Classifications of mandibular canal branching: A review of literature

Abstract

AIM: To gather existing radiographic classifications of mandibular canals branching, considering the criteria on which these were based.

METHODS: The search for studies on mandibular canals based on imaging exams included literature reviews, epidemiological studies of prevalence, descriptive studies, or case reports. An electronic search in the MEDLINE (OvidSP), PubMed, EMBASE (OvidSP), Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), and Scopus (Elsevier) databases was performed, as well as a manual evaluation of the references of the selected articles. Combinations of key words were placed in each database. No restrictions were imposed regarding the year of publication or language. References collected in duplicate were removed by the authors. A table was drawn up, containing the included studies and respective interest data.

RESULTS: Six classifications of mandibular canals branching were selected for the present literature review. Four were based on two-dimensional radiographic exams, and two were performed based on three-dimensional tomographic exams. Three-dimensional classifications were determined based on the analysis found in the least number of exams, comparatively to two-dimensional studies. The prevalence of mandibular canal branching varied from 0% to 38.75% in the works based on two-dimensional exams, while those found in three-dimensional exams ranged from 15.6% to 65%. The studies were mostly referred to branches that began in the mandibular ramus. Just one classification considered the branches that began in the mandibular body region.

CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional exams appear to be the best method to view mandibular canal branching. Further studies are warranted to determine its true prevalence and questions concerning to associations.

Core tip: The identification of the mandibular canal and its branching are important for the planning of dental procedures. Due to the limitations of the two-dimensional exams, the three-dimensional view of the structures provided by computed tomography (CT) exams allowed for greater sensitivity for the detection and evaluation of mandibular canals. Nevertheless, some studies performed with CT exams continued to use the classifications based on two-dimensional exams. Given the variability of information on this aspect, this study aimed to gather existing information in an attempt to provide researchers and clinical professionals with a stronger basis for their studies and procedures.

INTRODUCTION

Mandibular canals are intraosseous ducts, normally unique in each hemimandible. These begin in the mandibular foramen, located in the lingual surfaces of the mandibular bodies and stretch until they emerge in the mental foramen, in a vestibular direction in the pre-molar region. Located inside of these canals is the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle, the largest ramus of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, responsible for the innervation of the posterior teeth, of the surrounding bone structure, and of the mucosa of the tongue coating of the posterior region[1].

The identification of the mandibular canal is important for the planning of a wide range of dental procedures, especially surgical procedures. The insertion of implants, extraction of impacted teeth, surgical planning of biopsies, enucleations of pathologies, orthognathic surgeries, and the defining of differential diagnoses are only a few examples of the clinical importance of its localization[2-7]. The occurrence of anatomical branching in mandibular canals constitutes a complicating factor and requires care for the proper planning of such cases in order to avoid inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle lesions.

As this study treats intraosseous anatomic structures, imaging exams are recognized as the main diagnostic resource for their localization and evaluation. The radiographic study of human fetal mandibles, performed by Chávez-Lomeli et al[8], detected that bifid or trifid canals are the main anatomical branching of the mandibular canals. For this reason, radiographic classifications were developed according to conventional exams. These systems considered their origins, localization, aspect, and direction as core criteria[1,9-12]. Due to the limitation inherent to the two-dimensional exams, Langlais et al[11] contemplated the possibility of the existence of undetected or undescribed canals.

The three-dimensional view of the structures provided by computed tomography (CT) exams allowed for greater sensitivity for the detection and evaluation of mandibular canals, in addition to the three-dimensional classification of the mandibular canal. CT studies have presented different prevalence levels and other types of mandibular canal branches (Figure 1)[13-15]. Nevertheless, some studies performed with CT exams continued to use the classification of the variation of mandibular canals based on two-dimensional exams[14,16].

Figure 1.

White arrow showing the origin of a mandibular canal branch in the mandibular body found by Rouas et al[13] (2007) on a computed tomography exam.

