Abstract
Background:
Previous studies have revealed significant differences between populations for genotypic frequencies of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) polymorphisms. In order to find the frequency of the null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in Iranian populations, the present study was carried out.
Methods:
The total study subjects consisted of 1340 unrelated healthy Muslims/Iranian. From these 297, 200, 123, 168, 152, 200, and 200 individuals from Tabriz (East Azerbaijan Province; belong to Azaris), Yasuj (Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad Province; belong to Lurs), Abarku (Yazd Province; belong to Persians), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Balouchis), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Sistanis), Kermanshah (Kermanshah Province; belong to Kurds), and Gorgan (Golestan Province; belong to Turkmen) respectively. The genotypes were detected by multiplex PCR.
Results:
The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 43.8, 50.0, 52.0, 50.0, 51.3, 56.0, and 53.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference between these populations for the genotypic distribution of the GSTM1 polymorphism (χ2=8.47, df=6, P=0.206). The frequency of GSTT1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 18.2, 17.0, 29.3, 20.8, 17.8, 18.5, and 23.0%, respectively. There was very similarity between Azaris, Kurds and Lurs for the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes (χ2=0.17, df=2, P=0.916).
Conclusion:
By comparing the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes among Iranian populations, Caucasians and Asians, it is concluded that Azaris, Kurds and Lurs were similar to each other. Taken together, it is suggested that although Azaris are Turkish speaking belong to Caucasians.
Keywords: Iran, GSTT1, GSTM1, Population genetics
Introduction
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18), a superfamily of dimeric phase II metabolic enzymes, play an important role in the cellular defense system. In human, cytosolic GSTs have been divided into several families including mu and theta gene families. Genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding GSTM1 (a member of class mu; OMIM: 138350), and GSTT1 (a member of class theta; OMIM: 600436) have been well defined. The GSTM1-0 and GSTT1-0 alleles represent deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, respectively and result in a loss of enzymatic activity (1, 2). A large number of association studies have been performed on GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to several multifactorial traits (3–21). The prevalence of null genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 varies in different ethnic groups (3, 22–24).
Over the past 4 decades, several reports were published in Iranian population genetics (21–36). They have investigated the distribution of some genetic polymorphisms of serum protein, red cell enzymes, and blood groups among Iranian populations (25–27). Iranian population is one of the most heterogeneous populations of the world (27). During 10 years ago, the frequencies of some genetic polymorphisms from several Iranian populations using DNA analysis have been reported (21–24, 28–36).
The Turkish-speaking Azaris is one of the most important Iranian ethnic groups. In addition, they are the major ethnic group in Republic of Azerbaijan, which borders Iran in the west north. They are living in several provinces of Iran including West and East-Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. These provinces are located to west north of Iran. Azaris belong to Shiite sect of Muslims.
Lurs (the other Iranian ethnic group) distributed in several provinces, which mainly located in central, south-west and west parts of the country. Their language is a particular dialect of Persian. They are living in “Lorestan”, “Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari”, “Khuzestan”, “Isfahan”, “Fars”, “Bushehr” and “Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad” provinces. Traditionally, Lurs is divided into two majors groups named “Greater Lurs”, and “Lesser Lurs”. Greater Lurs includes “Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari”, “Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad” and parts of “Fars”, “Khuzestan” and “Isfahan” provinces. The lesser Lurs is more or less the area that is today known as the “Lorestan” province. Lurs belong to Shiite sect of Muslims.
The Turkish-speaking Turkmen is another most important Iranian ethnic group. In addition, they are the major ethnic group in Republic of Turkmenistan, which borders Iran in the East-north. They are living in Golestan province. Turkmen belong to Sunni sect of Muslims.
Balouchis and Sistanis are two Iranian ethnic groups living in Sistan-va-Balouchestan province (southeast Iran). In addition, Balouchis are living in several provinces of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Based on linguistic and historical studies these ethnic groups are related to Persians. Balouchis and Sistanis belong to Sunni and Shiite sect of Muslims, respectively.
Kurds are distributed in several countries, including Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. Their language is a particular dialect of Persian. Some populations of Kurds are belonging to Shiite sect and the others belong to Sunni sect of Muslims. Our participants belong to Shiite sect which living in Kermanshah (West of Iran).
Based on several facts (including population genetics, linguistic and historical studies) investigators believed that Kurds and Lurs are belong to Iranian gene pool. However, some investigators (especially who had history background) believe that Azaris belong to Turk gene pools. Turkish-speaking Azaris showed very similarity with Persians and other Caucasian populations for two genetic polymorphisms of insertion/deletion in intron 3 of XRCC4 (rs28360071) and insertion/deletion on ACE (rs4646994) (35, 36).
