Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) offer the fastest and most rigorous assessment of vaccine efficacy.1 But they are ethical only if there is “clinical equipoise”—genuine uncertainty in the medical community about whether the experimental intervention will do more good than harm.2 We argue that Ebola virus vaccine RCTs can achieve clinical equipoise without sacrificing scientific rigour by providing trial participants who develop Ebola virus disease (EVD) with enhanced supportive care and access to experimental therapeutics.
Most discussions have analysed Ebola vaccine and treatment RCTs under a single ethical framework, noting that EVD’s high case fatality rate undermines equipoise for even slightly promising interventions.3 Yet there is a crucial distinction: treatment RCTs investigate whether experimental treatments prevent death, whereas vaccine RCTs investigate whether experimental vaccines prevent disease. Consequently, efforts to achieve equipoise by minimising the case fatality rate would impede efficacy assessment in treatment RCTs but not vaccine RCTs. Thus, scientifically valid vaccine RCTs can and should minimise mortality risk by providing the best standard of care, including access to experimental therapeutics, for any trial participant who develops the disease (figure).
Although patients treated to date with experimental drugs and convalescent blood products differ from other patients in important ways, suggestive evidence links these treatments to better outcomes (table). More importantly, the consistent use of experimental treatments in the US and Europe implies that the health community expects their benefits to outweigh potential side effects.
Type of study (region) | No of deaths | Case fatality rate (%) (95% CI) | Age (years) |
---|---|---|---|
Experimental therapeutics and intensive supportive care (Europe and North America)* | 0/6 | 0 (0 to 46) | 19-40 |
Intensive supportive care (Guinea)5 | 4/19 | 21 (8 to 55) | 19-40 |
Intensive supportive care (Sierra Leone)6 | 27/35 | 77 (60 to 90) | 21-40 |
Intensive supportive care (pooled)5 6 | 31/54 | 57 (43 to 71) | 19-40 |
All cases with definitive outcomes (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia)7 | 577/838 | 69 (66 to 72) | 15-44 |
*Collected from available media reports as of 26 November 2014.
Including a “therapeutic safety net” in vaccine RCTs would facilitate clinical equipoise and fulfil the ethical mandate to provide trial participants with the standard of care in the sponsoring countries.8 Proposed Ebola vaccine RCTs anticipate they will reach their stopping criteria after only 30-60 infections.9 Thus, the supportive care infrastructure and supplies of drugs or blood products needed to establish a therapeutic safety net should be attainable.
Competing interests: None declared.
Full response at: www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4997/rr/799775.
Cite this as: BMJ 2014;349:g7518
References
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