The creatinine values in Tables 1 and 2, and S1 Table are incorrect. Please see the corrected tables, with the correct creatinine values, here.
Table 1. Plasma metabolite concentrations in common marmosets.
Metabolite | m/z | rt | Marmosets Mean±SD | Humans Mean±SD | Human metabolomics Database |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health indicators | |||||
Glucose (mM) | 203.0512 | 57 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 3.9 to 6.1 |
Creatine (μM) | 132.0759 | 52 | 38 ± 15 | 52 ± 35 | 8.4 to 65 |
Creatinine (μM) | 114.0654 | 97 | 38.4 ± 15.1 | 102 ± 16* | 56 to 109 |
Urea (mM) | 121.0711 | 58 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 1.6* | 4 to 9 |
Cortisol (μM) | 363.2143 | 160 | 10.2 ± 4.1 | 0.49 ± 0.25* | 0.028 to 0.66 |
Cortisone (μM) | 361.1991 | 174 | 0.51 ± 0.19 | 0.010 ± 0.004* | 0.022 to 0.075 |
Bilirubin (μM) | 585.2668 | 350 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 6.4* | 8 to 15 |
Vitamins and Coenzymes | |||||
Riboflavin (nM) | 377.1468 | 215 | 6.0 ± 5.7 | 15.5 ± 0.02* | 5.4 to 28 |
Thiamine (μM) | 265.1164 | 69 | 0.64 ± 0.62 | 0.39 ± 0.3 | 0.09 to 0.28 |
Niacin; nicotinic acid (μM) | 124.0398 | 45 | 17.5 ± 7.0 | 29.8 ± 29.0 | 43 to 55 |
Nicotinamide (μM) | 123.0544 | 326 | 0.43 ± 0.18 | 0.27 ± 0.15* | 0.43 to 0.45 |
Methylnicotinic acid (nM) | 138.0540 | 64 | 16 ± 9 | 20.0 ± 19.9 | N/A |
Pyridoxine (nM) | 170.0714 | 61 | 59 ± 43 | 9.7 ± 6.1* | 7 to 60 |
Pyridoxal (nM) | 168.0643 | 93 | 230 ± 110 | N/A | 200 to 300 |
Pyridoxamine (nM) | 169.0950 | 101 | 71 ± 56 | 0.14 ± 0.09* | 126 to 202 |
Pantothenic acid (μM) | 220.1761 | 231 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | 7.57 ± 7.22* | 4.5 to 5.3 |
Biotin (nM) | 245.0980 | 289 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 3.3* | 0.6 to 1.9 |
Amino Acids | |||||
Arginine (μM) | 175.1178 | 59 | 40 ± 29 | 72 ± 33* | 60 to 140 |
Histidine (μM) | 178.0575 | 51 | 71 ± 21 | 52 ± 14* | 75 to 143 |
Leucine/Isoleucine (μM) | 176.0646 | 59 | 88 ± 43 | 156 ± 56* | 155 to 355 |
Lysine (μM) | 191.0755 | 48 | 104 ± 57 | 117 ± 41 | 178 to 434 |
Methionine (μM) | 150.0568 | 79 | 39 ± 20 | 24 ± 6* | 25 to 35 |
Phenylalanine (μM) | 166.0851 | 57 | 271 ± 151 | 47 ± 15* | 48 to 88 |
Threonine (μM) | 120.0646 | 88 | 132 ± 39 | 103 ± 33* | 102 to 260 |
Tryptophan (μM) | 205.0958 | 56 | 72 ± 21 | 40 ± 11* | 44 to 78 |
Asparagine (μM) | 133.0679 | 92 | 18 ± 15 | N/A | 16 to 57 |
Citrulline (μM) | 176.1018 | 63 | 34 ± 18 | 31 ± 14 | 27 to 38 |
Glutamate (μM) | 148.0594 | 70 | 36 ± 25 | 23 ± 13 | 24 to 145 |
Glutamine (μM) | 147.0758 | 56 | 553 ± 141 | 463 ± 317 | 490 to 645 |
Proline (μM) | 116.0698 | 54 | 168 ± 62 | 195 ± 66 | 168 to 239 |
Taurine (μM) | 148.0027 | 52 | 105 ± 37 | 32 ± 13* | 42 to 162 |
