Abstract
Background:
The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities and has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among employees in Northeast China.
Methods:
Totally, 33,149 employees who received health screening in the International Health Promotion Center in the First Hospital of Jilin University were enrolled. Height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were recorded. Three definitions for the metabolic syndrome were applied, revised National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) criteria.
Results:
Overall, the age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 22.9%, 20.6%, and 15.3% based on definitions of revised NCEP ATP III criteria, the IDF criteria, and the CDS criteria, respectively. Men had higher age-standardized prevalence than women in all three definitions (P < 0.05). The prevalence was 27.1%, 24.5%, and 20.4% for men; 17.1%, 15.4%, and 8.3% for women, respectively. The most common metabolic component with the metabolic syndrome was overweight (54.7% of men had an elevated body mass index, and 35.9% of women had central obesity).
Conclusions:
A large proportion of employees among Northeast China have the metabolic syndrome. These findings place emphasis on the need to develop aggressive lifestyle modification for patients with the metabolic syndrome and population level strategies for the prevention, detection, and treatment of cardiovascular risk.
Keywords: China, Metabolic Syndrome, Prevalence
INTRODUCTION
The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a clustering of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure (BP), and increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG). The syndrome is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality.[1,2,3] Since 1998, the World Health Organization proposed a set of criteria as a first attempt to define the syndrome.[4] Several expert groups have formulated different definitions including the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) (2002),[5] the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria in 2005,[6] and the joint interim statement in 2009.[7] The NCEP ATP III in 2002 is widely used in clinical practice, but its applicability to different ethnic groups has been a problem, especially in its relation to obesity cut-offs.[8] The IDF criteria require central obesity as one obligatory component and ethnic-specific waist circumference (WC) cut-offs are incorporated into the definition in 2005. Later on, the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute updated the ATP III the metabolic syndrome criteria using ethnic-specific WC cut-offs as well, known as the revised NCEP ATP III criteria.[9] In 2004, the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) proposed a definition for Chinese adults,[10] which used body mass index (BMI) rather than WC as one index to define obesity and the cut-offs for other components were different, except for the cut-off of triglycerides (TGs).
As a result of rapid economic growth and associated socioeconomic changes, lifestyle and diet transitions have led to an increased burden of CVD and other chronic diseases in China.[11] Also, clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors (and thus, the metabolic syndrome) is becoming more common. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was reported to vary from 7.3% to 31.5% in previous studies conducted in different parts of China,[12,13,14,15] which might partially be due to the use of different definitions and true regional differences. These epidemiological studies about the metabolic syndrome in China were mostly sampled from the general population with little emphasis on the employees. Since employees represent the main workforce in the society and their health awareness, healthy behaviors, and cardiovascular profiles reflect the overall productivity and the disease burden, it is important to identify employees with the metabolic syndrome. Because of a documented high relative risk of CVD events and type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome undoubtedly carries a relatively high lifetime risk for these disorders.[9] Thus, even though shorter-term (10-year) risk is low in relatively younger population, like employees, these individuals with the syndrome need aggressive lifestyle modifications to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus and CVD. So far, little is known about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among employees in Northeast China while this region has a relatively high incidence of CVD within China.[16,17] The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among employees in Northeast China. In addition, to facilitate comparison with other prevalence estimates, three prevailing definitions, revised NCEP ATP III, IDF, and CDS criteria, were applied.
METHODS
Study population
The International Health Promotion Center in the International Health Promotion Center in the First Hospital of Jilin University provides health examinations for residents in Changchun, the capital and largest city of Jilin Province, located in the northeast of China. Participants for the health examinations were mainly current and retired employees from government institutions, universities or companies in Jilin Province. In general, almost all employees will participate since the health screening is considered as the welfare offered by their employers. Therefore, a retrospective database of the health screening program information for employees was available. Data of 37,141 individuals aged 18 years or older who received a health screening program at their first visit to the International Health Promotion Center in First Hospital of Jilin University from 2003 to 2010 were derived from the database; 3992 persons were excluded since they did not provide WC data. In total, 33,149 participants were included in the final data analysis. Written informed consent was obtained from every participant. Participants with newly detected conditions during the examination were referred to the relevant outpatient clinic. The Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University approved the protocol for this study.
Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements
Blood pressure was measured twice when participants were in the seated position after 5 min of rest using a computerized sphygmomanometer, Omron BP-203RV IIIC. The mean of these two readings was used in the analysis. Participants were advised to avoid cigarette smoking, alcohol, caffeine beverages, and exercise for at least 30 min before measurement.
Body weight and height were measured by an auto-anthropometer, Biospace BSM 330. Height was recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight was measured in light indoor clothing without shoes and recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg. WC was measured in a standing position using a measuring tape at the level of the participant's navel to the nearest 0.5 cm.
Laboratory measurements
Overnight fasting blood samples were collected by venipuncture. Participants who did not meet the overnight fasting criterion were asked to visit the center later when their fasting time was more than 12 h. Concentrations of TG, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured enzymatically on the Hitachi 7600-210 auto analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). FPG level was measured on the same auto analyzer. The central laboratory of the First Hospital of Jilin University analyzed all specimens.
Definitions of the metabolic syndrome
We used three definitions to define the metabolic syndrome. They are the revised NCEP ATP III criteria for Asians,[9] IDF criteria for Asians[6] and CDS criteria.[10] Detailed information on the three definitions is listed in Table 1.
Table 1.
Definitions of the metabolic syndrome
| Risk factors | Revised NCEP ATP III 2005 | IDF 2006 | CDS 2004 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any three or more of | Mandatory elevated WC | Any three or more of | |
| Elevated WC or BMI | ≥90 cm (men) or ≥80 cm (women) | ≥90 cm (men) or ≥80 cm (women) | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 |
| Plus two or more of | |||
| Elevated FPG | ≥5.6 mmol/L or drug treatment for elevated blood glucose | ≥5.6 mmol/L or diagnosed diabetes | ≥6.1 mmol/L or drug treatment for elevated blood glucose |
| Elevated TGs | ≥1.7 mmol/L or drug treatment for elevated TGs | ≥1.7 mmol/L or drug treatment for elevated TGs | ≥1.7 mmol/L |
| Reduced HDL | <1 mmol/L (men) or <1.3 mmol/L (women) or drug treatment for reduced HDL | <1 mmol/L (men) or <1.3 mmol/L (women) or drug treatment for reduced HDL | <0.9 mmol/L (men) or <1.0 mmol/L (women) |
| Elevated BP | ≥130/85 mmHg or drug treatment for hypertension | ≥130/85 mmHg or drug treatment for hypertension | ≥140/90 mmHg or drug treatment for hypertension |
NCEP ATP III: National cholesterol education program-third adult treatment panel; IDF: International diabetes federation; CDS: Chinese diabetes society; WC: Waist circumference; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BP: Blood pressure; TG: Triglyceride.
Statistical analysis
For continuous variables, results were calculated as mean ± standard deviation (SD). For categorical variables, proportions were calculated. Differences in continuous variables were estimated using t-test and prevalence values for categorical variables were compared using Pearson's Chi-square test. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was standardized to the age distribution of the Chinese population from the 2000 census. A two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
From 2003 to 2010, 33,149 employees undergoing the health screening program were enrolled, comprising 19,337 men and 13,812 women. The average age of all participants was 43.8 ± 12.8 years; 43.4 ± 12.6 years for men and 43.5 ± 13.2 years for women. Statistically significant differences between men and women were found for mean WC, BMI, FPG, TG, HDL, systolic BP, and diastolic BP [Table 2].
Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Men (n = 19,337) | Women (n = 13,812) | t (df = 33,147) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 43.4 ± 12.6 | 43.5 ± 13.2 | 3.63 | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 89.2 ± 9.0 | 77.0 ± 8.7 | 123.17 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 63.49 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 23.02 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 44.83 | <0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | −51.18 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 124.1 ± 17.4 | 116.7 ± 19.1 | 37.04 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 83.1 ± 11.2 | 76.5 ± 10.7 | 53.26 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. P value is for the comparison between men and women. WC: Waist circumference; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; df: Degrees of freedom; SD: Standard deviation.
The most common metabolic component within the metabolic syndrome was overweight/obesity: for men based on elevated BMI (prevalence 54.7%) and for women based on elevated WC (and thus, central obesity) with a prevalence of 35.9% [Table 3].
Table 3.
