S values for ¹³¹I based on the ICRP adult voxel phantoms

Abstract

To improve the estimates of organ doses from nuclear medicine procedures using ¹³¹I, the authors calculated a comprehensive set of ¹³¹I S values, defined as absorbed doses in target tissues per unit of nuclear transition in source regions, for different source and target combinations. The authors used the latest reference adult male and female voxel phantoms published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication 110) and the ¹³¹I photon and electron spectra from the ICRP Publication 107 to perform Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations using MCNPX2.7 to compute the S values. For each phantom, the authors simulated 55 source regions with an assumed uniform distribution of ¹³¹I. They computed the S values for 42 target tissues directly, without calculating specific absorbed fractions. From these calculations, the authors derived a comprehensive set of S values for ¹³¹I for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues in the ICRP male and female voxel phantoms. Compared with the stylised phantoms from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that consist of 22 source regions and 24 target regions, the new data set includes 1662 additional S values corresponding to additional combinations of source–target tissues that are not available in the stylised phantoms. In a comparison of S values derived from the ICRP and ORNL phantoms, the authors found that the S values to the radiosensitive tissues in the ICRP phantoms were 1.1 (median, female) and 1.3 (median, male) times greater than the values based on the ORNL phantoms. However, for several source–target pairs, the difference was up to 10-fold. The new set of S values can be applied prospectively or retrospectively to the calculation of radiation doses in adults internally exposed to ¹³¹I, including nuclear medicine patients treated for thyroid cancer or hyperthyroidism.

INTRODUCTION

¹³¹I is a beta-particle emitter with a half-life of 8.02 d that has been widely used in nuclear medicine to treat diseases of the thyroid, which naturally accumulates iodine to produce thyroid hormones. Patients with hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer have been commonly treated by the administration of ¹³¹I^{(1, 2)}. However, while radioiodine is predominantly retained in the thyroid and other organs and tissues, the entire body is exposed to beta and gamma radiations until radioiodine is eliminated by radioactive and biological decay. To assess the potential late health effects of internal exposure to ¹³¹I⁽³⁾, it is necessary to reconstruct the incidental doses delivered to healthy organs and tissues of patients internally exposed to ¹³¹I^{(4, 5)}.

To estimate doses to organs exposed to an internally deposited radionuclide, the following two components are necessary: (1) the time-integrated activities (Bq s), which correspond to the number of disintegrations occurring in all specific organs containing the considered radionuclide and (2) the S values [mGy (Bq s)⁻¹], representing the absorbed doses delivered to target tissues, r_T, per unit disintegration of the radionuclide in source regions r_S⁽⁶⁾. The S values are typically derived from absorbed fraction or specific absorbed fraction (AF and SAF, respectively) values, which are computed from computational anthropomorphic phantoms coupled with a Monte Carlo transport method:

$$\begin{array}{l}S(r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}})=1.602\end{array}\times {10}^{-10}\frac{1}{M(r_{\mathrm{T}})}{\sum }_{i=1}^N{E}_i{Y}_i\phi (r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}},E_i),$$ (1)

where M(r_T) is the target tissue mass (kg), E_i is one discrete energy of a particle (MeV), Y_i is the energy yield of the particle emission at the energy E_i per nuclear transition [(Bq s)⁻¹] and $\phi (r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}},E_i),$ also called AF, is the fraction of energy deposited in a target tissue given a uniform source region emitting a particle of energy E_i. The SAF values are defined as the AF values divided by the target tissue mass (kg⁻¹). Hence, should one use Equation 1 to compute the S values, one has first to calculate the AF or SAF for each particle (e.g. photon and electron) and for a sample of discrete energies in the energy range of interest (e.g. from 1 keV to 1 MeV, every 10 keV).

Computational phantoms have evolved from stylised phantoms (also known as mathematical phantoms), which are based on a mathematical description of the human anatomy⁽⁷⁾, to a more advanced class of phantoms—voxel phantoms—that are developed from tomographic images of real patients^{(8, 9)}. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recently published the reference adult male and female voxel phantoms⁽¹⁰⁾; both were developed from patient computed tomography images and adjusted to match the reference data of organ mass and body dimensions⁽¹¹⁾.

A comprehensive set of reference SAF values was first computed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by using the paediatric and adult stylised phantom series⁽⁷⁾. Over time, considerable differences in organ dose estimates have been reported from comparisons between the stylised phantoms and more realistic voxel phantoms, primarily due to the over-simplified locations and shapes of organs in the stylised phantoms^(12–16). To derive more realistic internal organ doses, several authors have reported updated SAFs^{(17, 18)} and S values^(19–21) by using the ICRP adult voxel phantoms. However, those studies report S values only for a limited number of source and target organ pairs.

The authors previously developed a method to directly compute ¹³¹I S values with the thyroid as a source region but without the SAF calculation and a selected number of organs as targets⁽¹⁶⁾. The purpose of the present work was to apply that method to calculate a comprehensive set of S values for ¹³¹I using the new ICRP reference adult male and female voxel phantoms⁽¹⁰⁾ for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues. The authors also compared the new S values with the previously published data that were derived from the ORNL stylised phantoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Computational human phantoms

The authors used the ICRP adult male and female voxel phantoms published in ICRP Publication 110⁽¹⁰⁾ to calculate a new set of S values for internal exposure to ¹³¹I. The male and female phantoms represent persons of 176 and 163 cm height with masses of 73 and 60 kg, respectively. The electronic files of the phantom matrix were obtained from the CD-ROM included in ICRP Publication 110. The elemental composition and density of the organs and tissues were retrieved from the ICRP Publication 89⁽¹¹⁾ and incorporated into the Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations.

The authors also used the S values derived from the ORNL adult male and female stylised phantoms⁽⁷⁾ for comparison. The anatomical structures in the stylised phantoms were described using mathematical equations and were adjusted to match the reference body size and organ mass provided by the ICRP Publication 23⁽²²⁾ for applications to radiation protection. Reference body masses were 70 and 58 kg for adult male and female, respectively.

Direct computation of S values for ¹³¹I

To compute S values [mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] for ¹³¹I from the ICRP male and female phantoms for all target tissues except bone tissues and organ walls, the authors applied the method they introduced in their previous publication⁽¹⁶⁾ as described in the following equation, which is derived from Equation 1:

$$\begin{array}{l}S(r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}})\end{array}=1.602\times {10}^{-10}\frac{1}{M(r_{\mathrm{T}})}[E_{\gamma }(r_{\mathrm{T}})Y_{\gamma }+E_{\beta }(r_{\mathrm{T}})Y_{\beta }],$$ (2)

where E_γ (r_T) and E_β (r_T) are the energy depositions (MeV) in each target tissue r_T of mass M(r_T) per emitted particle in source region r_S for photons and betas, respectively, and Y_γ and Y_β are the total photons and electrons yields per decay, respectively. Using this method, the authors could eliminate the calculation of SAFs and, in doing so, minimise long computation times and post-processing to derive the S values.

The authors conducted the radiation transport calculations using a Monte Carlo transport code, MCNPX2.7⁽²³⁾. For both male and female voxel phantoms, the authors generated the input files for each of the 55 source regions and for both photons and betas for which emission energies and yields were obtained from the radiation decay data recently published in ICRP Publication 107⁽²⁴⁾. The authors fully transported secondary electrons and calculated the energy deposition (MeV per particle) using *f8:p,e tally in MCNPX2.7 from photon and beta sources separately for 42 target tissues. A total of 10⁸ photon particles for each source–target pair were simulated to reduce the relative errors of the Monte Carlo transport for most results to <1 %.

Skeletal dosimetry

Within the skeleton, three different source tissues were included in the S value calculations: cortical bone (CB), trabecular bone (TB) and bone marrow (active and inactive). The target tissues within the skeleton included active bone marrow and shallow marrow, which are associated with radiogenic leukaemia and bone cancer, respectively. The authors performed independent calculations for photon and electron sources and combined the two components. Multiple methods were used to calculate S values within the skeleton as summarised in Table 1 for different source and target combinations.

Table 1.

Different calculation methods applied to the combinations of the source regions and target tissues related to the skeletal tissues, where either self-absorption or cross-fire was simulated for photon and electron.

Target regions	Source regions
	CBa	TBb	Bone marrow	Outside of skeleton
Photon
Active bone marrow	DRFc	DRF	DRF	DRF
Shallow marrow	DRF	DRF	DRF	DRF
Outside of skeleton	*f8 tally	*f8 tally	*f8 tally	*f8 tally
Electron
Active bone marrow	Hough SAFd	Hough SAF	Hough SAF	NCe
Shallow marrow	Hough SAF	Hough SAF	Hough SAF	NC
Outside of skeleton	NC	NC	NC	*f8 tally

^aCortical bone.

^bTrabecular bone.

^cDose response function.

^dSpecific absorbed fraction calculated for the ICRP phantoms⁽²⁵⁾.

^eNC, not calculated, assumed to be zero.

When the photon source is within the skeleton, i.e. within CB, TB or bone marrow as shown in Table 1, photon particles were sampled within the CB and TB regions, which are explicitly modelled in the ICRP voxel phantoms. Photon sampling from the bone marrow was performed by controlling the sampling rate in trabecular regions based on the bone marrow distribution⁽²⁵⁾. The authors used dose–response functions (DRFs) to calculate S values in active and shallow bone marrows. DRFs represent computational conversion coefficients to calculate absorbed dose in anatomically complex tissue regions within the human skeleton, which relate the absorbed dose in a skeletal target region to the photon fluence in a skeletal source region. DRFs were originally developed at the ORNL⁽⁷⁾ based on stylised computational phantoms and recently updated for the ICRP reference adult male phantom⁽²⁶⁾. In the current study, the authors applied the latest data to the bone site-specific fluence (photon m⁻²) obtained from MCNPX2.7 to compute the S values for all source and target combinations in Table 1 except when the tissues outside of the skeleton are targets, in which explicit energy scoring (*f8 tally) was performed by the Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations.

