Table 4.
Association between Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) and risk of newly diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women (Nurses’ Health Study) and men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study), according to smoking status
| AHEI-2010 | Women | Men | Total | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Person years | Hazard ratio (95% CI )* | No | Person years | Hazard ratio (95% CI )* | No | Hazard ratio (95% CI )* | P value† | I2‡ | ||||
| Ex-smokers | |||||||||||||
| Lowest fifth§ | 42 | 65 259 | 1.00 (referent) | 20 | 36 519 | 1.00 (referent) | 62 | 1.00 (referent) | |||||
| Second fifth | 27 | 78 161 | 0.56 (0.34 to 0.91) | 12 | 40 597 | 0.52 (0.25 to 1.08) | 39 | 0.55 (0.36 to 0.82) | 0.89 | 0.0 | |||
| Third fifth | 50 | 86 439 | 0.94 (0.62 to 1.43) | 18 | 42 480 | 0.83 (0.43 to 1.60) | 68 | 0.91 (0.64 to 1.29) | 0.76 | 0.0 | |||
| Fourth fifth | 28 | 98 266 | 0.48 (0.29 to 0.78) | 14 | 44 514 | 0.60 (0.30 to 1.23) | 42 | 0.52 (0.35 to 0.78) | 0.60 | 0.0 | |||
| Highest fifth§ | 35 | 111 919 | 0.52 (0.32 to 0.84) | 10 | 46 066 | 0.44 (0.20 to 0.97) | 45 | 0.50 (0.33 to 0.75) | 0.72 | 0.0 | |||
| P for trend | 0.009 | 0.09 | 0.002 | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | |||||||||||||
| Lowest fifth§ | 143 | 48 618 | 1.00 (referent) | 32 | 26 174 | 1.00 (referent) | 175 | 1.00 (referent) | |||||
| Second fifth | 120 | 41 638 | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.39) | 12 | 20 752 | 0.55 (0.28 to 1.09) | 132 | 0.84 (0.44 to 1.58) | 0.07 | 84.8 | |||
| Third fifth | 91 | 36 645 | 0.97 (0.74 to 1.28) | 13 | 19 585 | 0.73 (0.38 to 1.43) | 104 | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.20) | 0.44 | 0.0 | |||
| Fourth fifth | 64 | 31 219 | 0.81 (0.59 to 1.10) | 14 | 17 756 | 1.03 (0.53 to 2.00) | 78 | 0.84 (0.64 to 1.11) | 0.52 | 0.0 | |||
| Highest fifth§ | 39 | 23 021 | 0.70 (0.48 to 1.02) | 6 | 16 641 | 0.64 (0.26 to 1.61) | 45 | 0.69 (0.49 to 0.98) | 0.86 | 0.0 | |||
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.64 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
*Multivariable hazard ratios adjusted for age, physical activity, body mass index, total energy intake, pack years of smoking, pack-years2 of smoking, secondhand tobacco exposure (only in Nurses’ Health Study), race/ethnicity, physician visits, US region, spouse’s highest educational attainment (only in Nurses’ Health Study), and menopausal status (only in Nurses’ Health Study).
†Test for between studies heterogeneity.
‡Degree of heterogeneity between studies expressed as percentage of total variance.
§Lowest fifth corresponds to least healthy diet according to AHEI-2010 diet score; highest fifth corresponds to healthiest diet.