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World Journal of Gastroenterology logoLink to World Journal of Gastroenterology
. 2003 Jan 15;9(1):44–49. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i1.44

Inhibition of conjugated linoleic acid on mouse forestomach neoplasia induced by benzo (a) pyrene and chemopreventive mechanisms

Bing-Qing Chen 1,2, Ying-Ben Xue 1,2, Jia-Ren Liu 1,2, Yan-Mei Yang 1,2, Yu-Mei Zheng 1,2, Xuan-Lin Wang 1,2, Rui-Hai Liu 1,2
PMCID: PMC4728246  PMID: 12508349

Abstract

AIM: To explore the inhibition of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in different purity (75% purity c9, t11-, 98% purity c9, t11- and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA) on the formation of forestomach neoplasm and cheopreventive mechanisms.

METHODS: Forestomach neoplasm model induced by B (a) P in KunMing mice was established. The numbers of tumor and diameter of each tumor in forestomach were counted; the mice plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by TBARS assay; TUNEL assay was used to analyze the apoptosis in forestomach neoplasia and the expression of MEK-1, ERK-1, MKP-1 protein in forestomach neoplasm were studied by Western Blotting assay.

RESULTS: The incidence of neoplasm in B (a) P group, 75% purity c9,t11-CLA group, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA group and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA group was 100%, 75.0% (P > 0.05), 69.2% (P < 0.05) and 53.8% (P < 0.05) respectively and the effect of two CLA isomers in 98% purity on forestomach neoplasia was significant; CLA showed no influence on the average tumor numbers in tumor-bearing mouse, but significantly decreased the tumor size, the tumor average diameter of mice in 75% purity c9,t11-CLA group, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA group and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA group was 0.157 ± 0.047 cm, 0.127 ± 0.038 cm and 0.128 ± 0.077 cm (P < 0.05) and 0.216 ± 0.088 cm in B (a) P group; CLA could also significantly increase the apoptosis cell numbers by 144.00 ± 20.31, 153.75 ± 23.25, 157.25 ± 15.95 (P < 0.05) in 75% purity c9,t11-CLA group, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA group and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA group (30.88 ± 3.72 in BP group); but there were no significant differences between the effects of 75% purity c9,t11-CLA and two isomers in 98% purity on tumor size and apoptotic cell numbers; the plasma levels of MDA in were increased by 75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA. The 75% purity c9,t11-CLA showed stronger inhibition; CLA could also inhibit the expression of ERK-1 protein and promote the expression of MKP-1 protein, however no influence of CLA on MEK-1 protein was observed.

CONCLUSION: Two isomers in 98% purity show stronger inhibition on carcinogenesis. However, the inhibitory mechanisms of CLA on carcinogenesis is complicated, which may be due to the increased mice plasma MDA, the inducing apoptosis in tumor tissues. And the effect of CLA on the expression of ERK-1 and MKP-1 may be one of the mechanisms of the inhibition of CLA on the tumor.

INTRODUCTION

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a group of dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid that can be found in natural foods, such as the milk fat and meat of ruminant animals[1-4]. CLA can also be synthesized in the laboratory and is available commercially as a dietary supplement and has shown to be non-toxic[5]. In several animal experiments, supplementation of feeding with CLA showed an anticarcinogenic effect against chemical-induced cancers of the skin, forestomach, colon and breast[6-9]. Moreover, of the individual isomers of CLA, c9, t11 isomer has been implicated as most active biologically because it is the predominant isomer incorporated into the phospholipids of cell membrane, however recent evidence showed the t10,c12-CLA isomer might also exert biological activity[10]. To date, the sample used for animal experiment or cell experiment is the isomer mixture of conjugated linoliec acid which mainly containing c9, t11-, t10, c12-, t9, t11-, t10,t12-CLA. Potent anticarcinogenic effects have been attributed to a synthetic mixture of CLA containing c9,t11- and t9,c11-CLA (43%) and t10,c12-CLA (45.3%)[7,11-14]. For example, CLA used in Ha’s report contained c9,t11-,t10,c12-,t9,t11-,t10,t12-CLA which accounted for about 90% of the material[7]; Hubbard applied a mixture of CLA isomers with 32.5% c9,t11-CLA and 32.5% t10,c12-CLA isomers making up 66% to mammary tumor metastasis[14], etc. In summary, there were few reports assessing the effects of CLA monomer on the carcinogenesis in animal model.

