Table 5.
Association between each component of Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) and risk of newly diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pooled analysis (Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study)
| AHEI-2010 | Median (range) in women | Median (range) in men | No | Pooled hazard ratio* (95% CI) | P for trend | P value† | I2‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetables score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 3.0 (0.0-4.2) | 2.7 (0.0-3.6) | 211 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.73 | ||
| Second fifth | 4.6 (4.3-5.5) | 4.2 (3.7-5.0) | 183 | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.12) | 0.34 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 5.9 (5.6-6.8) | 5.5 (5.1-6.3) | 190 | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.19) | 0.36 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 7.3 (6.9-8.2) | 7.1 (6.4-8.3) | 148 | 0.82 (0.65 to 1.03) | 0.59 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 9.1 (8.3-10.0) | 9.5 (8.4-10.0) | 158 | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.32) | 0.65 | 0.0 | |
| Fruit score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 1.1 (0.0-2.0) | 1.1 (0.0-1.9) | 285 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.08 | ||
| Second fifth | 2.3 (2.1-3.1) | 2.3 (2.0-3.1) | 181 | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.06) | 0.24 | 38.0 | |
| Third fifth | 3.4 (3.2-4.1) | 3.5 (3.2-4.3) | 172 | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.11) | 0.33 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 4.6 (4.2-5.6) | 5.0 (4.4-6.1) | 132 | 0.79 (0.63 to 1.00) | 0.33 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 6.8 (5.7-10.0) | 7.7 (6.2-10.0) | 120 | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.05) | 0.91 | 0.0 | |
| Whole grains score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 0.5 (0.0-1.2) | 0.5 (0.0-1.2) | 279 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.01 | ||
| Second fifth | 1.1 (1.3-1.9) | 1.4 (1.3-2.0) | 193 | 0.91 (0.75 to 1.10) | 0.50 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 1.7 (2.0-2.3) | 2.2 (2.1-2.9) | 172 | 0.85 (0.60 to 1.29) | 0.10 | 75.1 | |
| Fourth fifth | 2.6 (2.4- 3.6) | 3.3 (3.0-4.2) | 145 | 0.80 (0.51 to 1.26) | 0.10 | 74.8 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 4.1 (3.7-10.0) | 5.2 (4.3-10.0) | 101 | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) | 0.52 | 0.0 | |
| Sugar sweetened drinks and fruit juice score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 233 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.86 | ||
| Second fifth | 0.1 (0.1-1.6) | 0.1 (0.1-0.3) | 138 | 0.97 (0.74 to 1.27) | 0.31 | 8.9 | |
| Third fifth | 2.2 (1.7-3.6) | 1.4 (0.4-2.7) | 161 | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.14) | 0.77 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 5.0 (3.7-7.2) | 4.3 (2.8-6.5) | 166 | 0.83 (0.67 to 1.03) | 0.97 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 8.6 (7.3-10.0) | 8.6 (6.6-10.0) | 192 | 0.97 (0.58 to 1.60) | 0.08 | 79.3 | |
| Nuts and legumes score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 0.7 (0.0-1.2) | 0.7 (0.0-1.6) | 184 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.59 | ||
| Second fifth | 1.4 (1.3-2.0) | 2.1 (1.7-2.8) | 194 | 1.09 (0.89 to 1.34) | 0.73 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 2.2 (2.1-3.0) | 3.4 (2.9-4.3) | 176 | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.29) | 0.70 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 3.5 (3.1-4.6) | 5.4 (4.4-7.1) | 174 | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.28) | 0.68 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 6.1 (4.7-10.0) | 9.1 (7.2-10.0) | 162 | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.20) | 0.34 | 0.0 | |
| Red and processed meat score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 0.0 (0.0-1.3) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 234 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.15 | ||