Electron crossfire between the source outside of skeleton and the skeleton was assumed to be zero, which is indicated as NC (not calculated) in the electron section of Table 1. When the electron source was within CB, TB, CB+TB and bone marrow and the target tissues are active and shallow bone marrows (Table 1), the bone site-averaged SAFs⁽²⁵⁾ derived for the three source and two target tissues in the ICRP male voxel phantom were used to calculate S values. The SAFs for the adult female phantom were derived by weighting the SAFs by the ratio of the mass of the target tissues between the male and female phantoms.

Walled organ dosimetry

Voxel phantoms are limited in their capacity to appropriately handle electron dose calculations for some tissues (e.g. organ walls), because the voxel resolution can be greater than the thickness of the actual target cell and source region layers⁽²¹⁾. ICRP Publication 100⁽²⁷⁾ describes geometric models that represent the source regions and target tissues for the alimentary tract, which is of major concern for ¹³¹I dosimetry. Hence, the authors adopted the electron AFs published in Annex F of ICRP Publication 100 and also calculated additional electron AFs for the wall-to-wall dosimetry based on the geometric models for the stomach, right and left colon and rectosigmoid, by using radiation transport calculations. The geometric model used in our work consists of concentric cylinders, except for the stomach, which is represented by concentric spheres (Figure 1). As recommended in ICRP Publication 100, our calculations used (1) the reference inner radii of organ walls: 3.5, 3, 2.5 and 1.5 cm for the stomach, right and left colon and rectosigmoid, respectively, (2) the reference depth limits of the target cell layers within the organ wall and the extent of the source region into the organ wall (Figure 1, Table 2) and (3) the reference mass of target cells: 0.62, 1.3, 1.2 and 0.73 g for the stomach, right and left colon and rectosigmoid, respectively. In addition to the improved electron dosimetry for these walled organs, the authors also used the electron SAFs for the gall bladder wall, skin and adipose tissue⁽²¹⁾ to derive more realistic electron S values for ¹³¹I, S_β [mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] according to the following formula:

$$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\beta }(r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}})=1.602\times {10}^{-10}\\ \times {\mathrm{\Sigma }}_i{E}_{\beta i}{Y}_{\beta i}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\beta i}(r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}}),\end{array}$$ (3)

where E_βi is the mean energy (MeV), Y_βi is the yield of beta emission i of ¹³¹I and ${\mathrm{\Phi }}_{\beta i}(r_{\mathrm{T}}\leftarrow r_{\mathrm{S}})$ is the SAF in target tissue r_T from source region r_S for beta emission i. The same S values were assigned to the adult male and female phantoms.

Figure 1.

Cross section of the geometric model used for the dosimetry simulation of walled organs (as described in the ICRP Publication 100), where t_w is organ wall thickness; d_t,in and d_t,out are inner and outer depth limits of the target cell layers within the organ wall, respectively; and d_s is the depth of the extent of the source region into the organ wall.

Table 2.

Parameters used for electron dosimetry and resulting S values incorporated into the final S value data set for walled organs of which electron dosimetry cannot be directly calculated from the voxel phantoms.

Data source	Target	Depth (µm)	Source	Depth (µm)	Incorporation of the specific electron S values into our data set
					Target	Source	131I electron S value [mGy (Bq s)−1]	Formulae used to incorporate the data into our data sets, if applicable
ICRP 100	Oral mucosa	190–200	Teeth	10	Oral mucosa	Teeth	1.26E–09	AF(ESO ← ESO) = AF(ESO W ← ESO slow) + AF(ESO W ← ESO fast)
	ESO W	190–200	ESO slow	Unknown	ESO	ESO	9.29E–10
	ESO W	190–200	ESO fast	C
	STO W	60–100	STO C	C	STO W	STO C	4.55E–11
	SI W	130–150	SI C	C	SI W	SI C	5.73E–12
	SI W	130–150	SI villi	500	SI W	SI W	5.89E–11
	RC W	280–300	RC C	C	Colon W	Colon C	4.99E–12	AF(Colon W ← Colon C) = AF(RC W ← RC C) + AF(LC W ← LC C) + AF(Rectum W ← Rectum C)
	LC W	280–300	LC C	C
	REC W	280–300	Rectum C	C
Calculations conducted by the authors	STO W	60–100	STO W	300	STO W	STO W	4.21E–12
	RC W	280–300	RC W	300	Colon W	Colon W	3.13E–12	AF(Colon W ← Colon W) = AF(RC W ← RC W) + AF(LC W ← LC C) + AF(Rectum W ← Rectum W)
	LC W	280–300	LC W	300
	Rectum W	280–300	Rectum W	300	Rectum W	Rectum W	1.45E–12	AF(Rectum W ← Rectum W) = AF(RECS W ← RECS W)

ESO slow and fast represent two source regions in the esophagus associated with two transit rates of the radionuclides in the esophagus.

AF, absorbed fraction; W, wall; C, contents; ESO, esophagus; RC, right colon; LC, left colon; RECS, rectosigmoid.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Comprehensive S values for ¹³¹I

The authors calculated a comprehensive set of S values for ¹³¹I from the ICRP adult male and female reference voxel phantoms including 55 source regions and 42 target tissues (Tables A1 and A2 for male and female, respectively). Compared with the ORNL phantoms, the present ICRP phantoms include 28 additional source regions and 18 additional target tissues. Of particular importance are those additional source regions that may retain ¹³¹I (e.g. salivary glands, small intestine wall and contents, skin) and the additional target tissues that are classified as radiosensitive in ICRP Publication 103⁽²⁸⁾ (e.g. esophagus, salivary glands, lymphatic nodes and small intestine wall). Furthermore, the authors computed the S values for the source regions and target tissues related to the skeleton by using the latest DRF and SAFs.

Here, the authors present the S values from four selected source regions where ¹³¹I is retained, i.e. thyroid, salivary glands, urinary bladder contents and small intestine contents, and for the 27 target tissues classified as radiosensitive in ICRP 103, including the tissues newly available in the ICRP voxel phantoms (Figure 2). Next to the S value for thyroid self-dose [1.9 × 10⁻⁹ mGy (Bq s)⁻¹], the second greatest S value for the thyroid as a source was for the esophagus [8.7 × 10⁻¹² mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] in the ICRP female phantom (Figure 2, upper left panel). These S values may be particularly useful for dosimetry for patients treated with ¹³¹I for hyperthyroidism. The urinary bladder contents as a source delivered the largest dose per disintegration to the bladder wall [S value = 2.0 × 10⁻¹¹ mGy (Bq s)⁻¹]. The second largest dose from the bladder contents, among the 14 main radiosensitive tissues, was to the gonads in the female [S value = 4.0 × 10⁻¹² mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] (Figure 2, upper right panel). The small intestine contents as a source delivered the largest dose per disintegration to the small intestine wall [S value = 1.06 × 10⁻¹¹ mGy (Bq s)⁻¹ for the female phantom] but also significantly contributed dose to several tissues including stomach wall, colon wall, gonads and urinary bladder wall with S values of 2.1 × 10⁻¹², 1.9 × 10⁻¹², 1.8 × 10⁻¹² and 1.6 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹, respectively, for the female phantom (Figure 2, lower left panel). The salivary glands can be an important source region because of the accumulation of ¹³¹I⁽²⁹⁾. The largest S value for the salivary glands was for self-irradiation [4.7 × 10^–10 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹], but significant doses per disintegration were also imparted to the thyroid and brain [1.7 × 10^–12 and 1.3 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹, respectively] for the female phantom (Figure 2, lower right panel).

Figure 2.

S values for ¹³¹I assumed to be uniformly distributed in the thyroid, urinary bladder contents, salivary glands and small intestine contents for the ICRP male and female phantoms to radiosensitive target tissues for which tissue weighting factors (included in the parentheses next to each target tissues with r indicating remainder tissues) are assigned in the ICRP Publication 103.

The authors also present the S values for the major source regions incorporating ¹³¹I for four target tissues of interest : brain, small intestine, active marrow and esophagus (Figure 3). The importance of these targets is either because the S values can now be calculated for the first time (small intestine wall and esophagus), a new calculation method was used (active marrow) or because of particular interests for radiation health risk studies (brain).

Figure 3.

S values for the brain, small intestine wall, active marrow and esophagus in the ICRP male and female phantoms for ¹³¹I assumed to be uniformly distributed in major source regions.

The largest S value for the brain as a target was from the salivary glands as the source [1.3 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] (Figure 3, upper left panel). Whereas the largest S value for the small intestine wall was from its contents [1.06 × 10^–11 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹], the colon [2.2 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹], urinary bladder [1.9 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] and stomach contents [1.1 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] also resulted in significant S values (Figure 3, upper right panel) to the small intestine wall. The S values for the active marrow as a target were of the same order of magnitude from 10 source regions of interest ranging from 4.4 × 10⁻¹³ mGy (Bq s)⁻¹ (from the stomach contents) to 8.1 × 10⁻¹³ mGy (Bq s)⁻¹ (from the urinary bladder contents) for the female phantom, because the active marrow is distributed across different parts of the skeleton (Figure 3, lower left panel). In contrast, when target tissues are located in a limited region of the body, S values could vary widely, e.g. with up to four orders of magnitude for the brain in the female phantom: from 4.2 × 10^–16 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹ (from the urinary bladder contents) to 1.3 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹ (from the salivary glands) (Figure 3, upper left panel). The S value for the esophagus as a target was the largest from the thyroid, followed by the heart contents as sources: 8.7 × 10^–12 and 3.5 × 10^–12 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹, respectively, for the female phantom (Figure 3, lower right panel). With a few exceptions, the S values for the male phantom were smaller than the values for the female phantom, 11 % on average, due to greater body size resulting in larger distances between source regions and target tissues and greater photon attenuations.