Tyrosine (μM) | 182.0799 | 58 | 44 ± 20 | 44 ± 11 | 54 to 143 |
Amino Acid Metabolites | |||||
5-Hydroxytryptophan (μM) | 221.0907 | 62 | 0.41 ± 0.32 | 0.030 ± 0.012* | 0.015 to 0.021 |
Indoleacrylic acid (μM) | 188.0693 | 64 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00* | N/A |
Indolelactate (μM) | 206.0797 | 101 | 4.98 ± 1.67 | 0.72 ± 0.30* | 0.5 to 5 |
3-Indolepropionic acid (μM) | 190.0849 | 202 | 9.11 ± 5.33 | 0.04 ± 0.04* | 0.29 to 1.09 |
Kynurenine (μM) | 209.0914 | 73 | 3.68 ± 1.47 | 1.84 ± 0.72* | 1.5 to 1.7 |
Phenylacetate (nM) | 137.0586 | 216 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 2.78 ± 2.15 | N/A |
Methylphenyllactate (nM) | 181.0847 | 167 | 14 ± 7 | 48 ± 64* | N/A |
Methylphenylpropanoate (nM) | 165.0899 | 257 | 8.0 ± 5.0 | 6.5 ± 3.8 | N/A |
Homogentisic acid (μM) | 169.0436 | 106 | 0.15 ± 0.09 | 0.02 ± 0.01* | 0.014 to 0.071 |
Oxoproline (μM) | 130.0490 | 53 | 47 ± 11 | 62 ± 13* | 13 to 161 |
Hippurate (μM) | 180.0644 | 63 | 8.6 ± 5.8 | 6.6 ± 6.3 | 0 to 5 |
2-Aminobutyrate (nM) | 104.0698 | 54 | 6.0 ± 4.0 | 4.6 ± 1.4* | N/A |
Lipid-Related Metabolites | |||||
Choline (μM) | 104.1062 | 51 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.85 ± 0.23* | 8.7 to 12.5 |
Betaine (μM) | 118.0854 | 54 | 123 ± 64 | 31 ± 13* | 20 to 144 |
Dimethylglycine (μM) | 104.0697 | 424 | 2.91 ± 0.75 | 2.28 ± 0.97* | 1.8 to 3.7 |
Carnitine (μM) | 162.1114 | 79 | 6.7 ± 2.2 | 66 ± 24* | 26 to 79 |
Acetylcarnitine (μM) | 204.1216 | 66 | 0.54 ± 0.30 | N/A | 3.2 to 7.6 |
Sphinganine (nM) | 302.3034 | 331 | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 6.3 | 11 |
Sphingosine (μM) | 300.2877 | 510 | 0.74 ± 0.33 | 1.21 ± 0.38* | 0.05 to 0.51 |
Nucleotide-Related Metabolites | |||||
Uridine (μM) | 245.0757 | 95 | 2.11 ± 0.84 | 0.91 ± 0.68* | 2.9 to 3.3 |
Hypoxanthine (μM) | 137.0448 | 59 | 54 ± 34 | 3.9 ± 3.6* | 1.3 to 54.5 |
Uric acid (μM) | 169.0342 | 54 | 84 ± 73 | 214 ± 54* | 238 to 506 |
Allantoin (μM) | 159.0502 | 63 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | N/A | 1.0 to 3.2 |
Environmental Chemicals | |||||
Triethylphosphate (nM) | 183.0768 | 382 | 14.5 ± 3.4 | 10.8 ± 9.5 | N/A |
Pirimicarb (nM) | 239.1475 | 548 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.80 ± 0.36 | N/A |
Dibutylphthalate (nM) | 279.1573 | 381 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 14.0 ± 44.4 | N/A |
*Levels in common marmosets significantly different from the levels in human, p < 0.05, following Bonferroni correction.
Plasma metabolites of common marmosets (n = 50) quantified by LC-MS are included along with measures for human plasma (n = 80) obtained with the same method. Ranges of concentrations of metabolites in human plasma reported by HMDB are also included for comparison. (m/z, mass-to-charge, rt, retention time). N/A, data not available.
