Abstract
The following are physical signs which can be elicited in patients with chronic airways obstruction: a reduction in the length of the trachea palpable above the sternal notch; tracheal descent with inspiration; excessive use of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles; excavation of the suprasternal and supraclavicular fossae during inspiration; jugular venous filling during expiration; loss of bucket-handle movement of the upper ribs; paradoxical movement of the lower ribs; and prolonged forced expiratory time.
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Selected References
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