As shown in Figure 4, the electron S values for the walled organs depend on the inner radius of the walled organ, the depth limits of the target cell layers within the organ wall and the extent of the source region into the wall. The S values range from 1.4 × 10⁻¹² to 5.9 × 10⁻¹¹ mGy (Bq s)⁻¹. The photon S values, which the authors calculated using the actual organ walls of the ICRP phantoms, range from 4.0 × 10^–12 to 1.0 × 10^–10 mGy (Bq s)⁻¹.

Figure 4.

Electron and photon S values [mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] for selected walled organs in the ICRP phantoms.

Comparison of the S values from the ORNL and ICRP phantoms

The authors compared their calculations of S values based on the ICRP voxel phantoms with the values previously adopted as reference values in internal dosimetry based on the ORNL stylised phantoms⁽⁷⁾. Figure 5 presents the ratios of the S values derived from the ICRP voxel phantoms to those from the ORNL stylised phantoms for 9 major source regions and 12 radiosensitive tissues. The S values of the radiosensitive tissues from the ICRP voxel phantoms were 1.1 (median, female) and 1.3 (median, male) times greater than the values from the ORNL phantoms. Even though the size and weight of the ICRP phantoms were greater than those of the ORNL phantoms, the overall inter-organ distances can still be shorter in the ICRP phantoms, mainly because the mathematical equations used to describe the organs in the ORNL phantoms prevent the organs to fully intertwine with each other. Shorter inter-organ distances resulted globally in greater S values with the ICRP phantoms⁽¹⁷⁾. With respect to the S values for the skin, there was no significant difference between the values derived from the ICRP and ORNL phantoms. The S values for the lungs, stomach wall, active marrow, breasts, thyroid, liver and brain obtained using the ICRP phantoms were, in general, greater than the values for the ORNL phantoms with the median ratios ranging from 1.3 to 3.7, whereas the values were smaller for gonads with median ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 for the male and female phantoms, respectively. The S values for the thyroid were greater for the ICRP voxel phantom with the median ratios of 3.7 and 2.5 for the male and female, respectively, whereas the S value for the brain (target) from thyroid (source) was smaller for the ICRP phantoms than for the ORNL phantoms. For walled organs such as the colon and urinary bladder, the S values to the organ walls from the contents were about 10 times smaller for the ICRP phantoms than the respective values for the ORNL phantoms.

Figure 5.

Ratio of the S value from the ICRP phantoms to the values from the ORNL phantoms for selected source regions and for radiosensitive target tissues except for the remainder tissues. Medians of the ratios are indicated for each target tissue by gender (M = male, F = female).

CONCLUSION

The authors derived a set of ¹³¹I S values for a comprehensive list of source regions and target tissues by using the latest ICRP reference adult female and male voxel phantoms, which feature anatomy of greater realism and a greater number of tissues compared with the ORNL stylised phantoms. Overall, they calculated S values for 28 additional source regions and 18 additional target tissues, which resulted in 1662 additional S values as compared with the ORNL phantoms. They compared their S values derived from the ICRP phantoms with the values from the ORNL stylised phantoms still used in internal dosimetry. The S values for the radiosensitive tissues in the ICRP phantoms were 1.1 (median, female) and 1.3 (median, male) times greater than the values obtained using the ORNL phantoms. However, for several source–target pairs, the difference was up to 10-fold. These differences mostly result from the differences in organ shapes and distances between source regions and target tissues in the ICRP and ORNL phantoms but also in the methods to handle the electron dosimetry for walled organs. The new S values computed by the authors allow the assessment of mean dose to some organs and tissues for which S values were not previously available, whereas these are classified as radiosensitive in ICRP Publication 103 (e.g. esophagus, salivary glands, lymphatic nodes and small intestine wall). These S values can be applied prospectively or retrospectively to the calculation of radiation doses to adults internally exposed to ¹³¹I, including nuclear medicine patients treated for thyroid cancer or hyperthyroidism.

FUNDING

This work was supported by the intramural research programme of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute and Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. This study utilised the high-performance computational capabilities of the Biowulf computing system at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (http://biowulf.nih.gov).

APPENDIX 1

Table A1.

S values for ¹³¹I [mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues in the ICRP adult male voxel phantom.

Adult male	Source regions
Target regions	Adrenal	CB	TB	Cartilage	ET1	ET2	Oral mucosa	Trachea	Bronchi	Blood vessels	Brain	Breast G	Eye lens	GB W
Adrenal	2.19E−09	2.69E−13	3.14E−13	3.02E−13	1.62E−14	2.70E−14	2.39E−14	1.48E−13	4.18E−13	8.66E−13	8.66E−15	2.36E−13	1.02E−14	1.98E−12
