Abstract
Aim
Major trauma (MT) has traditionally been viewed as a disease of young men caused by high-energy transfer mechanisms of injury, which has been reflected in the configuration of MT services. With ageing populations in Western societies, it is anticipated that the elderly will comprise an increasing proportion of the MT workload. The aim of this study was to describe changes in the demographics of MT in a developed Western health system over the last 20 years.
Methods
The Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database was interrogated to identify all cases of MT (injury severity score >15) between 1990 and the end of 2013. Age at presentation, gender, mechanism of injury and use of CT were recorded. For convenience, cases were categorised by age groups of 25 years and by common mechanisms of injury. Longitudinal changes each year were recorded.
Results
Profound changes in the demographics of recorded MT were observed. In 1990, the mean age of MT patients within the TARN database was 36.1, the largest age group suffering MT was 0–24 years (39.3%), the most common causative mechanism was road traffic collision (59.1%), 72.7% were male and 33.6% underwent CT. By 2013, mean age had increased to 53.8 years, the single largest age group was 25–50 years (27.1%), closely followed by those >75 years (26.9%), the most common mechanism was low falls (39.1%), 68.3% were male and 86.8% underwent CT.
Conclusions
This study suggests that the MT population identified in the UK is becoming more elderly, and the predominant mechanism that precipitates MT is a fall from <2 m. Significant improvements in outcomes from MT may be expected if services targeting the specific needs of the elderly are developed within MT centres.
Keywords: accidental falls, accident prevention, epidemiology, geriatrics, Trauma
Key messages.
What is already known on this subject?
Major trauma is traditionally considered to be a problem of young men.
With ageing populations, it is predicted that in the future the elderly will comprise an increasingly significant proportion of the major trauma workload.
What might this study add?
The future is here already—in the UK, the average age of major trauma cases on the Trauma Audit Research Network database in 2013 was nearly 60 years.
Within the next few years, the over 75s will be the single largest group suffering major trauma.
The predominant mechanism of injury causing major trauma is no longer road traffic collision but low falls.
The specific needs of the elderly must be considered in the design of major trauma services.
Introduction
Major trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in those under 40 years old.1 It has been traditionally viewed as a disease of the young, with, in particular, young males involved in motor vehicle collisions and interpersonal violence making up the largest cohort of patients. Training for those involved in the management of patients suffering trauma has often concentrated on these aspects of injury.2
Major trauma in elderly patients is becoming increasingly recognised as a significant challenge to health systems.3 In many countries, the elderly comprise the most rapidly expanding section of the population. Advances in medical care mean that many enjoy better health, mobility and independence longer than ever before, increasing their exposure to the possibility of injury. Frailty is also a factor; the likelihood of falls increases with age as does the probability of significant injury as a consequence, while physiological reserve and the ability to recover is diminished.4
Meanwhile, detection and reporting of major trauma in elderly patients may be improving. More widespread use of whole-body CT5 allows the identification of previously occult injury in the elderly and national regulatory bodies increasingly demand more thorough recording of injury by institutions in national trauma registries.6
Major trauma can be defined in several different ways. The most widely adopted definition employs the injury severity score (ISS). An ISS of ≥16 is the threshold defining major trauma.7 The ISS is calculated from the sum of the squares of the highest abbreviated injury scale (AIS) codes in the three most severely injured body regions.8 The AIS is scored from 1 to 6, with 1 being a relatively trivial injury such as skin laceration, 5 being a critical injury such as an extradural haematoma with midline shift and 6 being regarded as an unsurvivable injury. The threshold of ISS>15 can be achieved either through a combination of lesser injuries to multiple body regions (eg, 22+22+32=ISS 17) or through one more severe injury to a single region (eg, 42=ISS 16).
The aim of this study was to describe changes in the demographics of patients suffering major trauma over two decades in a developed Western health system by interrogating a national trauma database. A better understanding of the true demographics of major trauma may help to shape the development of major trauma systems and facilities to ensure that the needs of the entire spectrum of patients suffering trauma can be met.
Methods
The Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) collects data on patients suffering trauma in England and Wales who are admitted to hospital for ≥72 h, require critical care resources or who die from their injuries. Certain injuries, such as fractures of the pubic ramus or proximal femur in those aged >65 years, are specifically excluded. The TARN database was interrogated to identify a continuous cohort of all patients with major trauma defined as ISS >15 from 1990 to the end of 2013. Data included age, gender, mechanism of injury and the use of CT.