| Second fifth | 1.5 (1.4-3.2) | 0.9 (0.1-2.2) | 198 | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.36) | 0.88 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 3.5 (3.3-5.0) | 3.2 (2.3-4.7) | 178 | 0.98 (0.80 to 1.21) | 0.32 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 5.5 (5.1-6.7) | 5.5 (4.8-6.7) | 155 | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.14) | 0.38 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 7.6 (6.8-10.0) | 7.7 (6.8-9.7) | 125 | 0.70 (0.39 to 1.25) | 0.10 | 76.6 | |
| Trans fat score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 4.9 (0.0-6.1) | 5.8 (0.0-6.7) | 194 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.31 | ||
| Second fifth | 6.2 (6.2-6.8) | 7.1 (6.8-7.6) | 173 | 0.95 (0.77 to 1.17) | 0.56 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 6.9 (6.9-7.5) | 7.8 (7.7-8.3) | 171 | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.22) | 0.31 | 4.7 | |
| Fourth fifth | 7.6 (7.6-8.2) | 8.5 (8.4-9.0) | 187 | 0.96 (0.62 to 1.50) | 0.14 | 68.8 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 8.5 (8.3-10.0) | 9.4 (9.1-10.0) | 165 | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.44) | 0.79 | 0.0 | |
| Long chain fats score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 2.8 (0.0-4.2) | 3.2 (0.0-5.1) | 192 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.75 | ||
| Second fifth | 4.8 (4.3-6.0) | 6.2 (5.2-8.0) | 203 | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.53) | 0.19 | 54.7 | |
| Third fifth | 6.8 (6.1-7.8) | 8.8 (8.1-9.8) | 167 | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.27) | 0.87 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 8.5 (7.9-9.8) | 9.9 (9.9-9.9) | 183 | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.52) | 0.58 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 10.0 (9.9-10.0) | 10.0 (10.0-10.0) | 145 | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) | 0.74 | 0.0 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 3.1 (0.0-3.9) | 2.6 (0.0-3.3) | 197 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.37 | ||
| Second fifth | 4.2 (4.0-4.9) | 3.7 (3.4-4.1) | 167 | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.21) | 0.97 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 5.0 (5.0-5.7) | 4.5 (4.2-5.0) | 169 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.48) | 0.13 | 68.5 | |
| Fourth fifth | 5.8 (5.8-7.2) | 5.3 (5.1-6.1) | 178 | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.38) | 0.39 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 7.3 (7.3-10.0) | 6.8 (6.2-10.0) | 179 | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.36) | 0.69 | 0.0 | |
| Sodium score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 1.2 (0.0-2.5) | 1.0 (0.0-2.0) | 187 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.91 | ||
| Second fifth | 3.2 (2.6-4.2) | 3.0 (2.1-4.0) | 181 | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.15) | 0.51 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 5.0 (4.3-6.0) | 5.0 (4.1-6.0) | 184 | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.23) | 0.53 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 6.8 (6.1-8.0) | 7.0 (6.1-8.0) | 171 | 0.98 (0.75 to 1.29) | 0.37 | 0.0 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 9.0 (8.1-10.0) | 9.0 (8.1-10.0) | 167 | 0.98 (0.71 to 1.34) | 0.44 | 0.0 | |
| Alcohol score | |||||||
| Lowest fifth | 2.5 (0.0-2.5) | 2.5 (0.0-2.5) | 279 | 1.00 (referent) | 0.71 | ||
| Second fifth | 3.1 (2.6-3.8) | 3.7 (2.6-4.2) | 104 | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.36) | 0.63 | 0.0 | |
| Third fifth | 4.9 (3.9-5.0) | 5.0 (4.3-6.3) | 168 | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) | 0.46 | 0.0 | |
| Fourth fifth | 5.0 (5.1-7.5) | 7.5 (6.4-8.3) | 158 | 1.06 (0.79 to 1.41) | 0.24 | 41.8 | |
| Highest fifth§ | 10.0 (7.6-10.0) | 10.0 (8.4-10.0) | 181 | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.63) | 0.08 | 75.9 | |
*Multivariable hazard ratios adjusted for age, physical activity, body mass index, total energy intake, smoking status, pack years of smoking, pack years2 of smoking, secondhand tobacco exposure (only in Nurses’ Health Study), race/ethnicity, physician visits, US region, spouse’s highest educational attainment (only in Nurses’ Health Study), menopausal status (only in Nurses’ Health Study), and other AHEI-2010 components.
†Test for between studies heterogeneity.
‡Degree of heterogeneity between studies expressed as percentage of total variance.
§Reflects healthier intake of that component.