Based on our knowledge, there is none published data about genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 in Iranian Azaris, Lurs, Kurds, Turkmen, Balouchis and Sistanis populations. In order to find the frequency of null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in Iranian populations and comparing populations with each other, the present study was carried out.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
The total study subjects consisted of 297, 200, 123, 168, 152, 200, and 200 individuals from Tabriz (East Azarbaijan province; belong to Azaris), Yasuj (Kohgiluyeh-va-Boyerahmad Province; belong to Lurs), Abarku (Yazd Province; belong to Persians), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Balouchis), Zahedan (Sistan-va-Balouchestan Province; belong to Siatanis), Kermanshah (Kermanshah Province; belong to Kurds), and Gorgan (Golestan Province; belong to Turkmen) respectively. All individuals were healthy as assessed by medical history. Data on ethnicity were collected using a simple questionnaire including simple questions like the parental and grandparental ethnicity of each participant.
Participants that their mothers and fathers (and their grandparental) did not belong to same ethnic groups were excluded. Because GSTs polymorphisms showed significant association with several multifactorial diseases (3–21), we excluded the participants with positive history for diagnosed cancers, psychiatric disorders, asthma, cataract and cardiovascular diseases.
Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. This study was approved by the Shiraz University Ethics Committee. This work is carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
DNA extraction and genotyping analysis
Blood samples were obtained from the participants. Immediately after collection, whole blood was stored at −20 °C until use. Genomic DNA for PCR was extracted from whole blood. Genetic polymorphisms for GSTT1 and GSTM1 were detected by multiplex PCR as described previously (18). The absence of amplified product was consistent with the null genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1. Successful amplification by □-globin specific primers confirmed the proper function of the PCR reaction.
A negative control containing all reagents but water instead of the DNA template was included to each amplification set. To test for contamination, negative controls (tubes containing the PCR mixture, without the DNA template) were incubated in every run. Any sample with ambiguous result due to low yield was retested and a random selection of 15% of all samples was repeated. No discrepancies were discovered upon replicate testing.
Statistical analysis
The difference in genotype frequencies between ethnic groups was determined using the Chi-square test of goodness of fit. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) (version 11.5). A probability of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The frequency of GSTM1 null genotype among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 43.8, 50.0, 52.0, 50.0, 51.3, 56.0, and 53.0%, respectively (Table 1). There was no significant difference between these populations for the genotypic distribution of the GSTM1 polymorphisms (χ2=8.47, df=6, P=0.206).
Table 1:
Prevalence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms in different ethnic groups of Iranian populations
| Ethnic | Number | % | Number | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azaris | 297 | 54 | 18.2 | 130 | 43.8 |
| Persians | 123 | 36 | 29.3 | 64 | 52.0 |
| Lurs | 200 | 34 | 17.0 | 100 | 50.0 |
| Balouchis | 168 | 35 | 20.8 | 84 | 50.0 |
| Sistanis | 152 | 27 | 17.8 | 78 | 51.3 |
| Kurds | 200 | 37 | 18.5 | 112 | 56.0 |
| Turkmens | 200 | 46 | 23.0 | 106 | 53.0 |
For distribution of the GSTT1 polymorphism χ 2 =10.26, df=6, P =0.114
For distribution of the GSTM1 polymorphism χ 2 =8.47, df=6, P =0.206
The frequency of null genotype of GSTT1 among Azaris, Lurs, Persians, Balouchis, Sistanis, Kurds, and Turkmen was 18.2, 17.0, 29.3, 20.8, 17.8, 18.5, and 23.0%, respectively (Table 1). Among study ethnic groups, Lurs showed very low frequency of GSTT1 null genotype (17.0%). Other groups showed higher prevalence. The observed difference between populations for prevalence of GSTT1 null genotype was not statistically significant (χ2=10.26, df=6, P=0.114). The prevalence of GSTT1 null genotype was higher in Persians, Balouchis and Turkmen in comparison with the other populations (Azaris, Lurs, Siatnis, and Kurds). There was very similarity between Azaris, Kurds and Lurs for the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes (χ2=0.17, df=2, P=0.916).
Discussion
Table 2 shows the prevalence of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in several populations. The null genotype of GSTT1 showed specific geographical distribution (37). Overall, the frequency of GSTT1 null genotype showed distinct differences in Caucasians and Asians.