Bearing this finding in mind, the present review seeks to list the classifications and descriptions of the branching of existing mandibular canals, considering the applied diagnostic resources and the criteria on which these were based. Given the variability of information on this aspect, as well as the prevalence and classification, this study aimed to gather existing information in an attempt to provide researchers and clinical professionals with a stronger basis for their studies and procedures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eligibility criteria

This literature review proposed the search for radiographic studies on mandibular canals in humans, based on conventional and digital two-dimensional exams and on CT exams. This work included literature reviews, epidemiological studies of prevalence, descriptive studies, or case reports. No letters to the editor, animal studies, abstracts, or personal opinions were included.

Sources

This study performed an electronic search in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), and Scopus (Elsevier) databases. The references of the selected articles were also manually evaluated to detect relevant studies that might have been lost in the electronic search. A complementary search was also conducted using Google Search and Google Scholar search tools.

Research strategy

Combinations of key words were placed in each database, using the following key words: Mandible, mandibular nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mandibular canal, bifid mandibular canal, bifid canals, radiography, panoramic radiography, cone-beam computed tomography, dental implant, and anatomic variation. No restrictions were imposed regarding the year of publication or language. References collected in duplicate were removed by the authors.

Study selection

After having removed the duplicates, the abstracts of all of the chosen articles were read to verify the appropriateness of the theme. The main objective was to find articles that defined the classification of mandibular canal branching. After having selected the articles that met the eligibility criteria, these were read in full and incorporated into the present review.

Synthesis of the collected data

A table of the included studies was drawn up, containing the following data: Authors’ names, year of publication, sample size, exam per image used in each study, prevalence of mandibular canal branching, and description of the defined classification, including the name adopted for the branches, the frequency of each type, the location of origin, aspect, direction, and end location.

RESULTS

Six radiographic classifications of the branching in mandibular canals were selected for the present literature review (Table 1)[1,9-12,14,15].

Table 1.

Classifications of mandibular canal branching (1971-2010)

Ref.	Exam	Sample	Prevalence (mandibular canal branching)	Classification	Frequency of the types	Region of origin	Aspect	Direction	Local of termination
Carter et al[10] (1971)	Unilateral radiographs and dissection	80	38.75%	Type I	61.25%	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Single large structure with very short dental branches	Superior to the tips of molars roots	Mental arborization
				Type II	13.75% (types 1 or 2)	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Substantially lower down, with dental branches given off more posteriorly, longer and oblique	Oblique, toward the tips of molars roots	Mental arborization
				Type III	25% (types 2 or 3)	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Two large branches initiated posteriorly	Uppers like alveolar branches	Upper to the tips of the roots; Lower to mental forame
Nortjé et al[1] (1977)	Panoramic radiographs	3612	0.9	Type Ia	30.3% of duplication cases	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Two canals of a similar width (lower slightly narrower)	Inferior narrower
				Type Ib		Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Double (Superior narrower)	Anterior
				Type II		Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Duplo (Superior shorter)	Anterior	Superior: toward 2nd and 3rd molars and inferior: toward mental foramen
				Type III		Ramus region, from separated Mandibular Foramens	Double (Join in the molars region)	Anterior	Molars region
Nortjé et al[9] (1977)		3612		Type IV		Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Double (Superior narrower than the main canal)	Anterior	Ramus region
Langlais et al[11] (1985)	Radiografias panorâmicas convencionais	6000	0.95	Type I	38.6%	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Double (Superior shorter)	Anterior	3rd molar and adjacente region
				Type II	54.4%	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Double (Joining anteriorly)	Anterior	Ramus or mandibular body regions
				Type III	3.5%	Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Double (Combination of types II and III)	Anterior	Ramus, retromolar ou 3rd molar regions
				Type IV	3.5%	Ramus region, from separated Mandibular Foramens	Double (Joining anteriorly)	Inferior	Ramus region
Kieser et al[12] (2005)	Oclusal and unilateral radiographs and dissection	107 mandibles (25 radiographic exams)	0%	Type I (detected by mean of dissections and radiographs)		Ramus region, from a single Mandibular Foramen	Single, without branches	Anterior	Mental foramen region
				Type II (detectado em dissecações)		Mandibular body region	Series of individual branches	Superior	Alveolar process (Edentulous mandibles)
				Type III (detectado em dissecações)		Molars region	Molar plexus	Superior	Molar region (Edentulous mandibles)
				Type IV (detectado em dissecações)		Distal and proximal regions	Distal and proximal plexus	Distal plexus forward. Proximal plelxus toward superior	Alveolar process (Edentulous mandibles)
Naitoh et al[15] (2009)	CBCT	122	65%	Type I Retromolar	29.8%	Ramus region	Superior	Superior	Retromolar region
				Type II Dental Canal (3º molar)	7%	Ramus region	Superior	Anterior	Root Apex of the third molar
				Type II Dental Canal (2º molar)	1.8%	Ramus region	Superior	Anterior	Root Apex of the second molar
				Type III Forward Canal (with confluence)	4.5%	Ramus region	Superior (Joining to the main canal)	Anterior	Mandibular body
				Type III Forward Canal (without confluence)	55.3%	Ramus region	Superior	Anterior	Mandibular body
				Type IV Buccal or lingual canal	1.8%	Ramus region	Lateral	Inferior (Buccal or lingual)	Ramus region
Kuribayashi et al[14] (2010)	CBCT	301 unilateral exams from 252 patients	15.60%	Less than 50% of the diameter of the main canal	51%		Narrower (Less than 50% of the diameter of the main canal)
				Equal or bigger than 50% of the diameter of the main canal	49%		Equal or bigger than 50% of the diameter of the main canal