ET1	1.43E−14	5.07E−13	1.47E−13	3.16E−12	2.77E−09	8.33E−12	4.11E−12	1.64E−13	7.83E−14	2.25E−14	9.01E−13	1.08E−13	8.60E−12	2.28E−14
ET2	2.45E−14	5.73E−13	2.77E−13	2.75E−12	8.31E−12	1.07E−09	9.61E−12	3.26E−12	1.72E−13	8.05E−14	1.82E−12	8.74E−14	3.75E−12	2.53E−14
Oral mucosa	2.19E−14	7.58E−13	3.15E−13	4.11E−13	4.14E−12	9.62E−12	8.76E−10	6.20E−13	1.44E−13	5.29E−14	9.94E−13	1.14E−13	2.31E−12	2.88E−14
Trachea	1.44E−13	4.09E−13	3.61E−13	1.64E−12	1.74E−13	3.25E−12	6.17E−13	3.00E−09	2.51E−12	1.53E−12	1.23E−13	2.12E−13	1.32E−13	1.17E−13
Bronchi	4.19E−13	2.55E−13	2.56E−13	2.15E−13	8.24E−14	1.74E−13	1.48E−13	2.52E−12	4.48E−10	7.95E−13	3.92E−14	8.53E−13	5.67E−14	3.83E−13
Blood vessels	8.75E−13	2.78E−13	3.32E−13	5.50E−13	2.35E−14	8.29E−14	5.42E−14	1.53E−12	8.01E−13	8.38E−11	1.54E−14	1.70E−13	1.73E−14	8.25E−13
Brain	7.76E−15	4.80E−13	2.92E−13	6.13E−14	9.11E−13	1.83E−12	1.00E−12	1.25E−13	3.80E−14	1.50E−14	2.81E−11	2.65E−14	1.41E−12	7.69E−15
Breast	2.29E−13	7.57E−14	1.03E−13	8.10E−14	1.11E−13	8.48E−14	1.12E−13	2.04E−13	8.30E−13	1.61E−13	2.45E−14	3.10E−09	7.39E−14	3.92E−13
Eye lens	9.65E−15	3.62E−13	1.49E−13	1.91E−13	8.38E−12	3.57E−12	2.15E−12	1.31E−13	5.06E−14	1.20E−14	1.36E−12	7.33E−14	7.25E−08	1.26E−14
GB W	1.98E−12	1.44E−13	2.00E−13	2.67E−13	2.60E−14	2.85E−14	3.14E−14	1.21E−13	3.86E−13	8.27E−13	8.60E−15	4.20E−13	1.59E−14	2.92E−09
STO W	1.50E−12	1.41E−13	1.76E−13	1.95E−13	3.07E−14	3.52E−14	3.74E−14	1.62E−13	6.83E−13	8.53E−13	9.22E−15	6.65E−13	1.80E−14	1.22E−12
SI W	7.03E−13	1.89E−13	2.69E−13	5.79E−13	7.74E−15	7.80E−15	8.53E−15	3.32E−14	1.11E−13	9.80E−13	2.34E−15	1.12E−13	4.49E−15	8.38E−13
Colon W	5.88E−13	1.47E−13	2.05E−13	3.35E−13	1.19E−14	1.14E−14	1.28E−14	4.28E−14	1.49E−13	5.25E−13	3.42E−15	1.75E−13	7.04E−15	1.43E−12
Rectum W	4.24E−14	2.89E−13	3.56E−13	6.47E−13	7.66E−16	8.70E−16	8.11E−16	2.86E−15	7.59E−15	2.07E−13	3.18E−16	8.70E−15	4.54E−16	4.92E−14
Heart W	6.82E−13	2.27E−13	2.47E−13	2.43E−13	6.19E−14	1.26E−13	1.06E−13	1.40E−12	3.45E−12	1.12E−12	2.71E−14	8.43E−13	3.85E−14	5.89E−13
Kidney (left)	7.74E−12	1.89E−13	2.52E−13	3.25E−13	1.13E−14	1.69E−14	1.59E−14	8.48E−14	2.79E−13	8.06E−13	5.33E−15	1.92E−13	7.35E−15	6.02E−13
Kidney (right)	7.66E−12	2.02E−13	2.68E−13	3.93E−13	1.31E−14	1.70E−14	1.70E−14	8.31E−14	2.07E−13	6.76E−13	5.69E−15	1.64E−13	8.23E−15	2.70E−12
Liver	2.11E−12	1.76E−13	2.18E−13	1.92E−13	3.45E−14	4.27E−14	4.40E−14	2.09E−13	6.92E−13	5.80E−13	1.28E−14	6.07E−13	2.16E−14	5.35E−12
Lung (left)	6.30E−13	3.50E−13	2.94E−13	2.00E−13	6.14E−14	1.62E−13	1.25E−13	1.23E−12	5.34E−12	7.93E−13	3.78E−14	6.43E−13	4.73E−14	2.34E−13
Lung (right)	5.19E−13	3.44E−13	3.00E−13	2.13E−13	7.07E−14	1.64E−13	1.31E−13	1.59E−12	4.41E−12	5.99E−13	4.14E−14	7.22E−13	5.16E−14	5.93E−13
LN	7.06E−13	2.79E−13	3.09E−13	6.08E−13	6.60E−14	9.43E−13	2.73E−13	3.63E−12	1.21E−12	1.96E−12	5.93E−14	2.34E−13	5.44E−14	6.85E−13
Muscle	2.08E−13	2.70E−13	2.44E−13	2.64E−13	6.03E−14	1.94E−13	1.98E−13	2.21E−13	1.88E−13	2.36E−13	5.69E−14	1.16E−13	5.91E−14	1.46E−13
ESO	7.40E−13	4.50E−13	4.09E−13	9.79E−13	1.11E−13	2.25E−12	4.23E−13	1.14E−11	2.46E−12	2.41E−12	8.29E−14	3.20E−13	9.23E−14	5.36E−13
Testes	6.03E−15	9.21E−14	9.59E−14	8.11E−14	3.24E−16	2.28E−16	2.24E−16	6.94E−16	1.41E−15	1.59E−13	9.33E−17	1.56E−15	1.87E−16	7.69E−15
Pancreas	2.11E−12	1.77E−13	2.44E−13	4.39E−13	1.98E−14	2.21E−14	2.38E–14	1.03E–13	3.51E–13	1.86E–12	6.22E–15	3.30E–13	1.19E–14	8.51E–12
PG	1.19E–14	5.88E–13	2.51E–13	1.36E–13	2.10E–12	1.68E–11	3.16E–12	2.30E–13	5.72E–14	2.90E–14	7.28E–12	4.92E–14	2.59E–12	1.11E–14
Prostate	2.73E–14	2.99E–13	3.73E–13	4.58E–13	8.64E–16	5.07E–16	6.32E–16	2.00E–15	5.95E–15	1.77E–13	2.01E–16	6.63E–15	4.29E–16	3.63E–14
RT	4.16E–13	1.99E–13	2.00E–13	2.49E–13	1.77E–13	2.14E–13	1.49E–13	3.03E–13	2.29E–13	3.75E–13	9.18E–14	1.94E–13	1.62E–13	2.75E–13
SG	2.59E–14	4.25E–13	2.19E–13	4.14E–13	7.42E–13	2.74E–12	2.86E–12	7.03E–13	1.53E–13	7.47E–14	9.44E–13	8.35E–14	7.70E–13	2.56E–14
Skin	1.16E–13	1.49E–13	1.40E–13	1.35E–13	2.12E–13	1.22E–13	1.21E–13	1.28E–13	1.20E–13	1.59E–13	1.04E–13	3.38E–13	1.90E–13	1.03E–13
Spinal cord	1.15E–12	7.41E–13	6.11E–13	5.04E–13	1.86E–13	1.16E–12	7.93E–13	1.96E–12	7.68E–13	6.39E–13	3.68E–13	1.61E–13	1.95E–13	4.32E–13
Spleen	4.10E–12	2.28E–13	2.51E–13	1.45E–13	2.27E–14	4.12E–14	3.65E–14	2.02E–13	7.49E–13	6.11E–13	1.22E–14	3.39E–13	1.60E–14	3.91E–13
Teeth	2.76E–14	5.95E–12	3.14E–13	3.53E–13	5.86E–12	4.73E–12	3.27E–11	4.80E–13	1.56E–13	5.07E–14	9.15E–13	1.30E–13	2.62E–12	3.68E–14
Thymus	1.59E–13	3.91E–13	3.72E–13	8.11E–13	1.41E–13	6.38E–13	3.49E–13	1.18E–11	2.50E–12	1.95E–12	7.66E–14	3.14E–13	8.56E–14	1.58E–13
Thyroid	9.74E–14	3.59E–13	2.97E–13	1.35E–12	1.96E–13	1.98E–12	7.36E–13	2.04E–11	9.33E–13	8.61E–13	1.51E–13	1.41E–13	1.64E–13	8.27E–14
Tongue (inner)	2.48E–14	6.01E–13	3.11E–13	4.71E–13	2.93E–12	7.17E–12	3.83E–11	7.61E–13	1.65E–13	5.97E–14	8.77E–13	1.26E–13	1.82E–12	3.09E–14
Tonsils	1.62E–14	7.72E–13	3.87E–13	2.18E–13	1.59E–12	1.17E–11	7.48E–12	4.30E–13	9.14E–14	4.02E–14	2.58E–12	5.65E–14	1.86E–12	1.49E–14
Ureter	6.90E–13	2.86E–13	4.29E–13	1.10E–12	6.14E–15	6.65E–15	6.40E–15	2.78E–14	8.51E–14	1.86E–12	1.94E–15	8.12E–14	3.57E–15	6.97E–13
UB W	4.91E–14	2.92E–13	4.15E–13	6.31E–13	1.23E–15	9.53E–16	1.06E–15	3.50E–15	1.01E–14	3.03E–13	3.41E–16	1.14E–14	5.86E–16	6.52E–14
AM	6.36E–13	1.04E–12	5.51E–12	1.37E–12	1.38E–13	3.53E–13	3.39E–13	7.34E–13	4.82E–13	6.40E–13	2.35E–13	1.77E–13	1.51E–13	3.97E–13
SM	2.94E–13	2.46E–12	1.47E–11	1.01E–12	2.22E–13	3.92E–13	3.81E–13	3.84E–13	2.46E–13	3.63E–13	4.83E–13	9.28E–14	2.76E–13	1.94E–13