For each year, median (SD) age, gender frequency and percentage of cases undergoing CT investigation were calculated. Cases were categorised by age at time of injury into four groups (0–24 years, 25–49 years, 50–74 years and 75 years plus) and according to mechanism of injury, using the five most common categories of road traffic collision (RTC), falls from height >2 m, fall from height <2 m, shooting/stabbing combined and all others.
We also interrogated national hospital episode statistics (HES) data from 2005 onwards to give an indication of absolute numbers (rather than proportions) of patients with severe injury presenting to UK hospitals (figure 1).
Figure 1.
Hospital episode statistics data of patients eligible for Trauma Audit Research Network inclusion.
Results
During the study period, 116 467 cases of major trauma were identified whose data are presented in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1.
Age, gender and frequency of CT scan
| Year | Total | Age n (%) | Male n (%) |
CT scan n (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–24 | 25–49 | 50–75 | >75 | Mean (SD) | ||||
| 1990 | 619 | 243 (39.3%) | 208 (33.6%) | 118 (19.1%) | 50 (8.1%) | 36.1 (22.2) | 450 (72.7%) | 208 (33.6%) |
| 1991 | 1306 | 488 (37.4%) | 450 (34.5%) | 245 (18.8%) | 123 (9.4%) | 36.9 (23.1) | 964 (73.8%) | 458 (35.1%) |
| 1992 | 1488 | 518 (34.8%) | 513 (34.5%) | 330 (22.2%) | 127 (8.5%) | 38.1 (22.6) | 1080 (72.6%) | 484 (32.5%) |
| 1993 | 1494 | 491 (32.9%) | 516 (34.5%) | 328 (22%) | 159 (10.6%) | 39.9 (23.3) | 1066 (71.4%) | 438 (29.3%) |
| 1994 | 2939 | 1071 (36.4%) | 954 (32.5%) | 631 (21.5%) | 283 (9.6%) | 38.3 (23.4) | 2183 (74.3%) | 851 (29%) |
| 1995 | 3650 | 1259 (34.5%) | 1335 (36.6%) | 760 (20.8%) | 296 (8.1%) | 37.6 (22.4) | 2688 (73.6%) | 1180 (32.3%) |
| 1996 | 3468 | 1373 (39.6%) | 1138 (32.8%) | 673 (19.4%) | 284 (8.2%) | 36.1 (22.7) | 2592 (74.7%) | 1144 (33%) |
| 1997 | 2949 | 972 (33%) | 1099 (37.3%) | 624 (21.2%) | 254 (8.6%) | 38.3 (22.4) | 2178 (73.9%) | 1083 (36.7%) |
| 1998 | 2753 | 900 (32.7%) | 1059 (38.5%) | 537 (19.5%) | 257 (9.3%) | 38.2 (22.5) | 1998 (72.6%) | 1127 (40.9%) |
| 1999 | 3040 | 1004 (33%) | 1111 (36.5%) | 638 (21%) | 287 (9.4%) | 38.5 (23) | 2220 (73%) | 1455 (47.9%) |
| 2000 | 3215 | 1009 (31.4%) | 1220 (37.9%) | 732 (22.8%) | 254 (7.9%) | 39 (22.1) | 2406 (74.8%) | 1709 (53.2%) |
| 2001 | 3055 | 1047 (34.3%) | 1138 (37.3%) | 611 (20%) | 259 (8.5%) | 38.2 (22.1) | 2306 (75.5%) | 1717 (56.2%) |
| 2002 | 3221 | 1047 (32.5%) | 1205 (37.4%) | 687 (21.3%) | 282 (8.8%) | 39 (22.2) | 2389 (74.2%) | 1844 (57.2%) |
| 2003 | 3565 | 1164 (32.7%) | 1354 (38%) | 771 (21.6%) | 276 (7.7%) | 38.8 (21.6) | 2640 (74.1%) | 2031 (57%) |
| 2004 | 3358 | 1077 (32.1%) | 1265 (37.7%) | 718 (21.4%) | 298 (8.9%) | 39.5 (22) | 2489 (74.1%) | 1973 (58.8%) |
| 2005 | 3233 | 999 (30.9%) | 1160 (35.9%) | 765 (23.7%) | 309 (9.6%) | 40.6 (22.4) | 2393 (74%) | 1989 (61.5%) |
| 2006 | 2976 | 912 (30.6%) | 1142 (38.4%) | 663 (22.3%) | 259 (8.7%) | 40.2 (21.7) | 2249 (75.6%) | 1970 (66.2%) |
| 2007 | 4117 | 1143 (27.8%) | 1573 (38.2%) | 965 (23.4%) | 436 (10.6%) | 42 (22.3) | 3061 (74.4%) | 3024 (73.5%) |
| 2008 | 4691 | 1288 (27.5%) | 1652 (35.2%) | 1161 (24.7%) | 590 (12.6%) | 43.4 (22.9) | 3443 (73.4%) | 3606 (76.9%) |
| 2009 | 6701 | 1651 (24.6%) | 2327 (34.7%) | 1761 (26.3%) | 962 (14.4%) | 45.6 (23.1) | 4922 (73.5%) | 5415 (80.8%) |
| 2010 | 9583 | 2162 (22.6%) | 3065 (32%) | 2651 (27.7%) | 1705 (17.8%) | 47.7 (24.4) | 6773 (70.7%) | 7975 (83.2%) |
