Table 4.
Bivariate analysis of missed at least 48 consecutive hours of antiretroviral therapy in the past 3 months among adults in selected antiretroviral treatment programmes in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, 2011.
| N=4425 | Total % | <48 h (n=4284) % |
≥48 h (n=141) % |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (in years) | ||||||
| <35 | 1128 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.2 | 0.97 (0.66–1.43) | 0.867 |
| ≥35 years | 3215 | 74.0 | 74.0 | 73.8 | 1 | |
| Missing | 82 | 82 | 0 | |||
| Female sex | 3006 | 67.9 | 68.2 | 61.0 | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.065 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 434 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 12.8 | 1.54 (0.90–2.63) | 0.227 |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1523 | 34.5 | 34.4 | 37.6 | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) | |
| Married or cohabiting | 2456 | 55.7 | 55.9 | 49.6 | 1 | |
| Missing | 12 | 12 | 0 | |||
| DHS Wealth Index | ||||||
| Low | 1473 | 33.3 | 33.4 | 31.2 | 0.79 (0.50–1.25) | 0.579 |
| Middle | 1476 | 33.4 | 33.4 | 31.9 | 0.86 (0.56–1.31) | |
| High | 1476 | 33.4 | 33.2 | 36.9 | 1 | |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||
| Stigma internalized | ||||||
| High (>median) | 1540 | 34.8 | 34.3 | 49.6 | 1.63 (1.15–2.32) | <0.006 |
| Low | 2883 | 65.2 | 65.7 | 50.4 | 1 | |
| Missing | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| Stigma disclosure | ||||||
| High (>median) | 1212 | 27.4 | 27.5 | 25.5 | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) | <0.728 |
| Low | 3211 | 72.6 | 72.5 | 74.5 | 1 | |
| Missing | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| Potential depression | ||||||
| Positive screen | 574 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 23.4 | 1.89 (1.25–2.87) | 0.003 |
| Negative screen | 3847 | 87.0 | 87.4 | 76.6 | 1 | |
| Missing | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||
| Ever-disclosed HIV status | ||||||
| Yes | 4154 | 94.0 | 94.0 | 92.9 | 0.90 (0.45–1.79) | 0.771 |
| No | 267 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 7.10 | 1 | |
| Missing | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||
| Social support care | ||||||
| Lower 10th percentile | 513 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 20.0 | 1.71 (1.10–2.67) | 0.017 |
| Higher | 3865 | 88.3 | 88.6 | 80.0 | 1 | |
| Missing | 48 | 47 | 1 | |||
| Social support help | ||||||
| Lower 10th percentile | 595 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 17.1 | 1.23 (0.77–1.95) | 0.387 |
| Higher | 3782 | 86.4 | 86.5 | 82.9 | 1 | |
| Missing | 48 | 47 | 1 | |||
| CAGE alcohol abuse | ||||||
| Positive ≥2 | 930 | 21.2 | 20.8 | 34.3 | 1.87 (1.29–2.70) | <0.001 |
| Negative<2 | 3448 | 78.8 | 79.2 | 65.7 | 1 | |
| Missing | 47 | 46 | 1 | |||
| Traditional healer | ||||||
| Ever consulted | 253 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 15.6 | 2.67 (1.55–4.60) | <0.001 |
| Never consulted | 4136 | 94.2 | 94.6 | 84.4 | 1 | |
| Missing | 36 | 36 | 0 | |||
| Cost to clinic | ||||||
| ≥1 USD | 1924 | 45.9 | 46.0 | 41.5 | 0.82 (0.56–1.20) | 0.310 |
| <1 USD | 2269 | 54.1 | 54.0 | 58.5 | 1 | |
| Missing | 232 | 226 | 6 | |||
| Time to clinic | ||||||
| ≥30 min | 2298 | 52.0 | 51.9 | 52.5 | 0.93 (0.65,1.34) | 0.694 |
| <30 min | 2215 | 48.0 | 48.1 | 47.5 | 1 | |
| Missing | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| ART and clinical factors | ||||||
| ART regimens containing | ||||||
| EVF | 1540 | 34.8 | 34.7 | 38.3 | 1.35 (0.94–1.95) | 0.103 |
| NVP | 2567 | 58.0 | 58.3 | 48.9 | 0.57 (0.40–0.81) | 0.002 |
| ZDV | 2224 | 50.3 | 50.2 | 51.8 | 0.85 (0.58–1.25) | 0.410 |