Now the effect of CLA on carcinogenesis had been confirmed and there were evidences to support CLA action on the every stage of cancer, including initiation[15,16], post-initiation (promotion)[17,18], progression[19] and metastasis[14,20-22]. However the mechanisms through which CLA inhibits tumorigenesis are moot. Ha et al[7] suggested an antioxidant mechanism; Schonberg reported that the biochemical mechanisms by which CLA exerted its anticancer activity possibly including the formation of cytotoxic lipid peroxidation products, but this might not be sufficient to explain all the effects of these naturally occurring isomers of CLA[23]; Ip’s data showed an effect on growth and development of certain types of mammary cells[24,25]; Reduced formation of carcinogen-DNA adducts had been implicated[15,16]; Durgam’s work showed CLA inhibit cancer by influences on the oestrogen response system[26]; Others suggested inhibition mechanisms of CLA including its effects on eicosanoid metabolism[27-31], apoptosis[32,33], the gene expression such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase[34,35], PPRA[36-38], cyclin A, B(1), D(1) cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors and (CDKI)(P16 and P21)[39] ect.

In our research group, we found that 75% purity c9,t11-CLA inhibit cancer incidence by 40%; at the same time that 98% purity c9,t11 and t10,c12-CLA showed stronger inhibition on human gastric cancer (SGC-7901) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7)[39-42]. Our study was designed to investigate the inhibition effects of synthetically-prepared individual isomer of CLA in different purity (75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA) on the forestomach neolpasia induced by B (a) P and the mechanism whereby CLA acted as an anticarcinogen, especially in terms of lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and MAPKs pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material

BP was purchased from Fluka Chemie AG of Switzerland. Salad oil was purchased from a local grocery. 75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA were provided by Dr. Ruihai Liu at Cornell University.

Treatment of mice (43)

KunMing mice, 6 to 7 wk of age, were purchased from Cancer Research Institute of HarBin Medical University in China. Two weeks later the animals were randomized by body weight and divided into 7 groups (15 mice/group). They were then subjected to a forestomach tumorigenesis as follows: each animal except animals in salad control group was given 0.2 ml salad oil solution per 20 mg body weight (1 mg BP in 0.2 ml of salad oil solution) by gavage and animals in salad control group were given 0.2 ml salad oil only twice every week for over after 4 wk. And the following diets were given after 2 weeks of giving BP and continue for 7 wk (Table 1). Beginning with the first intubation and continuing thereafter, the body weight and food intake were recorded twice weekly. All surviving mice were sacrificed 26 wk after the first dose of BP.

Table 1.

The diets given after 2 wk of giving BP

Group diets
Salad oil Control (A) Standard diet + salad oil: fat (salad oil) concentration was 20%
BP Control (B) Standard diet + salad oil: fat (salad oil) concentration was 20%
BP + 75% c9,t11-CLA (C) Standard diet + salad oil + 75% c9,t11-CLA: Fat (salad oil) concentration was 20%, CLA 0.8%
BP + 98% c9,t11-CLA (D) Standard diet + salad oil + 98% c9,t11-CLA: Fat (salad oil) concentration was 20%, CLA 0.5%
BP + 98% t10,c12-CLA (E) Standard diet + salad oil + 98% t10,c12-CLA: Fat (salad oil) concentration was 20%, CLA 0.5%
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Gross pathology and histopathology

At termination of the study, the forestomach was removed. Tumor numbers and size were recorded, and then fixed in 10% formalin and paraffin-embedded; 4 µm sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE).

Lipid peroxidation analysis

The TBARS test was used to measure malonaldehyde (MDA). The mouse plasma MDA levels was determined by TBARs kits (Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute, NanJing, P.R. China).

Mearsurement of apoptosis cell numbers in forestomach neoplasm

In situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein, were purchased from Boehringer Mannheim. Briefly, Fixed and permeabilized apoptotic tissue sections, incubated the tissue section with the TUNEL reaction mixture containing TdT and fluorescein-dUTP, detected the incorporated fluorescein with an anti-fluorescein antibody POD conjugate and at last visualized the immunocomplex with a substrate reaction were in light microscope. The apoptosis cell number was counted in 103 cells.

Protein extract and western blotting

Three mice forestomaches in each group were homogenated and lysed in RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl, 0.1% NP40, 0.5% deoxycholic acid, 0.1% SDS, 50 mM Tris, pH7.4) with protease inhibitor, leupeptin and aprotinin. Equal amounts of protein (80 µg/lane) were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes, and immunobloted with an mouse anti-MEK-1, rabbit anti-ERK-1 and rabbit anti-MKP-1 antibody, then incubated with horseradish peroxidase secondary antibodies. Immunoreactive bands were detected using DAB (diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride) substrate and analyzed with a ChemiImagerTM 4000 Low Light Imaging System (Alpha Innotech Corporation, at the same time used GAPDH as house-keeping protein.