Adult male	Source regions
Target regions	GB C	STO W	STO C	SI W	SI C	Colon W	Colon C	Rectum W	Heart W	Heart C	Kidneys	Liver	Lungs	LN-ET
Adrenal	1.81E–12	1.51E–12	1.56E–12	6.94E–13	1.28E–12	5.95E–13	5.56E–13	4.20E–14	6.81E–13	6.82E–13	7.69E–12	2.11E–12	5.61E–13	4.47E–14
ET1	2.27E–14	2.93E–14	2.91E–14	7.06E–15	1.06E–14	1.11E–14	1.10E–14	5.87E–16	5.85E–14	5.72E–14	1.01E–14	3.16E–14	6.33E–14	7.24E–13
ET2	2.52E–14	3.31E–14	3.36E–14	6.91E–15	1.17E–14	1.07E–14	1.02E–14	7.34E–16	1.22E–13	1.07E–13	1.55E–14	3.96E–14	1.61E–13	4.30E–11
Oral mucosa	2.84E–14	3.48E–14	3.62E–14	7.55E–15	1.24E–14	1.17E–14	1.17E–14	7.92E–16	1.02E–13	9.41E–14	1.46E–14	4.26E–14	1.27E–13	6.98E–12
Trachea	1.15E–13	1.58E–13	1.71E–13	3.01E–14	5.33E–14	4.31E–14	4.22E–14	2.84E–15	1.39E–12	9.66E–13	8.14E–14	2.07E–13	1.43E–12	7.69E–12
Bronchi	3.75E–13	6.81E–13	7.48E–13	1.09E–13	1.94E–13	1.48E–13	1.37E–13	7.76E–15	3.44E–12	2.96E–12	2.40E–13	6.91E–13	4.99E–12	3.26E–13
Blood vessels	7.54E–13	8.54E–13	7.64E–13	9.81E–13	1.09E–12	5.27E–13	5.28E–13	2.03E–13	1.12E–12	8.47E–13	7.39E–13	5.82E–13	6.80E–13	1.61E–13
Brain	7.63E–15	8.74E–15	8.94E–15	2.10E–15	3.36E–15	3.22E–15	3.15E–15	2.48E–16	2.58E–14	2.31E–14	5.03E–15	1.22E–14	3.97E–14	4.56E–13
Breast	3.99E–13	6.52E–13	6.65E–13	1.02E–13	1.77E–13	1.63E–13	1.63E–13	7.16E–15	8.18E–13	8.18E–13	1.64E–13	5.90E–13	6.88E–13	1.30E–13
Eye lens	1.01E–14	1.68E–14	1.32E–14	5.07E–15	3.92E–15	9.77E–15	6.22E–15	5.52E–16	3.48E–14	3.60E–14	4.34E–15	1.43E–14	5.28E–14	5.40E–13
GB W	5.11E–11	1.23E–12	9.37E–13	8.36E–13	1.40E–12	1.44E–12	2.32E–12	4.89E–14	5.93E–13	5.73E–13	1.67E–12	5.36E–12	4.34E–13	4.63E–14
STO W	1.13E–12	1.88E–11	5.58E–11	9.35E–13	1.84E–12	1.36E–12	1.16E–12	3.25E–14	1.96E–12	1.81E–12	9.62E–13	1.40E–12	7.12E–13	5.92E–14
SI W	8.47E–13	9.37E–13	8.93E–13	6.37E–11	9.69E–12	1.80E–12	1.50E–12	6.70E–13	1.95E–13	1.99E–13	1.06E–12	4.27E–13	1.21E–13	1.26E–14
Colon W	1.52E–12	1.36E–12	1.22E–12	1.79E–12	2.11E–12	9.82E–12	9.80E–12	9.91E–13	2.29E–13	2.36E–13	1.07E–12	6.73E–13	1.58E–13	1.82E–14
Rectum W	5.00E–14	3.21E–14	3.05E–14	6.69E–13	2.60E–13	9.92E–13	1.62E–12	8.94E–11	1.04E–14	1.11E–14	7.61E–14	3.16E–14	9.12E–15	1.12E–15
Heart W	5.63E–13	1.96E–12	2.27E–12	1.93E–13	3.57E–13	2.31E–13	2.13E–13	1.09E–14	1.01E–10	8.39E–12	3.72E–13	9.91E–13	2.12E–12	2.32E–13
Kidney (left)	5.61E–13	1.48E–12	1.57E–12	1.36E–12	2.58E–12	9.98E–13	7.21E–13	6.77E–14	4.64E–13	4.78E–13	1.13E–10	4.70E–13	3.30E–13	2.88E–14
Kidney (right)	2.63E–12	4.65E–13	4.13E–13	7.67E–13	1.13E–12	1.15E–12	1.17E–12	8.43E–14	2.84E–13	2.79E–13	1.14E–10	2.14E–12	2.70E–13	2.86E–14
Liver	4.61E–12	1.40E–12	1.18E–12	4.25E–13	6.94E–13	6.74E–13	8.70E–13	3.18E–14	9.92E–13	9.35E–13	1.31E–12	2.28E–11	8.67E–13	7.11E–14
Lung (left)	2.22E–13	1.06E–12	1.18E–12	1.41E–13	2.61E–13	1.89E–13	1.48E–13	8.61E–15	2.47E–12	2.30E–12	3.21E–13	3.24E–13	2.82E–11	3.07E–13
Lung (right)	5.84E–13	4.07E–13	4.03E–13	1.03E–13	1.70E–13	1.28E–13	1.44E–13	8.99E–15	1.84E–12	1.52E–12	2.84E–13	1.32E–12	2.91E–11	3.02E–13
LN	6.68E–13	1.68E–12	1.19E–12	1.34E–12	1.16E–12	9.66E–13	8.04E–13	1.27E–12	1.33E–12	9.53E–13	5.64E–13	5.32E–13	7.42E–13	2.11E–10
Muscle	1.45E–13	1.54E–13	1.49E–13	2.36E–13	1.95E–13	2.24E–13	2.14E–13	3.31E–13	1.61E–13	1.53E–13	2.28E–13	1.65E–13	2.18E–13	2.87E–13
ESO	4.98E–13	1.30E–12	1.16E–12	1.54E–13	2.80E–13	1.52E–13	1.48E–13	9.01E–15	4.11E–12	2.90E–12	3.57E–13	8.87E–13	1.65E–12	3.32E–12
Testes	7.87E–15	5.70E–15	5.13E–15	6.32E–14	2.83E–14	4.06E–14	5.47E–14	3.98E–13	1.86E–15	2.12E–15	1.05E–14	5.33E–15	1.63E–15	2.28E–16
Pancreas	7.18E–12	3.68E–12	2.68E–12	1.99E–12	3.86E–12	1.44E–12	1.72E–12	6.40E–14	6.77E–13	6.76E–13	1.93E–12	2.27E–12	3.78E–13	3.68E–14
PG	1.04E–14	1.54E–14	1.46E–14	1.91E–15	4.77E–15	5.09E–15	5.13E–15	6.28E–16	4.52E–14	3.46E–14	6.66E–15	1.56E–14	5.92E–14	1.14E–12
Prostate	3.52E–14	2.54E–14	2.26E–14	3.90E–13	1.63E–13	2.53E–13	3.53E–13	7.02E–12	7.86E–15	8.06E–15	4.90E–14	2.22E–14	6.64E–15	8.34E–16
RT	2.60E–13	3.69E–13	3.29E–13	5.07E–13	4.41E–13	4.28E–13	3.88E–13	5.07E–13	2.45E–13	2.18E–13	3.80E–13	2.32E–13	2.37E–13	2.13E–13
SG	2.59E–14	3.20E–14	3.30E–14	7.07E–15	1.18E–14	1.12E–14	1.06E–14	7.25E–16	1.01E–13	8.91E–14	1.66E–14	4.04E–14	1.50E–13	4.44E–12
Skin	1.02E–13	1.12E–13	1.10E–13	1.10E–13	1.07E–13	1.24E–13	1.19E–13	1.12E–13	1.08E–13	1.06E–13	1.23E–13	1.18E–13	1.23E–13	1.40E–13
Spinal cord	4.07E–13	4.10E–13	4.13E–13	1.78E–13	2.95E–13	1.51E–13	1.46E–13	1.53E–14	8.10E–13	6.92E–13	6.26E–13	5.13E–13	9.16E–13	1.55E–12
Spleen	3.63E–13	2.47E–12	2.54E–12	5.40E–13	9.87E–13	7.33E–13	5.13E–13	2.38E–14	1.07E–12	1.11E–12	1.79E–12	4.18E–13	1.12E–12	7.13E–14
Teeth	3.62E–14	4.47E–14	4.52E–14	1.01E–14	1.67E–14	1.57E–14	1.59E–14	9.22E–16	1.12E–13	1.08E–13	1.89E–14	5.16E–14	1.34E–13	2.84E–12
Thymus	1.55E–13	2.21E–13	2.36E–13	4.01E–14	7.07E–14	5.57E–14	5.62E–14	3.24E–15	2.17E–12	1.55E–12	9.32E–14	2.67E–13	1.79E–12	1.32E–12
Thyroid	8.24E–14	1.15E–13	1.23E–13	2.28E–14	3.87E–14	3.14E–14	3.12E–14	2.01E–15	6.46E–13	5.17E–13	5.63E–14	1.44E–13	9.25E–13	4.56E–12
Tongue (inner)	3.12E–14	3.88E–14	4.06E–14	8.75E–15	1.39E–14	1.35E–14	1.32E–14	8.05E–16	1.16E–13	1.07E–13	1.63E–14	4.56E–14	1.48E–13	7.51E–12
Tonsils	1.58E–14	1.96E–14	2.15E–14	4.00E–15	7.38E–15	5.73E–15	5.37E–15	3.75E–16	6.27E–14	5.83E–14	9.14E–15	2.44E–14	9.08E–14	2.53E–12
Ureter	6.96E–13	4.78E–13	4.50E–13	2.84E–12	2.35E–12	1.09E–12	1.09E–12	8.53E–13	1.42E–13	1.42E–13	1.76E–12	3.75E–13	9.77E–14	1.01E–14
UB W	6.69E–14	4.50E–14	4.17E–14	1.07E–12	4.22E–13	5.26E–13	7.36E–13	6.25E–12	1.46E–14	1.45E–14	8.95E–14	4.09E–14	1.13E–14	1.51E–15
AM	3.80E–13	3.38E–13	3.31E–13	6.08E–13	5.01E–13	4.19E–13	4.42E–13	7.63E–13	4.93E–13	4.45E–13	5.25E–13	3.99E–13	5.38E–13	4.37E–13
SM	1.88E–13	1.66E–13	1.64E–13	3.44E–13	2.65E–13	2.42E–13	2.58E–13	5.11E–13	2.39E–13	2.17E–13	2.60E–13	1.96E–13	2.76E–13	3.21E–13