| TDF | 1131 | 25.6 | 25.7 | 20.6 | 0.95 (0.60–1.50) | 0.823 |
| D4T | 805 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 0.84 (0.50–1.39) | 0.490 |
| FTC | 1020 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 17.7 | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 0.752 |
| 3TC | 3191 | 72.1 | 72.1 | 72.3 | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 0.141 |
| PI | 136 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 3.50 | 1.13 (0.45–2.86) | 0.798 |
| Time on ART | ||||||
| <2.2 | 1089 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 27.7 | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | 0.597 |
| 2.2–5.3 | 2213 | 50.0 | 50.1 | 46.8 | 0.96 (0.62–1.46) | |
| >5.3 | 1123 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 25.5 | ||
| Pill burden (self-report) | ||||||
| <4 | 3510 | 81.3 | 81.2 | 84.7 | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | 0.578 |
| ≥4 | 809 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 15.3 | 1 | |
| Missing | 106 | 96 | 10 | |||
| HIV symptom index (≥ median) | 2458 | 55.5 | 55.0 | 73.0 | 1.98 (1.34–2.94) | <0.001 |
| Pre-ART WHO stage | ||||||
| Missing | 381 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 7.1 | 0.95 (0.47–1.95) | 0.144 |
| Stage IV | 517 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 19.1 | 1.74 (1.02–2.96) | |
| Stage III | 1842 | 41.6 | 41.6 | 42.6 | 1.38 (0.92–2.09) | |
| Stage I and II | 1685 | 38.1 | 38.3 | 31.2 | ||
| Pre-ART CD4+ cell count (cells/μl) | ||||||
| Missing | 889 | 20.1 | 20.0 | 22.0 | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | .038 |
| >250 | 558 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 9.2 | 0.69 (0.38–1.26) | |
| ≤250 | 2978 | 67.3 | 67.3 | 68.8 | 1 | |
| Site-level factors | ||||||
| Buddy required to start ART (yes) | 3440 | 77.7 | 77.5 | 85.1 | 1.51 (0.54–4.21) | 0.4051 |
| Community ART dispensing (yes) | 1228 | 27.8 | 28.0 | 19.9 | 0.53 (0.20–1.39) | 0.182 |
| ART dispensing in clinic | 2823 | 63.8 | 63.4 | 74.5 | 1.54 (0.66–3.60) | 0.301 |
| ART refill frequency | ||||||
| Every 3 months | 1224 | 27.7 | 27.3 | 39.0 | 3.15 (0.41–4.11) | 0.152 |
| Every 2 months | 2217 | 50.1 | 50.1 | 49.6 | 2.35 (0.77–7.19) | |
| Every month | 984 | 22.2 | 22.6 | 11.3 | 1 | |
| Level of health facility | ||||||
| National | 732 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 21.3 | 1.30 (0.41–4.11) | 0.174 |
| Provincial/regional | 983 | 22.2 | 21.9 | 30.5 | 1.22 (0.39–3.79) | |
| District | 1480 | 33.4 | 34.0 | 17.7 | 0.42 (0.14–1.26) | |
| Primary/community | 1230 | 27.8 | 27.7 | 30.5 | 1 | |
| Type of health facility | ||||||
| Government | 2467 | 55.8 | 56.4 | 36.2 | 0.40 (0.16–1.00) | 0.086 |
| Mission | 976 | 22.1 | 21.8 | 31.2 | 0.84 (0.30–2.39) | |
| NGO | 982 | 22.2 | 21.8 | 32.6 | 1 | |
| Health facility size | ||||||
| <1000 on ART | 1344 | 30.4 | 30.3 | 31.9 | 1.05 (0.28–3.95) | 0.955 |
| 1000–2000 | 370 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 1.20 (0.20–7.07) | |
| 2000–4000 | 1723 | 38.9 | 38.8 | 41.8 | 1.34 (0.38–4.72) | |
| >4000 | 988 | 22.3 | 22.4 | 19.1 | 1 | |
| Locale | ||||||
| Nonurban | 1470 | 33.2 | 33.5 | 26.2 | 0.49 (0.19–1.22) | 0.118 |
| Urban | 2955 | 66.8 | 66.5 | 73.8 | 1 | |
| Lay person provides adherence counselling | 3566 | 80.6 | 80.6 | 80.1 | 0.86 (0.30–2.42) | 0.758 |
| ART stock out past 6 months | 497 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 5.0 | 0.41 (0.10–1.72) | 0.209 |
3TC, lamivudine; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; D4T, stavudine; DHS, demographic and health survey; EFV, efavirenz; FTC, emtricitabine; NGO, nongovernmental organization; NVP, nevirapine; PI, protease inhibitors; TDF, tenofovir; USD, United States dollar; ZDV, zidovudine.