| 2011 | 12 719 | 2720 (21.4%) | 4073 (32%) | 3373 (26.5%) | 2553 (20.1%) | 48.9 (24.6) | 8959 (70.4%) | 10 790 (84.8%) |
| 2012 | 15 089 | 2834 (18.8%) | 4319 (28.6%) | 4282 (28.4%) | 3654 (24.2%) | 51.8 (25) | 10 347 (68.6%) | 13 044 (86.4%) |
| 2013 | 17 238 | 2933 (17%) | 4665 (27.1%) | 4999 (29%) | 4641 (26.9%) | 53.8 (25.2) | 11 778 (68.3%) | 14 963 (86.8%) |
Table 2.
Mechanism of injury
| Year | Total | Injury mechanism n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road traffic collision | Fall<2 m | Fall >2 m | Shooting/ stabbing |
Other | ||
| 1990 | 619 | 366 (59.1%) | 29 (4.7%) | 115 (18.6%) | 1 (0.2%) | 108 (17.4%) |
| 1991 | 1306 | 775 (59.3%) | 118 (9%) | 211 (16.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 201 (15.4%) |
| 1992 | 1488 | 900 (60.5%) | 114 (7.7%) | 229 (15.4%) | – | 245 (16.5%) |
| 1993 | 1494 | 889 (59.5%) | 150 (10%) | 223 (14.9%) | 3 (0.2%) | 229 (15.3%) |
| 1994 | 2939 | 1691 (57.5%) | 323 (11%) | 405 (13.8%) | 6 (0.2%) | 514 (17.5%) |
| 1995 | 3650 | 2080 (57%) | 385 (10.5%) | 523 (14.3%) | 20 (0.5%) | 642 (17.6%) |
| 1996 | 3468 | 2012 (58%) | 379 (10.9%) | 514 (14.8%) | 46 (1.3%) | 517 (14.9%) |
| 1997 | 2949 | 1615 (54.8%) | 339 (11.5%) | 443 (15%) | 58 (2%) | 494 (16.8%) |
| 1998 | 2753 | 1507 (54.7%) | 306 (11.1%) | 432 (15.7%) | 75 (2.7%) | 433 (15.7%) |
| 1999 | 3040 | 1630 (53.6%) | 373 (12.3%) | 477 (15.7%) | 94 (3.1%) | 466 (15.3%) |
| 2000 | 3215 | 1666 (51.8%) | 387 (12%) | 537 (16.7%) | 100 (3.1%) | 525 (16.3%) |
| 2001 | 3055 | 1609 (52.7%) | 330 (10.8%) | 507 (16.6%) | 132 (4.3%) | 477 (15.6%) |
| 2002 | 3221 | 1738 (54%) | 370 (11.5%) | 513 (15.9%) | 114 (3.5%) | 486 (15.1%) |
| 2003 | 3565 | 1877 (52.7%) | 435 (12.2%) | 566 (15.9%) | 133 (3.7%) | 554 (15.5%) |
| 2004 | 3358 | 1710 (50.9%) | 435 (13%) | 558 (16.6%) | 122 (3.6%) | 533 (15.9%) |
| 2005 | 3233 | 1535 (47.5%) | 487 (15.1%) | 611 (18.9%) | 117 (3.6%) | 483 (14.9%) |
| 2006 | 2976 | 1440 (48.4%) | 461 (15.5%) | 538 (18.1%) | 102 (3.4%) | 435 (14.6%) |
| 2007 | 4117 | 1852 (45%) | 751 (18.2%) | 772 (18.8%) | 105 (2.6%) | 637 (15.5%) |
| 2008 | 4691 | 1937 (41.3%) | 1002 (21.4%) | 942 (20.1%) | 138 (2.9%) | 672 (14.3%) |
| 2009 | 6701 | 2580 (38.5%) | 1646 (24.6%) | 1321 (19.7%) | 203 (3%) | 951 (14.2%) |
| 2010 | 9583 | 3144 (32.8%) | 2811 (29.3%) | 2007 (20.9%) | 248 (2.6%) | 1373 (14.3%) |
| 2011 | 12 719 | 4115 (32.4%) | 4194 (33%) | 2299 (18.1%) | 323 (2.5%) | 1788 (14.1%) |
| 2012 | 15 089 | 4747 (31.5%) | 5458 (36.2%) | 2715 (18%) | 342 (2.3%) | 1827 (12.1%) |
| 2013 | 17 238 | 5093 (29.5%) | 6737 (39.1%) | 3106 (18%) | 328 (1.9%) | 1974 (11.5%) |
In 1990, the mean age of recorded patients suffering major trauma was 36.1 years, with the largest single group being those under 25 years (39.3%). The over 75s made up just 8.1% of the recorded major trauma population. Throughout the study period, mean age increased slowly from 1990 until 2006 at which point an accelerated increase was observed reaching 53.8 years by 2013. By the end of the study period, those under 25 years comprised the smallest age group representing only 17% of major trauma cases, whereas a threefold increase in the proportion of over 75s to 26.9% was observed. More modest increases and decreases were observed in the proportions of 50–74 and 25–49 year olds, respectively.
The proportion of men in the major trauma population did not vary dramatically, reducing slightly to 68% in 2013 from a peak of 75.5% in 2001.