CBCT: Cone beam computed tomography.

Within the listed classification, four were defined by evaluating the canals and their branching in two-dimensional radiographic exams[1,9-12], and two were performed based on three-dimensional CT exams. Two of the classifications based on two-dimensional evaluations also conducted dissections of the anatomical parts[10,12].

The classifications based on two-dimensional exams were carried out by analyzing the samples with the highest number of exams (9717 in total, with an average of 2429.25 exams). Nortjé et al[1,9] evaluated 3612 panoramic radiographs, while Langlais et al[11] evaluated 6000 exams. Three-dimensional classifications were determined based on the analysis found in the least number of exams (374 in total, with an average of 187 CT exams).

The prevalence of the mandibular canal branching varied from 0% to 38.75% in the works based on two-dimensional exams, with an average of 10.15%. The prevalence of branches found in CT exams ranged from 15.6% to 65%, with an average of 40.3%.

Only the classification defined by Kieser et al[12] considered the branches that began in the mandibular body. All others referred to those initiated in the mandibular ramus.

DISCUSSION

Radiographic studies of the prevalence branching in mandibular canals presents variability, ranging from 0.08%[17] to 38.75%[10] when based on two-dimensional exams, and from 15.6%[14] to 65%[15]. This variability is related to the use of different methods, including panoramic radiographic evaluations and CT exams.

Claeys et al[18] warned that, although panoramic radiographs offer diagnostic conditions, the recognition of the branching in mandibular canals is rare. The authors defined that the cross-sectional cuts of the mandibular bodies, made possible through CT exams, were the best method to identify and locate their route. In an attempt to establish a more efficient method, capable of detecting the real prevalence and localization of these alterations, the CT exam has truly sparked great progress and has proven to be better as regards the limitations presented by the panoramic radiographs[3,15,19]. For this reason, it is recommended as the method of choice for the planning of a wide range of surgical procedures in dentistry[20].

However, the comparison among the methods reaches beyond that referent to the absolute prevalence of the occurrence of anatomical branching in mandibular canals. The comparison of the prevalence of different types of canals detected in panoramic radiographs and in the three-dimensional exams is of outmost importance due to the highest and lowest clinical significance that each type can represent. Furthermore, this comparison is made more difficult by the lack of a standardization of the classifications adopted in the different studies. The classification of the branches detected through tomographic exams (Figure 2)[15,16,21,22], though similar to those from two-dimensional exams, presented some differences and some new criteria[1,10-12].

Figure 2.

Cone bean computed tomography exam with a white arrow pointing the origin of a forward canal without confluence, bifurcated from the main mandibular canal in the ramus region, and classified as type 3 by Naitoh et al[15] (2009).

In one three-dimensional exam, Kuribayashi et al[14], although they had defined an additional classification criterion by evaluating the diameter of the branches of the mandibular canals in relation to the main canal, primarily used the two-dimensional classification set forth by Nortjé et al[1] for detected canals. Their results pointed towards a greater prevalence of mandibular canal branching when compared to that found by Nortjé et al[1] Moreover, when compared to the diverse types of branches, a difference could also be observed regarding the most prevalent type of canal. While Nortjé et al[1] found greater prevalence for type I bifid canals (78.8%), Kuribayashi et al[14] found a greater prevalence of type II branches (13.2%).