Table 2:
Distribution of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes in Asia and Europe
| Country/ethnic | GSTT1 (%) | GSTM1 (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asian | |||
| China | 46.6 | 55.8 | 35 |
| Japan | 48.5 | 48.9 | 35 |
| Republic of Korea | 52.0 | 52.7 | 35 |
| Singapore | 42.6 | 47.6 | 35 |
| Thailand | 47.2 | 30.2 | 35 |
| India | 16.7 | 23.7 | 35 |
| Mongolia | 46.8 | 35.8 | 35 |
| Turkey | 22.5 | 36.7 | 35 |
| Afghanistan (Pashtuns) | 7.4 | 42.4 | 36 |
| Afghanistan (Tajiks) | 25.3 | 48.4 | 36 |
| Afghanistan (Hazaras) | 25.0 | 52.5 | 36 |
| Afghanistan (Uzbeks) | 29.0 | 40.3 | 36 |
| Iran (Georgians, Feridonshahr) | 15.7 | 46.3 | 28 |
| Iran (Persians, Feridonshahr) | 35.3 | 58.8 | 28 |
| Iran (Persians, Shiraz) | 24.8 | 49.6 | 27 |
| Iran (Lurs, Yasuj) | 17.0 | 50.0 | Present study |
| Iran (Azaris, Tabriz) | 18.2 | 43.8 | Present study |
| Iran (Persians, Abarku) | 29.3 | 52.0 | Present study |
| Iran (Baluchis, Zahedan) | 20.8 | 50.0 | Present study |
| Iran (Sistanis, Zahedan) | 17.8 | 51.3 | Present study |
| Iran (Kurds, Kermanshah) | 18.5 | 56.0 | Present study |
| Iran (Turkmen, Gorgan) | 23.0 | 53.0 | Present study |
| Iran (Tehran) | 33.3 | 48.5 | 21 |
| Iran (Persians, Tonekabon) | 15.0 | 41.6 | 31 |
| Iran (Kurds, Kermanshah) | 15.7 | 52.8 | 32 |
| Europe | |||
| Italy | 17.9 | 49.8 | 35 |
| Slovakia | 18.3 | 50.8 | 35 |
| Spain | 22.2 | 49.4 | 35 |
| Portugal | 25.5 | 53.5 | 35 |
| Netherland | 20.3 | 47.1 | 35 |
| Poland | 17.3 | 49.8 | 35 |
| Greece | 10.5 | 47.6 | 35 |
| Germany | 17.3 | 50.9 | 35 |
| France | 17.3 | 50.9 | 35 |
| Hungary | 13.8 | 47.0 | 35 |
| Denmark | 11.9 | 53.9 | 35 |
| Belgium | 16.1 | 51.4 | 35 |
| Finland | 12.4 | 46.4 | 35 |
| Sweden | 14.0 | 54.0 | 35 |
It has low prevalence in north of Europe and increase from north to south and west to east of Europe. The same trends were present in Asia (3, 37). Based on the published data Korean and Japanese populations have high frequency of the null genotype of GSTT1 (37).
Our present findings showed that the prevalence of GSTT1 null genotype among Azaris is very similar to other Iranian populations such as Persians, and Iranian Georgians (Firidonshahr, Isfahan Province, Iran) (3–5, 23).
On the other hand, the frequency of GSTT1 null genotype among Azaris (18.2%) showed similarity with the prevalence of null genotype of GSTT1 among Tajiks (25.3%) and Pashtuns (7.4%) (Afghanistan) (38) and other Caucasian populations (3, 22, 23, 37). Allelic frequencies of other genetic polymorphisms such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (39) and CYP2D6 (40) in Iranian Azaris showed similarity with Persians and Caucasians and revealed significant differences with the east-Asians populations. Taken together, it might be suggested that Azaris belong to Caucasians. Therefore, Azaris are Turkish speaking and not Turkish origin. Based on the allelic frequencies for several genetic polymorphisms, which reported form Turkey seems more similarity with Caucasian populations than East Asian populations (3, 22, 28, 29, 37). Based on prevalence of alleles of HLA polymorphisms, it is reported that Turks and Germans were equally distant to Mongolian populations, which are confirming the lack of strong genetic relationship between the Mongols and the Turks despite the relationship of their languages (41). Therefore, we believe that peoples living in Turkey also are Caucasians. It is self-evident that Iranian Azaris and Turkish people mixed with Mongolian and east-Asian people. Linguistically it is probable that Mongolian language and Turkish loosely belong to same family language. Mongolia is the original homeland of both Turks (such as Seljuks) and Mongols. In addition, we know that during several centuries that migration of Turk elements occurred into the Azaris territories and other parts of Iran and Afghanistan (like great Khorasan). It is interesting that prevalence of GSTT1 null genotype among Azaris, Kurds and Lurs is more similar to Caucasians than Persian of Abarku. Finally based on our recent studies on two genetic polymorphisms of insertion/deletion in intron 3 of XRCC4 (rs28360071) and insertion/deletion on ACE (rs4646994), Azaris showed very similarity with other Iranian populations and Caucasians (35, 36), which confirmed our suggestion.
Conclusion
Based on our knowledge, there is no published report from Republic of Azerbaijan for frequency of GSTs polymorphisms. Therefore, now, it is impossible to determine differences between the gene pools of Iranian Azaris and Republic of Azerbaijan. By comparing the frequency of GSTT1 genotypes among Iranian populations, Caucasians and Asians, it is concluded that Azaris, Kurds and Lurs were similar to each other.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the participants for their close cooperation. This study was supported by Shiraz University. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
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