Adult male	Source regions
Target regions	LN-thorax	LN-head	LN-trunk	LN-arms	LN-legs	Muscle	ESO	Pancreas	PG	RT	SG	Skin	Spinal cord	Spleen
Adrenal	2.91E–13	3.92E–14	8.83E–13	3.29E–13	2.01E–15	2.13E–13	7.53E–13	2.10E–12	1.10E–14	4.20E–13	2.83E–14	1.23E–13	1.17E–12	4.09E–12
ET1	1.04E–13	4.91E–13	3.31E–14	1.34E–14	1.75E–16	5.90E–14	1.06E–13	1.77E–14	2.09E–12	1.69E–13	7.38E–13	2.18E–13	1.78E–13	1.94E–14
ET2	9.92E–13	2.06E–12	1.24E–13	2.20E–14	5.82E–17	1.94E–13	2.25E–12	2.00E–14	1.71E–11	2.12E–13	2.75E–12	1.31E–13	1.15E–12	3.86E–14
Oral mucosa	3.59E–13	1.93E–12	7.50E–14	2.10E–14	8.30E–17	1.97E–13	4.22E–13	2.14E–14	3.14E–12	1.50E–13	2.87E–12	1.28E–13	7.92E–13	3.40E–14
Trachea	5.65E–11	1.06E–12	1.08E–12	1.10E–13	1.95E–16	2.23E–13	1.14E–11	9.78E–14	2.31E–13	3.12E–13	7.08E–13	1.35E–13	1.98E–12	1.97E–13
Bronchi	1.09E–11	2.22E–13	8.79E–13	2.47E–13	4.80E–16	1.92E–13	2.46E–12	3.43E–13	5.79E–14	2.33E–13	1.56E–13	1.24E–13	7.78E–13	7.43E–13
Blood vessels	1.86E–12	2.80E–13	2.22E–12	8.66E–13	1.45E–12	2.38E–13	2.41E–12	1.86E–12	2.43E–14	3.78E–13	7.60E–14	1.65E–13	6.48E–13	6.10E–13
Brain	8.10E–14	7.44E–13	2.04E–14	8.38E–15	5.88E–17	5.75E–14	8.19E–14	5.49E–15	7.11E–12	9.32E–14	9.62E–13	1.33E–13	3.70E–13	1.19E–14
Breast	2.88E–13	7.81E–14	2.61E–13	1.32E–13	6.13E–16	1.12E–13	3.04E–13	3.05E–13	4.28E–14	1.89E–13	8.16E–14	3.42E–13	1.50E–13	3.22E–13
Eye lens	7.14E–14	4.34E–13	2.47E–14	6.06E–15	1.14E–17	5.86E–14	7.39E–14	9.42E–15	2.41E–12	1.77E–13	7.11E–13	1.99E–13	1.91E–13	1.33E–14
GB W	2.16E–13	3.50E–14	8.73E–13	2.31E–13	2.46E–15	1.51E–13	5.37E–13	8.52E–12	1.18E–14	2.87E–13	2.92E–14	1.10E–13	4.48E–13	3.92E–13
STO W	3.12E–13	4.49E–14	2.18E–12	2.46E–13	1.81E–15	1.57E–13	1.31E–12	3.67E–12	1.43E–14	3.73E–13	3.46E–14	1.18E–13	4.24E–13	2.46E–12
SI W	6.06E–14	1.04E–14	1.75E–12	1.79E–13	1.78E–14	2.40E–13	1.55E–13	1.99E–12	3.29E–15	5.14E–13	8.06E–15	1.16E–13	1.83E–13	5.41E–13
Colon W	7.24E–14	1.45E–14	1.25E–12	2.64E–13	1.17E–14	2.27E–13	1.52E–13	1.44E–12	4.94E–15	4.32E–13	1.18E–14	1.29E–13	1.56E–13	7.32E–13
Rectum W	4.67E–15	1.10E–15	1.64E–12	3.97E–14	1.11E–13	3.31E–13	8.43E–15	6.25E–14	3.85E–16	5.17E–13	8.08E–16	1.17E–13	1.69E–14	2.44E–14
Heart W	3.86E–12	1.54E–13	1.49E–12	2.18E–13	6.60E–16	1.64E–13	4.12E–12	6.70E–13	4.29E–14	2.50E–13	1.05E–13	1.14E–13	8.23E–13	1.07E–12
Kidney (left)	1.64E–13	2.53E–14	8.12E–13	4.11E–13	3.20E–15	2.23E–13	4.17E–13	1.66E–12	7.04E–15	4.35E–13	1.80E–14	1.31E–13	6.16E–13	3.31E–12
Kidney (right)	1.48E–13	2.32E–14	5.97E–13	4.03E–13	3.54E–15	2.40E–13	3.06E–13	2.18E–12	7.39E–15	3.41E–13	1.80E–14	1.27E–13	6.68E–13	3.03E–13
Liver	3.80E–13	5.41E–14	6.51E–13	3.09E–13	1.63E–15	1.67E–13	8.88E–13	2.26E–12	1.80E–14	2.38E–13	4.33E–14	1.24E–13	5.27E–13	4.17E–13
Lung (left)	2.06E–12	2.26E–13	8.82E–13	3.33E–13	5.44E–16	2.23E–13	1.78E–12	3.41E–13	5.42E–14	2.53E–13	1.49E–13	1.29E–13	9.14E–13	2.11E–12
Lung (right)	2.62E–12	2.17E–13	7.06E–13	2.70E–13	5.55E–16	2.17E–13	1.61E–12	4.02E–13	5.79E–14	2.27E–13	1.55E–13	1.26E–13	9.86E–13	3.20E–13
LN	2.12E–10	2.10E–10	2.12E–10	2.13E–10	2.12E–10	2.54E–13	2.03E–12	1.56E–12	9.75E–14	4.03E–13	5.28E–13	1.54E–13	6.32E–13	6.35E–13
Muscle	2.05E–13	2.77E–13	2.45E–13	2.77E–13	2.92E–13	1.42E–12	1.98E–13	1.52E–13	9.82E–14	2.41E–13	2.05E–13	1.74E–13	2.54E–13	2.05E–13
ESO	1.05E–11	6.96E–13	1.88E–12	1.76E–13	5.05E–16	2.01E–13	9.69E–10	5.91E–13	1.44E–13	2.77E–13	5.19E–13	1.12E–13	2.16E–12	8.04E–13
Testes	8.61E–16	1.99E–16	1.58E–13	7.46E–15	2.12E–12	3.14E–13	1.58E–15	9.79E–15	1.15E–16	3.75E–13	2.24E–16	4.64E–13	2.20E–15	3.75E–15
Pancreas	1.96E–13	2.92E–14	2.03E–12	2.13E–13	3.17E–15	1.56E–13	5.99E–13	2.48E–10	9.29E–15	3.82E–13	2.24E–14	1.02E–13	5.69E–13	8.17E–13
PG	1.31E–13	1.15E–12	2.65E–14	1.13E–14	6.45E–18	1.04E–13	1.47E–13	6.70E–15	4.93E–08	1.51E–13	1.69E–12	1.11E–13	6.19E–13	1.70E–14
Prostate	3.43E–15	8.95E–16	2.40E–12	2.83E–14	2.43E–13	4.09E–13	5.99E–15	4.39E–14	2.01E–16	4.79E–13	5.63E–16	1.26E–13	1.01E–14	1.67E–14
RT	2.99E–13	2.15E–13	4.29E–13	3.53E–13	3.46E–13	2.40E–13	2.74E–13	3.73E–13	1.62E–13	1.82E–12	1.52E–13	2.68E–13	2.91E–13	3.38E–13
SG	4.17E–13	8.38E–12	8.99E–14	2.34E–14	1.01E–16	2.06E–13	5.10E–13	1.94E–14	1.68E–12	1.52E–13	3.81E–10	1.96E–13	8.12E–13	3.97E–14
Skin	1.16E–13	2.26E–13	1.23E–13	3.06E–13	2.39E–13	1.63E–13	1.06E–13	9.46E–14	9.66E–14	2.52E–13	1.90E–13	9.11E–12	1.10E–13	1.44E–13
Spinal cord	1.83E–12	1.13E–12	6.01E–13	1.40E–13	5.92E–16	2.56E–13	2.16E–12	5.58E–13	6.19E–13	2.90E–13	8.21E–13	1.14E–13	8.48E–10	6.12E–13
Spleen	4.10E–13	5.83E–14	7.67E–13	5.46E–13	1.26E–15	2.09E–13	8.16E–13	8.16E–13	1.67E–14	3.44E–13	4.27E–14	1.49E–13	6.25E–13	2.33E–10
Teeth	2.93E–13	1.51E–12	7.30E–14	2.41E–14	1.82E–16	1.58E–13	3.16E–13	2.91E–14	2.41E–12	1.47E–13	2.14E–12	1.43E–13	4.97E–13	3.94E–14
Thymus	7.65E–12	5.75E–13	1.65E–12	1.22E–13	1.83E–16	1.88E–13	3.35E–12	1.33E–13	1.56E–13	2.42E–13	3.67E–13	1.40E–13	9.99E–13	2.19E–13
Thyroid	1.24E–11	1.52E–12	2.09E–12	8.86E–14	1.57E–16	2.49E–13	7.51E–12	6.87E–14	2.77E–13	2.59E–13	9.34E–13	1.47E–13	1.69E–12	1.52E–13
Tongue (inner)	4.33E–13	2.31E–12	8.56E–14	2.25E–14	8.88E–17	1.99E–13	5.12E–13	2.38E–14	2.72E–12	1.35E–13	3.54E–12	1.25E–13	8.77E–13	3.87E–14
Tonsils	2.59E–13	2.08E–12	5.62E–14	1.53E–14	7.54E–18	2.23E–13	2.86E–13	1.17E–14	1.14E–11	1.85E–13	3.05E–12	1.16E–13	1.87E–12	2.50E–14
Ureter	5.14E–14	8.78E–15	2.53E–12	1.58E–13	2.16E–14	2.85E–13	1.21E–13	1.29E–12	2.76E–15	5.96E–13	6.16E–15	1.06E–13	2.47E–13	3.45E–13
UB W	5.90E–15	1.26E–15	2.17E–12	4.23E–14	1.15E–13	3.21E–13	1.07E–14	8.53E–14	4.11E–16	4.82E–13	1.04E–15	1.19E–13	1.83E–14	2.87E–14
AM	7.31E–13	3.09E–13	7.19E–13	1.82E–13	5.49E–14	3.50E–13	8.48E–13	5.32E–13	2.54E–13	3.08E–13	2.80E–13	1.46E–13	1.33E–12	4.27E–13
SM	3.65E–13	2.74E–13	3.93E–13	1.81E–13	1.57E–13	2.90E–13	4.15E–13	2.54E–13	4.40E–13	2.39E–13	2.88E–13	1.72E–13	6.57E–13	2.13E–13

