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. 2015 Oct 16;5(4):2782–2807. doi: 10.3390/biom5042782

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Role of DNA sequence in RNAP elongation or backtracking. (Top): The mutant DNA contains an insertion of 5-bp (GATCT, red color), which creates a weak RNA:DNA hybrid at the 3' end of the RNA. RNAP prefers to backtrack to a more stable RNA:DNA hybrid from a weak hydrid, preventing elongation; (Bottom): In WTDNA, a strong 9-bp RNA:DNA hybrid is formed at the gal pause site upstream from OI. RNAP prefers to elongate instead of backtracking by 7-bp to a weak RNA:DNA hybrid. The * indicates the 3' end of the RNA (reproduced with permission from Elsevier [61]).