RESULTS

Establishment of mouse forestomach model

Figure 1A showed the normal forestomach with smooth surface and without tumor. However, the white-yellow cauliflower-like neoplasia in different size appeared in the forestomach of mice induced B (a) P (Figure 1B, Figure 1C). The structure of mouse forestomach in Figure 2A was normal and squamous epithelial cells and glandular epithelium cells were in order; The pathological analysis of B (a) P-induced forestomach neoplasia showed atypical hyperplasia in Figure 2B with stratified squamous epithelium excessively cornified, with focal proliferative basal cells and hypertrophic echinocyte; The basal cells, proliferating actively and out of order, grew through basement membrane and developed carcinoma in situ (Figure 2C).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The establishment of mouse neoplasia model induced by B (a) P. (A): normal forestomach; (B, C): forestomach neoplasia.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The pathological analysis of mouse forestomach. (A): normal forestomach × 10; (B): Atypical hyperplasia × 10; (C): Carci-noma in situ × 4.

Effect of CLA on forestomach neoplasia

The effect of CLA on BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach in female KunMing mice was shown in Table 2. The incidence of the tumor and average diameter of tumor in 98% purity c9,t11-CLA group and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA group were significantly lower than that in B (a) P group (P < 0.05). 75% Purity c9,t11-CLA only decreased the tumor incidence which was no significant (P > 0.05), but its influence on the average diameter being significant (P < 0.05). The average tumor number of each tumor-bearing mouse showed no statistical significance (P > 0.05).

Table 2.

Inhibition of BP-induced forestomach neoplasia in female KunMing mice by CLA

Group No. of mice (No. of tumor-bearing mice)/treatment Total number of tumors Tumor incidence (%) Tumors/tumor-bearing moused Diameter/tumor (CM)
A 14 (0) 0 0 0 0
B 12 (12) 31 100 2.58 ± 0.90 0.216 ± 0.088
C 12 (9) 23 75.0a 2.56 ± 0.73 0.157 ± 0.047e
D 13 (9) 22 69.2bc 2.44 ± 0.53 0.127 ± 0.038e
E 13 (7) 21 53.8bc 3.00 ± 0.58 0.128 ± 0.077e
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a

P > 0.05 compared to the group B;

b

P < 0.05 compared to the group B;

c

P > 0.05 compared to the group C;

d

P > 0.05,

e

P < 0.05 compared to the group B

Analysis on lipid peroxidation

The plasma levels of MDA measured by the TBARS assay increased in mice treated by 75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA (P < 0.05). Moreover, 75% purity c9,t11-CLA were more effective than purity 98% c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA (Table 3).

Table 3.

The effects of CLA on mouse plasma lipid peroxidation

Group MDA in plasma (nmol/L)
A 9.995 ± 1.634
B 9.937 ± 1.854
C 17.668 ± 4.610ab
D 14.005 ± 4.116a
E 13.303 ± 3.593a
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a

P < 0.05 compared to the group A, B;

b

P < 0.05 compared to the group D, E.

The effect of CLA on apoptosis in forestomach neoplasia

Figure 3 showed the apoptosis in forestomach neoplasia. Table 4 showed that 75% c9,t11-CLA, purity 98% c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA can significantly induce apoptosis but with no statistical difference (P < 0.05).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Apoptosis induced by CLA in mice forestomach. (A or B): there were few apoptotic cells in group A and B; (C): the apoptosis induced by CLA. Arrow showed apoptotic cells × 40.

Table 4.

The effects of CLA on apoptosis in mice stomach (103 cells)

Group Apoptotic cell numbers
A 42.63 ± 6.02
B 30.88 ± 3.72
C 144.00 ± 20.31a
D 153.75 ± 23.25a
E 157.25 ± 15.95a
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a

P < 0.01 compared to the group A, B.

The effect of CLA on the MAPKs pathway

Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 showed that 98% purity t10,c12-CLA decreased the expression of MEK-1 protein, but no influence was observed in mice treated by 75% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% c9,t11-CLA. The expression of ERK-1 protein in 75% purity c9,t11-CLA group, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA group and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA group was inhibited significantly, and 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA showed more effective than 75% purity c9,t11-CLA. The expression of MKP-1 was increased in mice treated by 75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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The effect of CLA on the expression of MEK-1 protein.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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The effect of CLA on the expression of ERK-1 protein.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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The effect of CLA on the expression of MKP-1 protein.