Adult male	Source regions
Target regions	Teeth	Thymus	Thyroid	Tongue	Tonsils	Ureter	UB W	UB C	Testes	Prostate	AM	Breast A	Adipose + RT
Adrenal	2.22E–14	1.61E–13	9.71E–14	2.68E–14	1.68E–14	6.85E–13	4.93E–14	5.43E–14	6.50E–15	2.68E–14	2.59E–13	4.25E–13	5.49E–13
ET1	5.69E–12	1.32E–13	1.85E–13	2.91E–12	1.55E–12	4.68E–15	8.80E–16	9.69E–16	2.73E–16	5.83E–16	1.00E–13	1.73E–13	1.24E–13
ET2	4.46E–12	6.35E–13	1.97E–12	7.17E–12	1.16E–11	5.24E–15	8.59E–16	8.16E–16	1.71E–16	5.84E–16	8.66E–14	2.12E–13	3.08E–13
Oral mucosa	1.28E–09	3.52E–13	7.27E–13	3.84E–11	7.45E–12	5.58E–15	9.28E–16	1.06E–15	2.14E–16	6.42E–16	1.05E–13	1.49E–13	3.00E–13
Trachea	4.22E–13	1.18E–11	2.03E–11	7.52E–13	4.27E–13	2.76E–14	2.81E–15	3.85E–15	7.10E–16	1.71E–15	2.39E–13	2.99E–13	6.38E–13
Bronchi	1.35E–13	2.51E–12	9.30E–13	1.68E–13	9.21E–14	8.50E–14	9.51E–15	1.06E–14	1.53E–15	5.42E–15	9.80E–13	2.31E–13	4.21E–13
Blood vessels	4.31E–14	1.96E–12	8.57E–13	6.26E–14	4.15E–14	1.84E–12	2.98E–13	3.15E–13	1.61E–13	1.76E–13	1.88E–13	3.78E–13	5.61E–13
Brain	8.01E–13	7.80E–14	1.52E–13	8.83E–13	2.60E–12	1.68E–15	3.06E–16	3.05E–16	8.38E–17	1.84E–16	2.46E–14	9.33E–14	2.10E–13
Breast	1.17E–13	3.03E–13	1.35E–13	1.24E–13	5.71E–14	7.30E–14	9.92E–15	1.00E–14	1.26E–15	5.20E–15	7.64E–11	2.47E–13	1.47E–13
Eye lens	2.23E–12	7.64E–14	1.34E–13	1.76E–12	1.68E–12	2.98E–15	8.70E–17	1.01E–15	2.05E–26	6.13E–17	6.01E–14	1.62E–13	1.41E–13
GB W	3.22E–14	1.62E–13	8.48E–14	3.30E–14	1.70E–14	7.03E–13	6.45E–14	7.14E–14	8.12E–15	3.59E–14	4.56E–13	2.85E–13	3.50E–13
STO W	3.73E–14	2.26E–13	1.18E–13	4.17E–14	2.06E–14	4.79E–13	4.48E–14	4.88E–14	6.08E–15	2.42E–14	7.46E–13	3.73E–13	2.96E–13
SI W	8.70E–15	4.29E–14	2.39E–14	9.36E–15	4.67E–15	2.84E–12	1.06E–12	1.21E–12	6.46E–14	3.89E–13	1.21E–13	5.14E–13	5.32E–13
Colon W	1.32E–14	5.69E–14	3.29E–14	1.41E–14	6.86E–15	1.10E–12	5.23E–13	5.27E–13	4.16E–14	2.51E–13	1.89E–13	4.32E–13	3.67E–13
Rectum W	8.36E–16	3.31E–15	2.09E–15	9.27E–16	4.97E–16	8.58E–13	6.23E–12	4.92E–12	4.09E–13	7.05E–12	8.93E–15	5.16E–13	6.68E–13
Heart W	9.61E–14	2.19E–12	6.47E–13	1.20E–13	6.72E–14	1.39E–13	1.43E–14	1.55E–14	2.10E–15	7.83E–15	1.00E–12	2.51E–13	4.32E–13
Kidney (left)	1.50E–14	9.82E–14	6.06E–14	1.77E–14	1.04E–14	2.23E–12	8.19E–14	8.87E–14	1.04E–14	4.52E–14	2.08E–13	4.33E–13	4.34E–13
Kidney (right)	1.62E–14	9.33E–14	5.62E–14	1.79E–14	1.11E–14	1.30E–12	9.45E–14	1.03E–13	1.18E–14	5.31E–14	1.79E–13	3.41E–13	4.83E–13
Liver	4.40E–14	2.72E–13	1.44E–13	4.83E–14	2.62E–14	3.75E–13	4.03E–14	4.38E–14	5.37E–15	2.20E–14	6.79E–13	2.38E–13	3.51E–13
Lung (left)	1.07E–13	1.69E–12	9.47E–13	1.43E–13	8.87E–14	1.02E–13	1.06E–14	1.15E–14	1.61E–15	5.92E–15	7.35E–13	2.53E–13	4.65E–13
Lung (right)	1.18E–13	1.83E–12	8.79E–13	1.48E–13	9.29E–14	9.37E–14	1.12E–14	1.19E–14	1.62E–15	6.33E–15	8.36E–13	2.28E–13	4.90E–13
LN	1.63E–13	1.66E–12	2.31E–12	3.11E–13	1.85E–13	1.95E–12	1.66E–12	9.82E–13	2.94E–13	1.84E–12	2.67E–13	4.03E–13	5.43E–13
Muscle	1.46E–13	1.85E–13	2.46E–13	1.99E–13	2.23E–13	2.80E–13	3.18E–13	3.01E–13	3.14E–13	4.03E–13	1.37E–13	2.41E–13	3.06E–13
ESO	2.75E–13	3.37E–12	7.48E–12	5.17E–13	2.84E–13	1.20E–13	1.12E–14	1.18E–14	1.66E–15	6.11E–15	3.56E–13	2.79E–13	7.45E–13
Testes	2.26E–16	6.18E–16	3.14E–16	2.48E–16	1.14E–16	7.68E–14	4.61E–13	4.31E–13	9.36E–10	1.05E–12	1.65E–15	3.71E–13	1.36E–13
Pancreas	2.45E–14	1.37E–13	7.13E–14	2.64E–14	1.31E–14	1.30E–12	8.62E–14	9.48E–14	1.07E–14	4.55E–14	3.63E–13	3.81E–13	4.69E–13
PG	2.18E–12	1.43E–13	2.79E–13	2.77E–12	1.14E–11	1.09E–15	9.82E–17	6.18E–17	3.00E–16	6.20E–18	3.41E–14	1.60E–13	2.20E–13
Prostate	8.21E–16	2.37E–15	1.37E–15	6.76E–16	3.23E–16	5.19E–13	6.82E–12	6.81E–12	1.06E–12	1.90E–09	6.82E–15	4.73E–13	6.60E–13
RT	1.37E–13	2.40E–13	2.56E–13	1.34E–13	1.96E–13	5.86E–13	4.73E–13	4.12E–13	3.70E–13	4.71E–13	2.51E–13	1.82E–12	1.92E–12
SG	1.94E–12	3.62E–13	9.19E–13	3.53E–12	3.02E–12	5.78E–15	8.62E–16	9.67E–16	2.18E–16	5.22E–16	8.29E–14	1.53E–13	2.42E–13
Skin	1.29E–13	1.35E–13	1.40E–13	1.18E–13	1.05E–13	9.90E–14	1.12E–13	1.08E–13	4.60E–13	1.18E–13	2.21E–13	2.52E–13	1.19E–13
Spinal cord	4.27E–13	9.95E–13	1.68E–12	8.72E–13	1.87E–12	2.38E–13	1.74E–14	1.90E–14	2.35E–15	9.95E–15	1.74E–13	2.92E–13	1.17E–12
Spleen	3.32E–14	2.24E–13	1.56E–13	4.05E–14	2.58E–14	3.47E–13	2.92E–14	3.12E–14	4.01E–15	1.66E–14	3.68E–13	3.43E–13	3.73E–13
Teeth	6.92E–10	3.26E–13	5.66E–13	1.83E–11	3.84E–12	7.99E–15	1.49E–15	1.44E–15	3.35E–16	7.57E–16	1.21E–13	1.47E–13	2.74E–13
Thymus	2.84E–13	1.29E–09	8.46E–12	4.06E–13	2.53E–13	3.32E–14	4.15E–15	4.66E–15	6.42E–16	2.26E–15	3.52E–13	2.41E–13	6.77E–13
Thyroid	4.92E–13	8.50E–12	1.59E–09	8.83E–13	5.29E–13	1.94E–14	2.48E–15	2.82E–15	4.24E–16	1.40E–15	1.56E–13	2.62E–13	5.09E–13
Tongue (inner)	1.76E–11	4.10E–13	8.75E–13	7.89E–10	6.17E–12	6.65E–15	1.03E–15	1.12E–15	2.91E–16	6.23E–16	1.17E–13	1.33E–13	3.07E–13
Tonsils	3.51E–12	2.56E–13	5.23E–13	6.17E–12	1.03E–08	2.97E–15	7.08E–16	4.81E–16	1.42E–16	2.17E–16	5.27E–14	1.90E–13	4.35E–13
Ureter	6.71E–15	3.45E–14	1.92E–14	7.18E–15	3.61E–15	1.88E–09	1.45E–12	1.82E–12	7.93E–14	5.19E–13	8.85E–14	6.01E–13	9.13E–13
UB W	1.31E–15	4.56E–15	2.73E–15	1.20E–15	6.06E–16	1.46E–12	6.14E–10	1.86E–11	4.70E–13	6.85E–12	1.20E–14	4.81E–13	7.57E–13
AM	2.85E–13	7.61E–13	5.79E–13	3.57E–13	4.91E–13	1.04E–12	8.65E–13	8.28E–13	1.58E–13	7.59E–13	1.58E–11	3.08E–13	1.80E–12
SM	3.44E–13	3.85E–13	3.33E–13	3.48E–13	5.87E–13	5.49E–13	5.99E–13	5.65E–13	1.24E–13	5.45E–13	7.00E–12	2.39E–13	1.07E–12