Prevalence of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome based on definitions of revised NCEP ATP III, IDF, and CDS criteria among employees in Northeast China
| Items | 95% CI, % | χ2 (df = 1) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||
| Elevated WC, ≥90 cm (men) and ≥80 cm (women) | 50.7 (50.0–51.5) | 35.9 (35.1–36.7) | 720.24 | <0.001 |
| Elevated BMI, BMI ≥5 kg/m2 | 54.7 (54.0–55.4) | 24.6 (23.8–25.3) | 3002.36 | <0.001 |
| Elevated FPG | ||||
| ≥5.6 mmol/L | 30.5 (30.0–31.2) | 17.8 (17.2–18.4) | 693.71 | <0.001 |
| ≥6.1 mmol/L | 15.2 (14.7–15.7) | 8.0 (7.6–8.5) | 380.82 | <0.001 |
| Elevated TG | ||||
| ≥1.7 mmol/L | 45.2 (44.5–45.9) | 20.2 (19.5–20.9) | 2223.49 | <0.001 |
| Reduced HDL | ||||
| <1.0 mmol/L (men) or <1.3 mmol/L (women) | 6.9 (6.5–7.2) | 19.7 (19.0–20.3) | 1231.47 | <0.001 |
| <0.9 mmol/L (men) or <1.0 mmol/L (women) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 3.7 (3.4–4.1) | 9.42 | <0.001 |
| Elevated BP | ||||
| ≥130/85 mmHg | 45.2 (44.5–45.9) | 27.3 (26.6–28.1) | 1095.95 | <0.001 |
| ≥140/90 mmHg | 37.2 (36.6–37.9) | 21.2 (20.5–21.8) | 980.50 | <0.001 |
P value is for the comparison between men and women. NCEP ATP III: National cholesterol education program-third adult treatment panel; IDF: International diabetes federation; CDS: Chinese diabetes society; WC: Waist circumference; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BP: Blood pressure; df: Degrees of freedom; CI: Confidence interval.
Table 4 shows the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among employees in Northeast China by sex and age. Overall, the age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 22.9%, 20.6%, and 15.3% based on definitions of revised NCEP ATP III, IDF, and CDS criteria, respectively. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased with age among men and women until age 60 years. In participants ≥60 years old, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increased more dramatically in women than in men, regardless of definitions used. In total, men had a higher age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than women in all three definitions (P < 0.05).
Table 4.
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome based on definitions of revised NCEP ATP III, IDF, and CDS criteria among employees in Northeast China
| Age groups, years | n | The metabolic syndrome prevalence (95% CI), % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revised ATP III | IDF | CDS | ||
| All | ||||
| 18–29 | 4853 | 7.4 (6.6–8.1) | 6.8 (6.1–7.5) | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) |
| 30–44 | 13,351 | 20.1 (19.4–20.8) | 18.2 (17.5–18.8) | 14.2 (13.6–14.8) |
| 45–59 | 11,097 | 34.7 (33.8–35.6) | 30.9 (30.0–31.7) | 23.5 (22.7–24.3) |
| ≥60 | 3848 | 42.3 (40.8–43.9) | 38.4 (36.9–39.9) | 26.7 (25.3–28.1) |
| Total (crude) | 33,149 | 25.7 (25.2–26.2) | 23.1 (22.7–23.6) | 17.4 (17.0–17.8) |
| Total (age and sex-standardized) | 33,149 | 22.9 (22.0–23.8) | 20.6 (19.8–21.5) | 15.3 (14.6–16.1) |
| Men | ||||
| 18–29 | 2504 | 12.0 (10.8–13.3) | 11.4 (10.2–12.7) | 8.5 (7.4–9.6) |
| 30–44 | 8013 | 28.3 (27.4–29.3) | 25.9 (24.9–26.9) | 21.7 (20.8–22.6) |
| 45–59 | 6672 | 39.9 (38.7–41.0) | 35.4 (34.2–36.5) | 30.7 (29.6–31.8) |
| ≥60 | 2148 | 34.6 (32.6–36.6) | 30.2 (28.3–32.2) | 25.0 (23.2–26.9) |
| Subtotal (crude) | 19,337 | 30.9 (30.3–31.6) | 27.8 (27.1–28.4) | 23.5 (22.9–24.1) |
| Subtotal (age-standardized) | 19,337 | 27.1 (25.9–28.4) | 24.5 (23.3–25.7) | 20.4 (19.3–21.5) |
| Women | ||||
| 18–29 | 2349 | 2.4 (1.8–3.1) | 1.9 (1.3–2.4) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) |
| 30–44 | 5338 | 7.7 (7.0–8.4) | 6.6 (6.0–7.3) | 3.0 (2.5–3.4) |
| 45–59 | 4425 | 27.0 (25.7–28.3) | 24.1 (22.8–25.4) | 12.7 (11.7–13.7) |
| ≥60 | 1700 | 52.1 (49.7–54.4) | 48.7 (46.3–51.1) | 28.7 (26.6–30.9) |
| Subtotal (crude) | 13,812 | 18.4 (17.8–19.1) | 16.6 (16.0–17.2) | 8.9 (8.4–9.3) |
| Subtotal (age-standardized) | 13,812 | 17.1 (16.0–18.1) | 15.4 (14.4–16.4) | 8.3 (7.5–9.1) |
NCEP ATP III: National cholesterol education program-third adult treatment panel; IDF: International diabetes federation; CDS: Chinese diabetes society; ATP III: Adult treatment panel III; CI: Confidence interval.