Table 2. Marmoset plasma metabolite concentrations according to age group and sex.
Metabolite | Females<8 y | Females ≥8 y | Males <8y | Males ≥8y |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical measures | ||||
Glucose (mM) | 4.8 ± 1.8a | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.3a | 3.8 ± 1.4 |
Creatine (μM) | 31 ± 13 | 43 ± 12 | 38 ± 11 | 42 ± 20 |
Creatinine (μM) | 34.4 ± 15.5 | 35.1 ± 10.6 | 42.7 ± 6.8 | 81 ± 18 |
Urea (mM) | 3.7 ± 2.0a | 3.7 ± 1.3b | 5.5 ± 2.4a | 5.7 ± 2.1b |
Cortisol (μM) | 11 ± 4 | 9 ± 5 | 11 ± 3 | 10 ± 4 |
Cortisone (μM) | 0.59 ± 0.24 | 0.45 ± 0.16 | 0.57 ± 0.13d | 0.44 ± 0.16d |
Bilirubin (μM) | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.3 |
Vitamins and Coenzymes | ||||
Riboflavin (nM) | 5 ± 5 | 11 ± 10 | 4 ± 4 | 6 ± 4 |
Thiamine (μM) | 0.61 ± 0.37 | 0.95 ± 0.81 | 0.37 ± 0.27 | 0.57 ± 0.68 |
Niacin; nicotinic acid (μM) | 17 ± 6 | 19 ± 6 | 19 ± 10 | 15 ± 4 |
Nicotinamide (μM) | 0.42 ± 0.23 | 0.46 ± 0.17 | 0.41 ± 0.16 | 0.42 ± 0.18 |
Methylnicotinic acid (nM) | 20 ± 10 | 14 ± 6 | 17 ± 11 | 14 ± 6 |
Pyridoxine (nM) | 33 ± 14 | 57 ± 39 | 63 ± 37 | 76 ± 57 |
Pyridoxal (nM) | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.25 ± 0.12 | 0.28 ± 0.11 | 0.20 ± 0.10 |
Pyridoxamine (nM) | 87 ± 83 | 61 ± 25 | 57 ± 39 | 75 ± 57 |
Pantothenic acid (μM) | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 2.4 |
Biotin (nM) | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 0.7 |
Amino Acids | ||||
Arginine (μM) | 35 ± 28 | 43 ± 28 | 32 ± 21 | 48 ± 36 |
Histidine (μM) | 74 ± 27 | 81 ± 21 | 59 ± 14 | 72 ± 19 |
Leucine/Isoleucine (μM) | 99 ± 41 | 93 ± 58 | 87 ± 37 | 74 ± 33 |
Lysine (μM) | 129 ± 82a | 117 ± 48 | 76 ± 28a | 96 ± 49 |
Methionine (μM) | 47 ± 23a | 49 ± 22b | 29 ± 13a | 32 ± 15b |
Phenylalanine (μM) | 348 ± 141a | 404 ± 158b | 167 ± 61a | 180 ± 62b |
Threonine (μM) | 146 ± 58 | 135 ± 33 | 125 ± 31 | 124 ± 29 |
Tryptophan (μM)e | 60 ± 20a | 69 ± 19 | 90 ± 13a,d | 71 ± 19d |
Asparagine (μM) | 16 ± 8 | 12 ± 11 | 23 ± 17 | 18 ± 18 |
Citrulline (μM) | 35 ± 19 | 42 ± 17 | 32 ± 12 | 29 ± 20 |
Glutamate (μM) | 216 ± 131 | 296 ± 180b | 138 ± 83 | 138 ± 82b |
Glutamine (μM) | 509 ± 135 | 582 ± 168 | 519 ± 125 | 594 ± 130 |
Proline (μM) | 169 ± 71 | 194 ± 58 | 158 ± 50 | 155 ± 67 |
Taurine (μM) | 102 ± 43 | 107 ± 30 | 101 ± 35 | 110 ± 42 |
Tyrosine (μM) | 45 ± 19 | 53 ± 20 | 41 ± 16 | 39 ± 22 |
Amino Acid Metabolites | ||||
5-Hydroxytryptophan (μM) | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.56 ± 0.52 | 0.31 ± 0.16 | 0.42 ± 0.27 |
Indoleacrylic acid (μM)e | 13 ± 5a | 15 ± 5 | 20 ± 4a,d | 14 ± 4d |
Indolelactate (μM) | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 2.0 |
3-Indolepropionic acid (μM) | 9.5 ± 3.8 | 8.5 ± 6.8 | 9.8 ± 3.7 | 8.7 ± 6.6 |
Kynurenine (μM) | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 1.5 |
Phenylacetate (nM) | 3.3 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 2.5 |
Methylphenyllactate (nM) | 12 ± 5 | 15 ± 8 | 12 ± 6 | 17 ± 8 |
