
Smilacaceae Smilax fluminensis Steud. Leaf Globose Green *
Smilacaceae Smilax sp. Leaf Globose Green B
Solanaceae Solanum sp. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Styracaceae Styrax acuminatus Pohl. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Styracaceae Styrax acuminatus Pohl. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Styracaceae Styrax ferrugineus Nees and Mart. Leaf Discoid Green *
Styracaceae Styrax ferrugineus Nees and Mart. Stem Ellipsoid Brown C
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Leaf Conicle Green *
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Leaf Globoid Brown A
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Leaf Globoid Green B
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Leaf Erythrocyte Brown A
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Leaf Globoid (abaxial) Brown A
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Leaf Discoid (adaxial) Brown B
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Stem Fusiform Brown A; B
Styracaceae Styrax pohlii A.DC. Stem Globoid Brown A; B
Styracaceae Styrax sp. Leaf Globose Green B
Ulmaceae Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Leaf Discoid Yellow A
Ulmaceae Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Leaf/Stem Conical Green *
Ulmaceae Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Leaf Ellipsoid White A
Ulmaceae Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Leaf Globose Green A
Ulmaceae Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Stem Globose Brown A
Verbenaceae Aegiphyla sp. Leaf Globose Green *
Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Leaf Discoid Green B; C
Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Leaf Globoid Green D
Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Leaf Conical Green D
Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Leaf Discoid Brown C
Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Leaf Globose Brown *
Vochysiaceae Qualea grandiflora Mart. Stem Globose Brown C
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Leaf Discoid Green D
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Leaf Discoid Brown *
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Leaf Star Green C
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Leaf Globose Brown C
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Leaf Laminar Green *
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Midvein Ellipsoid Brown D
Vochysiaceae Qualea multiflora Mart. Stem Globose Brown *
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Leaf Conical Green C; D
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Leaf Star Green D
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Leaf Discoid Green B; D
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Leaf Star Red B; D
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Leaf Globose Yellow *
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Leaf Vulcano Green *
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Stem Ellipsoid Brown *
Vochysiaceae Qualea parviflora Mart. Stem Globose Brown *
Vochysiaceae Salvertia convallariaeodora A.St.-Hil. Leaf Globose Brown B
Vochysiaceae Vochysia sp. Leaf Discoid Green C; D
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The genera Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae), Qualea (Vochysiaceae) and Myrcia (Myrtaceae) were the richest in gall morphotypes, with 22, 21 and 17 morphotypes, respectively. Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae), Protium heptaphyllum March. (Burseraceae), Qualea parviflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae), and Styrax pohlii A.DC. (Styracaceae) were the host species with the most diverse gall morphotypes. Other important host species were: Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae) (7), Qualea multiflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) (7), Roupala montana Aubl. (Proteaceae) (7), Qualea grandiflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) (6) and Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (Siparunaceae) (6).

Discussion

We have systematically compiled the results of studies on plant species that host insect galls in the Cerrado of the state of Goiás for the first time, which resulted in new records of 73 (40.3%) plant species and 173 (47.4%) gall morphospecies. Our results corroborate previous studies that indicate Fabaceae as the plant family that hosts the greatest diversity of galling insects in the Neotropical Region (Gagné 1994, Maia and Fernandes 2004, Araújo et al. 2014b, Fernandes and Santos 2014). Local studies in different regions of Brazil found the same pattern (Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes 2001, Santos et al. 2010, Araújo et al. 2011, Araújo et al. 2013, Araújo et al. 2014a). Fabaceae is the most diverse plant family of the Cerrado with nearly 800 species, and so it is not surprising that it hosts the highest diversity of insect galls (Araújo et al. 2014b).

We found that Byrsonima, Qualea and Myrcia were the genera hosting the greatest number of gall morphotypes. These results differ from that observed in other regions of Brazil. For example, Mendonça 2007] found the genera Mikania (Asteraceae), Eugenia (Myrtaceae) and Guapira (Nyctaginaceae) to host the greatest diversity of galls in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil. In the Brazilian Southeast, the genera Myrcia (Myrtaceae), Ocotea (Lauraceae) and Paullinia (Sapindaceae) hosted the most diversity of galls in the state of São Paulo (Maia et al. 2008), while Baccharis (Asteraceae) hosted the greatest richness of galls in state of Minas Gerais (Fernandes et al. 1996). With regards to host plant species, some species stand out as super-hosts of insect galls in Goiás, such as Byrsonima pachyphylla, Protium heptaphyllum, Qualea parviflora and Styrax pohlii. In a previous study, Maia and Fernandes 2004] recorded seven morphotypes of galls on P. heptaphyllum in Cerrado areas of Minas Gerais. Our compilation also adds new gall records for some host species. Galls on Siparuna guianensis were registered for the first time in the Neotropics by Santos et al. 2010] with only one gall morphotype, while in the present compilation six gall morphotypes are associated with this host plant.

Most of the studies performed in Brazil have shown a high diversity of galling insects in the Cerrado (Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes 2001, Maia and Fernandes 2004, Santos et al. 2010, Araújo et al. 2011), one of the most fragmented biomes of the world (Klink and Machado 2005). To maintain this high gall diversity it is essential that the remaining fragments of Cerrado are preserved and retain a high diversity of native plants (Araújo et al. 2014b). In the state of Goiás, areas of native vegetation are very small and the majority is widely fragmented (Cunha et al. 2007). Given the eminent risk of destruction of the remaining vegetation, inventories of host plants and their associated insect galls are urgently needed to provide a foundation for further understanding these interactions. We hope that this compilation can serve as an important tool for gall inventories and provide a theoretical reference for new studies in the state of Goiás and in all of Brazil.

Author contributions

WSA, BAR, TMS, ECS, FAGG, CSS and BBS collect data in field and help in data compilation. WSA created the map and formated the figures. WSA and EDPJ wrote the manuscript. All authors read the manuscript and contributed with suggestions.

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