Likewise, Correr et al[16] used the two-dimensional classification, as defined by Langlais et al[11], for a tomographic evaluation of mandibular canal branching. It was not possible to compare the prevalence of these studies, given that the samples evaluated by Correr et al[16] consisted, in its totality, of previously diagnosed exams referent to the occurrence of branches. However, as regards the proportion among the different types of branches, differences were observed. The type I standard was the most commonly detected in tomographic exams (72.6%), followed by the type II (19.3%), whereas the types I and II were detected in 38.6% and 54.4% of the panoramic radiographs, respectively. No type IV branches were detected in the scans.

These results reveal the existence of differences in the diagnostic accuracy of the methods. Nevertheless, the analysis of the different two- and three-dimensional classifications calls attention to some other relevant differences. As regards the evaluation of the diameters of the branches referent to the main canals[14], this can contribute to the greater or lesser relevance of the findings. While higher caliber branches may represent a greater risk of injury, one must also bear in mind that the branches of a lesser volume may be referent to nutrient canals, such as that found in the dissections performed by Carter and Keen[10].

Another aspect to be considered refers to the direction of the branches. Whereas the two-dimensional classification includes the description of the direction only in the anteroposterior and superoinferior directions, the three-dimensional classification set forth by Naitoh et al[15] is also concerned with the situation of the branches in the vestibular-lingual direction. This is an important factor to be considered in the surgical planning of cases[2,6,23,24] thus contributing to improvements in the definition of the localization of the surgical access route as well as better estimations of the risk of injury to the surrounding anatomical structures.

In conclusion, the detection of mandibular canal branching is important to determine the proper conduct to be taken with patients with dental problems, and imaging exams represent the standard method to view these alterations. Three-dimensional exams appear to be the best method, however, further studies are warranted to determine the true prevalence these alterations, some possible associated factor, and other such questions concerning three-dimensional systems.

COMMENTS

Background

Mandibular canals are intraosseous ducts that contain the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle, responsible for the innervation of the posterior teeth and of the surrounding structures of the posterior region. The identification of the mandibular canal is important for the planning of a wide range of dental surgical procedures. The occurrence of mandibular canals branching constitutes a complicating factor and requires care for the proper planning of the procedures in order to avoid neurovascular lesions. The present review seeks to list the classifications and descriptions of the mandibular canal branching, considering the applied diagnostic resources and the criteria on which these were based. Given the variability of information on this aspect, this study aimed to gather existing information in an attempt to provide researchers and clinical professionals with a stronger basis for their studies and procedures.

Research frontiers

Bifid or trifid canals are the main anatomical branching of the mandibular canals, according Chávez-Lomeli et al (1996). As the mandibular canals are intraosseous anatomic structures, imaging exams are recognized as the main diagnostic resource for their localization and evaluation. Radiographic classifications were mainly developed according to conventional exams. Due to the limitation of the two-dimensional exams, Langlais et al (1985) contemplated the possibility of the existence of undescribed canals.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The three-dimensional view of the structures provided by computed tomography (CT) exams allowed for greater sensitivity for the detection and evaluation of mandibular canals, in addition to the three-dimensional classification of the mandibular canal. CT studies have presented different prevalence levels and other types of mandibular canal branches. Nevertheless, some studies performed with CT exams continued to use the classification of the variation of mandibular canals based on two-dimensional exams.

Applications

This review suggests that three-dimensional exams appear to be the best method to view mandibular canal branching. Further studies are warranted to determine its true prevalence, new classifications and questions concerning to associations.

Terminology

Both cone beam computed tomography and CT exams were equally referred as the generic term CT in this study. These types of three-dimensional exams have greater sensitivity for the detection of mandibular canal branching in comparison to two-dimensional exams and a comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of these methods was not a goal of this review.

Peer-review

In this paper the authors conducted an internet based search on the different radiographic classifications as regards the identification of the mandibular canal and its branching. The review is concise and well written one.