DISCUSSION

To date, all of the in vivo work with CLA has been done with a commercial free fatty acid preparation containing a mixture of c9, t11-, t10, c12-, c11, t13-isomers, although food CLA is predominatly the c9, t11-isomer present in triacylglycerols (80%-90%). Ha et al reported that dietary mixture of c9,t11-CLA, t10,c12-CLA, t9,t11-CLA and t10,t12-CLA significantly decreased the incidence of mouse neoplasm induced B (a) P (up to 20%)[7]. In DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinoma model, the incidence in mice treated with dietary 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% CLA isomer mixture was 58%, 42%, 34%, 36%, respectively (that of the control was 56%)[9]. In this study, we found that the incidence in mice fed with diet containing 75% purity c9,t11-CLA (75%), 98% purity c9,t11-CLA (69.2%), 98% purity t10,c12-CLA (53.8%) had been decreased, moreover, 98% purity isomers showed significant influences in the inhibition of carcinogenesis; although 75% purity c9,t11-CLA decreased tumor incidence with no statistical significance, it still significantly decreased the tumor size; all of which suggested that the effect of CLA on carcinogenesis was possibly related to the CLA purity. In addition, the different isomers of CLA in different purities decreased the average diameter of the tumors, but no influence was observed in average tumor numbers of each tumor-bearing mouse, which might be one of characteristics of the inhibition of food components on carcinogenesis.

Lu reported that arachidonic acid and linoleic acid may promote HSC proliferation, but increased concentration can be cytotoxic to HSC[44]. As one of the positional and structural isomer of linoleic acid, more interests in conjugated linoleic acid promoting oxidation in cancer cells were paid upon. The study results in Stanton’s group showed that CLA could make breast cancer cell more susceptible to lipid peroxidation, moreover, the extent of lipid peroxidation of CLA treated cells was related to CLA-induced cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. At the same time, they found that milk fat triglyceride-bound CLA, consisting primarily of the c9, t11 isomer, was also cytotoxic towards MCF-7 cells[45-47]. In our study, 75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA increased the levels of MDA in mouse plasma and 75% purity c9,t11-CLA was most effective, but 75% purity c9,t11-CLA did not show strongest inhibition of carcinogenesis, which suggested that the cytotoxic effect of lipid peroxidation to tumor cells might be one of mechanisms by which CLA exerted its biochemical activity. And Schönberg also reported that the formation of MDA induced by 40 µmol·L-1 CLA in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines was completely abolished by 30 microM vitamin E, but the growth rates were only partially restored, which indicated that cytotoxic lipid peroxidation products were only in part responsible for the growth inhibitory effects of CLA[24]. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation product induced played important role in apoptosis[48]. We found that purity 75% c9,t11-CLA, purity 98% c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA induced significant apoptosis cells in forestomach neoplasia, but there were no differences between 75% purity c9,t11-CLA group, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA and 98% purity t10,c12-CLA groups. The MAPK family consists of at least three different subgroups which include: ERKs, JNKs (SAPKs), and p38 MAPK kinase[49-53]. The Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway has been explained more clearly. Lavoie found that the transcription of cyclin D1 requires the long-term activation of ERK, which suggests that ERK can regulate cell cycle. In one report, there is a homeostasis between JNK/SAPKs and ERK systems: when ERK cascade is predominant in lymphocyte, cells will proliferate; by contraries, JNK/SAPK cascade will activate cell apoptosis[54]. It is found that the abnormalities of Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade reaction may contribute to malignant transformation of hepatocytes and activation of MAPK proteins may be an early event in hepatocellular carcinogenesis[55]. In summary, The activation of Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK can promote cell proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis. In addition, The product of the immediate early gene MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP-1), is able to dephosphorylate phosphoserine/threonine as well as phosphotyrosine residues, and shows selectivity for ERKs 1 and 2 in vitro, with lower activity toward other MAP kinases such as JNK and P38 MAP kinase[56]. MKP-1 inactivates ERK following growth factor stimulation in intact cells and also suppresses signaling downstream of ERK at the level of gene transcription and proliferation[57], most likely through its inhibitory effects on MAP kinase. In our study, we found that CLA could inhibit the expression of ERK-1 protein, and at the same time inactivate the ERK-1 by increasing the expression of MKP-1, which might be one of mechanisms of CLA anticarcinogen.

In summary, it is confirmed that CLA shows inhibition on forestomach neoplasia induced by B (a) P, which is possibly related with CLA purity. Although the inhibition of different isomers (c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA) on carcinogenesis is different, they show no significant difference. Moreover, the inhibition mechanism of CLA is complicated and difficult to be explained by an mechanism.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Rui-Hai Liu at Cornell University for helps and 75% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity c9,t11-CLA, 98% purity t10,c12-CLA.

Footnotes

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30070658

Edited by Wu XN

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