Fig. 2.

Example stimulus scene of running away from motorcycle (top) and its description in co-speech gesture (A₁, B₁) and silent gesture (A₂, B₂) by speakers of Turkish (A pictures on left) and English (B pictures on right). In co-speech gesture, English speakers preferred to express motion (run.away) first, followed by ground (motorcycle); Turkish speakers preferred to express ground (motorcycle) first, followed by motion (go.away). In silent gesture, both English and Turkish speakers preferred to express ground (motorcycle) first, followed by motion (run.away); the downward facing palm in the first scene of A₁ and the last scene of B₁, and the sideways facing left palm in all three scenes of A₂–B₂ indicate ground (i.e., the motorcycle).