The mechanisms of injury causing major trauma in the TARN database also changed throughout the study period, tracking the changes in age groups. In 1990, the predominant mechanism was RTC, which was responsible for nearly 60% of all recorded major trauma while low falls comprised only 4.7%. Through the study period, the ratio of RTC:low fall changed dramatically, so that by 2013 low falls were responsible for 39.1% of cases and were the most common mechanism of injury causing major trauma in the UK while the proportion of major trauma from RTC had halved to just under 30%. The proportions of high falls, shooting/stabbing and major trauma from all other causes remained relatively static throughout the study period.
Discussion
This study demonstrates a rapid and profound change in the demographics of major trauma recorded in a developed health system over the last 20 years. It suggests that the true incidence of major trauma in the elderly greatly exceeds earlier predictions. Rather than being a disease of young men, the majority of patients suffering major trauma identified in the UK are now older than 50 years of age.
An increase in elderly trauma has been anticipated as the global population ages; indeed in 1990, MacKenzie predicted that by 2050, 39% of trauma admission episodes in the USA would occur in those older than 65 years.9 From our data, if current trends persist, within the next few years those over 75 years of age will comprise the single largest group of patients suffering major trauma. Over the last 10 years, the average age of recorded patients suffering major trauma has increased at 1.43 years per year. This is nearly twice the annual yearly increase reported in a comparable Western European Trauma system in the previous decade.10
In 1990, the overwhelming majority (60%) of recorded major trauma was caused by RTCs. This proportion has now halved to 30% and has been comfortably overtaken by low-energy falls, which are now responsible for the highest proportion of patients suffering major trauma at 39%.
There have been few previous UK studies investigating this issue. Giannoudis recently described trauma in the elderly in Leeds between 1997 and 2002. Here, patients over 65 years made up only 13.8% of the major trauma population and there was a clear peak in incidence in the early 20s with a continuous decline thereafter with increasing age. The predominant mechanism of injury in this study was RTC, followed by falls >2 m, and then falls <2 m.11
There are numerous possible explanations for our observations. Data from the National Office for Statistics confirm that here has indeed been a dramatic reduction in death and serious injury resulting from RTC over the last 20 years. This is likely to have occurred due to a combination of improvements in car and road design, more effective regulation of speed, better safety and accident prevention education for the young. Another possible explanation is that there has been an increase in the absolute numbers of elderly patients suffering injury. Our analysis of HES data for hospital admissions with injury codes that would be eligible for TARN submission suggests that during a 6-year period between 2004 and 2010 the numbers of injured patients below 50 years of age remained stable, while there were large increases in the 50–75 years and 75+ years groups of 50% and 75%, respectively (figure 1). This would match a general increase in the numbers of older people within the population.