DISCUSSION
The present study provides information on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome based on a large sample from employees in Northeast China, a region in China with a relatively high incidence of CVD. Our findings suggest a large proportion of employees among Northeast China have the metabolic syndrome regardless of definitions used.
Direct comparisons of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome between studies are generally impossible in light of different age and sex distributions in the population samples. The prevalence estimates of the metabolic syndrome we observed among employees in Northeast China are somewhat lower than those reported for the southern Chinese population, which were 28.5%, 21.9%, and 17.8% based on definitions of revised NCEP ATP III, IDF, and CDS criteria.[15] Our estimates are a little bit higher than those reported in the national survey in 2009, which were 21.3% (revised NCEP ATP III), 18.2% (IDF), and 10.5% (CDS).[14] Using the revised NCEP ATP III criteria, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 41.4% in urban Asian Indian adults[18] and was around 15% in South Koreans.[19] In Singapore, the prevalence was 20.9% and 15.5% in men and women using NCEP ATP III criteria.[20] Apart from different age and sex distributions, variability in the prevalence between studies can also be explained by the different definitions of the metabolic syndrome.
Another important finding is that men had higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than women, which is in line with other studies conducted in China,[12,14] in some Asian countries,[20,21] and the United States.[22,23] In Chinese men, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome reached a peak during their middle ages and beyond, while the prevalence in Chinese women increased more dramatically over 60 years old. Menopause might be a contributing factor for this increase. Also, the observed sex difference in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome after 60 years old might be related to the higher prevalence of obesity in older women compared with older men in China.[24]
In our study, the most common metabolic component with the metabolic syndrome was overweight for men based on elevated BMI and central obesity for women based on elevated WC. The components of the metabolic syndrome differ between genders among studies. Results from the inter-Asia study based on a nationally representative sample of the Chinese population showed that hypertension and decreased HDL were the most frequent component for men and women, respectively.[25] Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey indicated that the most frequent individual component with the metabolic syndrome was hypertension for men and central obesity for women.[14] Elevated body weight and decreased HDL level were more prevalent in women than in men, while BP and apolipoprotein were more prevalent in men.[26] These gender differences of components of the metabolic syndrome might due to different cut-off points set as criteria of the metabolic syndrome like WC and HDL between men and women. Also, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and physical inactivity might be underlying risk factors between genders.[27] More studies into the sex difference of developing the components of the metabolic syndrome are required to fully understand these findings.
A main strength of our study is the fact that its results are based on findings in a large sample of Chinese employees, and to the best of our knowledge, that is the first study that provides scientific evidence about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among employees in Northeast China, a region with a high incidence of CVD. A limitation of the study is that the definitions of the metabolic syndrome did not include patients with known hypertension and diabetes due to lack of information in our database. Hence, the prevalence estimates in our study might underestimate the true prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among employees in Northeast China.
In conclusion, our results indicate that a large proportion of employees among Northeast China have the metabolic syndrome. Since employees represent the main workforce in any community and contribute largely to the disease burden, these findings place emphasis on the need to develop aggressive lifestyle modification for patients with the metabolic syndrome and population level strategies for the prevention, detection, and treatment of cardiovascular risk, focusing on weight reduction and increased physical activity.
Footnotes
Edited by: Yuan-Yuan Ji
Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
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