Methylphenylpropanoate (nM) | 6.2 ± 3.8a | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 10.9 ± 5.0a | 9.0 ± 6.0 |
Homogentisic acid (μM) | 139 ± 77 | 198 ± 119 | 113 ± 62 | 143 ± 100 |
Oxoproline (μM) | 42 ± 8c | 50 ± 13c | 45 ± 7 | 50 ± 12 |
Hippurate (μM) | 6.1 ± 2.6c | 11.8 ± 8.7c | 7.3 ± 4.2 | 9.2 ± 4.8 |
2-Aminobutyrate (nM) | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 8.0 ± 5.4 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 5.5 ± 2.4 |
Lipid-Related Metabolites | ||||
Choline (μM) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 |
Betaine (μM) | 139 ± 76 | 141 ± 79 | 116 ± 48 | 99 ± 45 |
Dimethylglycine (μM) | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.7d | 3.3 ± 0.7d |
Carnitine (μM) | 5.4 ± 1.4c | 7.9 ± 2.6c | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 2.3 |
Acetylcarnitine (μM) | 0.45 ± 0.15 | 0.57 ± 0.26 | 0.45 ± 0.22 | 0.65 ± 0.44 |
Sphinganine (nM) | 6.0 ± 2.1a | 5.0 ± 2.5 | 3.5 ± 2.6a | 4.9 ± 2.7 |
Sphingosine (μM) | 0.69 ± 0.34a | 0.62 ± 0.33 | 1.00 ± 0.27a,d | 0.69 ± 0.29d |
Nucleotide-Related Metabolites | ||||
Uridine (μM) | 2.0 ± 0.7c | 1.4 ± 0.6b,c | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.7b |
Hypoxanthine (μM) | 72 ± 40c | 41 ± 20c | 65 ± 40d | 39 ± 21d |
Uric acid (μM) | 110 ± 120 | 60 ± 38 | 78 ± 41 | 78 ± 50 |
Allantoin (μM)e | 2.7 ± 0.9c | 1.5 ± 0.8b,c | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.4b |
Environmental Chemicals | ||||
Triethylphosphate (nM) | 13.7 ± 3.7 | 14.8 ± 4.3 | 14.3 ± 2.7 | 15.0 ± 3.3 |
Pirimicarb (nM) | 0.86 ± 0.49 | 0.63 ± 0.32 | 0.54 ± 0.33 | 0.73 ± 0.35 |
Dibutylphthalate (nM) | 0.26 ± 0.14 | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 0.30 ± 0.13 | 0.33 ± 0.18 |
aSignificant between younger females and younger males
bSignificant between older females and older males
cSignificant between younger females and older females
dSignificant between younger males and older males
eSignificant sex by age interaction
Supporting Information
Plasma collected from marmoset was analyzed for metabolomics by high-resolution mass spectrometry as described in Methods. The mass spectrometry data includes ion mass (mass to charge, m/z), retention time (sec) and abundance (intensity) of 58 metabolites. The information of sex and age on 50 individuals is indicated on top.
(XLSX)
Reference
- 1.Go Y-M, Liang Y, Uppal K, Soltow QA, Promislow DEL, Wachtman LM, et al. (2015) Metabolic Characterization of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). PLoS ONE 10(11): e0142916 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142916 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Plasma collected from marmoset was analyzed for metabolomics by high-resolution mass spectrometry as described in Methods. The mass spectrometry data includes ion mass (mass to charge, m/z), retention time (sec) and abundance (intensity) of 58 metabolites. The information of sex and age on 50 individuals is indicated on top.
(XLSX)