While these data confirm an increase in the numbers of elderly patients with traumatic injury being diagnosed and recorded, they do not reveal whether this is because more elderly patients are actually suffering injury or because the detection and reporting of injury in these groups has improved. Over recent years, many advances in the management of major trauma have been introduced. One example is the increased use of CT with the widespread adoption of imaging guidelines for head injury and the increased use of whole-body CT (or pan CT) as the investigation of choice in polytrauma.5 This allows the early detection of injuries that previously may have remained undetected or undefined. As an example, an elderly patient with an intracerebral contusion, two fractured ribs and a wedge fracture of a lumbar vertebra would have an ISS of 17 (32+22+22) and would be classified as a patient suffering major trauma. Without the use of CT, such injuries may well have gone undetected in the past. Further work is required to determine whether or not this truly represents a burgeoning epidemic of elderly trauma.
The challenges of this new trauma landscape are wide ranging. Field triage tools that use a combination of mechanism of injury, vital signs and identifiable anatomical injury are likely to be less sensitive in identifying major trauma in the elderly. In a recent multicentre study from the West Coast of America, Nakamura et al12 reported a progressive decrease in the sensitivity of field triage guidelines with each decade of life beyond 60 years. In a UK major trauma centre (MTC) serving a population with a high proportion of elderly patients, the overall sensitivity of the local field triage tool for identifying major trauma was estimated to be as low as 52%.13
The pathophysiological response to trauma in the elderly is different to the young.4 14 In particular, emerging evidence suggests that for a given anatomical severity of traumatic brain injury the impairment in GCS in the elderly is less than that in the young.15 16 The state of Ohio was among the first to introduce evidence-based geriatric-specific guidelines for the over 70s,17 the most significant modification of which is elevating the GCS threshold from 13 to 14.18 Compared with standard adult criteria, these new guidelines have increased the sensitivity of triage in elderly patients suffering major trauma from 61% to 93% with a corresponding modest decrease in specificity from 61% to 49%.19
For similar reasons, having arrived at hospital, activating the right trauma team response for elderly fallers is difficult. In many systems, trauma team activation criteria closely resemble field triage tools. Activating a hospital-wide trauma response for every elderly patient injured in a low fall would be disruptive and impractical, but a tiered trauma response may allow early senior clinician assessment with rapid access to advanced diagnostics for elderly fallers20 and some institutions have extended their activation criteria to include elderly patients with head or torso injury from low falls.21
Significant comorbidity is more likely in older patients. Mortality in elderly patients suffering major trauma is much higher than that in their younger counterparts,22 23 but with appropriately configured services good outcomes can be achieved.3 24 25 For many elderly patients suffering trauma undergoing non-operative management, targeted rehabilitation on a dedicated trauma unit may yield similar mortality benefits to those observed in orthopaedic trauma units with embedded orthogeriatric services.26 Identification and early aggressive management of patients at higher risk of developing complications such as those with blunt chest wall trauma 27 may improve mortality and morbidity while reducing hospital stay.
Limitations
Our study has several important limitations inherent in the design of retrospective database analyses. In particular, the inconsistency in institutions submitting data to TARN over the last 20 years means it is difficult to be certain that the effect observed is not simply due to incomplete data collection. Since the advent of regional major trauma networks in England around 2012, many more institutions submit data to TARN. Data recorded from this point are, therefore, more likely to offer a true reflection of the national trauma caseload. While not directly comparable, national HES data are more comprehensive and show the absolute numbers of patients in each age range receiving an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision code indicating traumatic injury that would be potentially eligible for inclusion in the TARN database. Although not all of these patients will meet the definition of major trauma, this would support the idea of a marked increase in the numbers of elderly patients suffering trauma diagnosed with injury, although this may still be explained at least partly by increased detection rather than a burgeoning epidemic of new cases. Our findings may be not be generalisable to other health systems with different population demographics or a higher incidence of penetrating trauma.
Conclusions
This study shows that the population in whom major trauma is identified and recorded is becoming more elderly, and the predominant mechanism that precipitates major trauma is a fall from <2 m. This is the first study to identify an apparently radical change in the demographics of major trauma in the UK over the last 20 years. Significant improvements in outcomes from trauma may be expected if trauma services targeting the specific needs of this patient group are developed within major trauma centres.
Footnotes
Twitter: Follow Antoinette Edwards at @AntoinetteE60
Contributors: AK and JES conceived the original idea. AE, DY and FL provided data and analysis. AK wrote the working draft and all authors contributed to editing the draft.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethics approval: TARN holds HRA CAG section 251 approval for research on anonymised data submitted by member hospitals.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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