Acronyms are defined in Appendix 2.

Table A2.

S values for ¹³¹I [mGy (Bq s)⁻¹] for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues in the ICRP adult female voxel phantom.

Adult female	Source regions
Target regions	Adrenal	CB	TB	Cartilage	ET1	ET2	Oral mucosa	Trachea	Bronchi	Blood vessels	Brain	Breast G	Eye lens	GB W
Adrenal	2.42E–09	4.31E–13	5.85E–13	6.08E–13	2.96E–14	3.57E–14	4.03E–14	1.56E–13	4.80E–13	1.14E–12	1.04E–14	3.23E–13	2.30E–14	8.99E–12
ET1	2.79E–14	6.77E–13	2.58E–13	1.86E–13	6.89E–09	4.34E–12	6.47E–12	3.54E–13	1.04E–13	7.36E–14	1.14E–12	1.91E–13	1.03E–11	3.33E–14
ET2	3.23E–14	7.55E–13	5.04E–13	1.75E–12	4.34E–12	2.09E–09	1.44E–11	5.18E–12	2.57E–13	3.20E–13	1.74E–12	1.67E–13	2.40E–12	3.31E–14
Oral mucosa	3.82E–14	1.00E–12	4.55E–13	5.21E–13	6.46E–12	1.45E–11	1.34E–09	1.49E–12	2.22E–13	2.16E–13	1.04E–12	2.27E–13	2.50E–12	4.17E–14
Trachea	1.51E–13	4.53E–13	4.94E–13	5.35E–13	3.60E–13	5.22E–12	1.49E–12	3.72E–09	9.04E–12	2.19E–12	2.03E–13	4.73E–13	2.22E–13	1.33E–13
Bronchi	4.84E–13	3.77E–13	4.31E–13	2.88E–13	1.09E–13	2.71E–13	2.25E–13	9.05E–12	3.37E–09	1.90E–12	5.81E–14	8.73E–13	7.72E–14	3.83E–13
Blood vessels	1.15E–12	3.12E–13	3.80E–13	3.85E–13	7.49E–14	3.22E–13	2.16E–13	2.19E–12	1.90E–12	8.05E–11	5.18E–14	2.73E–13	5.50E–14	1.55E–12
Brain	9.38E–15	5.49E–13	4.40E–13	5.04E–14	1.15E–12	1.75E–12	1.04E–12	2.04E–13	5.53E–14	5.14E–14	3.11E–11	4.96E–14	1.54E–12	9.55E–15
Breast	3.18E–13	1.10E–13	1.66E–13	1.87E–13	1.93E–13	1.64E–13	2.25E–13	4.74E–13	8.54E–13	2.67E–13	4.91E–14	1.71E–10	1.45E–13	3.71E–13
Eye lens	2.02E–14	4.49E–13	2.49E–13	9.78E–14	1.02E–11	2.35E–12	2.46E–12	2.04E–13	7.15E–14	4.97E–14	1.47E–12	1.36E–13	7.25E–08	2.35E–14
GB W	9.03E–12	2.99E–13	4.26E–13	5.62E–13	3.52E–14	3.50E–14	4.46E–14	1.33E–13	3.88E–13	1.55E–12	1.07E–14	3.89E–13	2.90E–14	3.55E–09
STO W	2.48E–12	1.57E–13	2.38E–13	3.57E–13	3.64E–14	3.43E–14	4.24E–14	1.27E–13	4.12E–13	6.03E–13	1.09E–14	4.22E–13	2.84E–14	2.56E–12
SI W	9.35E–13	2.13E–13	4.25E–13	5.08E–13	1.04E–14	8.24E–15	1.07E–14	2.81E–14	7.95E–14	7.78E–13	2.73E–15	8.28E–14	8.53E–15	1.47E–12
Colon W	3.31E–13	2.03E–13	3.56E–13	3.64E–13	6.91E–15	4.99E–15	6.53E–15	1.60E–14	4.04E–14	5.50E–13	1.69E–15	4.36E–14	5.73E–15	4.53E–13
Rectum W	4.44E–14	2.53E–13	3.82E–13	3.35E–13	1.23E–15	9.96E–16	1.01E–15	2.67E–15	6.94E–15	3.80E–13	3.08E–16	7.11E–15	1.09E–15	4.87E–14
Heart W	8.07E–13	2.36E–13	3.49E–13	4.02E–13	1.17E–13	1.80E–13	1.93E–13	1.76E–12	6.52E–12	1.29E–12	4.17E–14	1.61E–12	8.50E–14	6.98E–13
Kidney (left)	4.89E–12	2.34E–13	3.44E–13	3.86E–13	1.85E–14	2.11E–14	2.43E–14	8.56E–14	2.80E–13	6.61E–13	6.78E–15	2.01E–13	1.49E–14	1.80E–12
Kidney (right)	7.55E–12	2.51E–13	3.76E–13	4.14E–13	1.90E–14	2.01E–14	2.39E–14	7.76E–14	1.95E–13	4.88E–13	6.34E–15	1.67E–13	1.52E–14	5.24E–12
Liver	3.59E–12	2.00E–13	3.02E–13	4.25E–13	4.84E–14	5.23E–14	6.34E–14	2.19E–13	6.29E–13	5.33E–13	1.56E–14	5.92E–13	3.75E–14	5.87E–12
Lung (left)	5.94E–13	3.63E–13	3.90E–13	3.11E–13	1.14E–13	2.47E–13	2.29E–13	1.62E–12	6.04E–12	1.11E–12	5.87E–14	1.06E–12	8.67E–14	3.74E–13
Lung (right)	6.43E–13	3.59E–13	4.08E–13	3.24E–13	1.17E–13	2.31E–13	2.22E–13	2.06E–12	5.81E–12	6.98E–13	5.52E–14	1.30E–12	8.78E–14	6.16E–13
LN	1.54E–12	3.11E–13	4.08E–13	4.55E–13	1.23E–13	9.97E–13	6.52E–13	6.17E–12	2.97E–12	1.57E–12	9.35E–14	3.04E–13	8.99E–14	1.58E–12
Muscle	2.81E–13	3.56E–13	3.08E–13	3.66E–13	8.74E–14	2.42E–13	2.17E–13	3.21E–13	2.44E–13	3.37E–13	6.13E–14	1.45E–13	7.45E–14	2.15E–13
ESO	8.88E–13	5.18E–13	5.77E–13	4.99E–13	2.17E–13	2.66E–12	8.51E–13	1.79E–11	7.51E–12	2.97E–12	1.30E–13	6.08E–13	1.44E–13	6.27E–13
Ovaries	5.50E–14	3.12E–13	5.08E–13	4.38E–13	1.37E–15	1.30E–15	1.25E–15	3.29E–15	8.63E–15	6.00E–13	2.61E–16	8.33E–15	1.07E–15	6.17E–14
Pancreas	3.10E–12	2.15E–13	3.42E–13	4.53E–13	2.53E–14	2.19E–14	2.91E–14	8.02E–14	2.30E–13	1.16E–12	6.76E–15	2.46E–13	2.09E–14	7.36E–12
PG	1.24E–14	1.07E–12	6.33E–13	1.15E–13	1.97E–12	7.80E–12	3.28E–12	4.47E–13	8.94E–14	1.06E–13	7.57E–12	9.16E–14	1.90E–12	1.20E–14
Uterus	5.51E–14	2.90E–13	4.66E–13	4.27E–13	1.55E–15	1.04E–15	1.31E–15	3.13E–15	8.29E–15	4.69E–13	4.54E–16	8.39E–15	1.33E–15	6.01E–14
RT	2.52E–13	2.15E–13	2.23E–13	2.49E–13	2.91E–13	2.51E–13	1.93E–13	2.61E–13	2.10E–13	3.37E–13	8.71E–14	1.46E–13	1.56E–13	2.10E–13
SG	3.10E–14	5.98E–13	3.97E–13	3.14E–13	1.35E–12	6.63E–12	7.61E–12	1.33E–12	2.14E–13	4.33E–13	1.31E–12	1.73E–13	1.12E–12	3.05E–14
Skin	1.35E–13	1.78E–13	1.65E–13	1.76E–13	2.04E–13	1.44E–13	1.58E–13	1.61E–13	1.49E–13	1.90E–13	1.23E–13	2.15E–13	2.23E–13	1.28E–13
Spinal cord	2.59E–12	8.25E–13	8.51E–13	5.91E–13	2.91E–13	2.39E–12	1.15E–12	2.40E–12	1.63E–12	7.31E–13	3.85E–13	2.97E–13	2.22E–13	1.19E–12
Spleen	2.36E–12	2.06E–13	3.06E–13	2.89E–13	3.39E–14	4.85E–14	5.01E–14	1.87E–13	6.59E–13	4.93E–13	1.54E–14	3.68E–13	2.71E–14	9.65E–13
Teeth	4.64E–14	8.26E–12	5.06E–13	2.86E–13	8.88E–12	5.79E–12	2.75E–11	9.84E–13	2.19E–13	1.70E–13	9.78E–13	2.46E–13	3.13E–12	5.06E–14
Thymus	1.92E–13	3.81E–13	5.31E–13	4.06E–13	2.84E–13	7.41E–13	6.51E–13	1.07E–11	3.11E–12	2.75E–12	1.11E–13	8.09E–13	1.76E–13	1.84E–13
Thyroid	9.31E–14	3.93E–13	3.92E–13	5.31E–13	4.34E–13	2.94E–12	1.73E–12	2.41E–11	1.09E–12	1.39E–12	2.53E–13	3.21E–13	2.73E–13	9.05E–14
Tongue (inner)	3.71E–14	7.81E–13	4.38E–13	4.46E–13	4.54E–12	1.45E–11	4.92E–11	1.64E–12	2.33E–13	2.35E–13	1.06E–12	2.27E–13	2.11E–12	4.20E–14
Tonsils	2.70E–14	7.90E–13	4.57E–13	3.32E–13	3.34E–12	1.74E–11	2.93E–11	1.09E–12	1.90E–13	2.18E–13	1.56E–12	1.73E–13	2.25E–12	3.20E–14
Ureter	1.28E–12	3.92E–13	7.46E–13	9.16E–13	8.75E–15	7.87E–15	9.58E–15	2.77E–14	7.89E–14	1.27E–12	2.60E–15	7.50E–14	7.20E–15	2.03E–12
UB W	5.17E–14	3.08E–13	4.56E–13	4.38E–13	2.09E–15	1.21E–15	1.44E–15	3.30E–15	7.86E–15	7.19E–13	5.06E–16	8.66E–15	1.54E–15	6.19E–14
AM	1.15E–12	1.19E–12	7.23E–12	8.22E–13	2.15E–13	6.07E–13	4.89E–13	8.94E–13	8.15E–13	6.66E–13	2.83E–13	2.99E–13	1.89E–13	8.38E–13
SM	5.12E–13	3.26E–12	1.98E–11	7.51E–13	3.10E–13	6.00E–13	4.86E–13	4.81E–13	3.89E–13	4.08E–13	5.59E–13	1.55E–13	3.13E–13	3.86E–13

Adult female	Source regions
Target regions	GB C	STO W	STO C	SI W	SI C	Colon W	Colon C	Rectum W	Heart W	Heart C	Kidneys	Liver	Lungs	LN-ET
Adrenal	7.40E–12	2.47E–12	2.59E–12	9.25E–13	1.13E–12	3.30E–13	3.13E–13	4.37E–14	8.06E–13	9.15E–13	6.12E–12	3.60E–12	6.14E–13	4.90E–14
ET1	3.22E–14	3.29E–14	3.54E–14	8.45E–15	1.05E–14	6.60E–15	5.71E–15	9.80E–16	1.10E–13	9.74E–14	1.58E–14	4.65E–14	1.13E–13	1.52E–12
ET2	3.17E–14	3.34E–14	3.80E–14	7.68E–15	1.01E–14	4.68E–15	5.02E–15	8.24E–16	1.74E–13	1.41E–13	2.00E–14	5.28E–14	2.41E–13	2.95E–11
Oral mucosa	4.10E–14	4.18E–14	4.70E–14	1.00E–14	1.18E–14	6.47E–15	5.90E–15	8.69E–16	1.90E–13	1.60E–13	2.29E–14	6.05E–14	2.25E–13	2.27E–11
Trachea	1.31E–13	1.24E–13	1.54E–13	2.76E–14	3.39E–14	1.69E–14	1.51E–14	2.27E–15	1.74E–12	1.01E–12	8.23E–14	2.17E–13	1.89E–12	5.93E–12
Bronchi	3.86E–13	4.13E–13	5.14E–13	7.71E–14	9.68E–14	4.17E–14	3.76E–14	5.86E–15	6.50E–12	3.79E–12	2.41E–13	6.30E–13	5.75E–12	3.87E–13
Blood vessels	1.22E–12	6.04E–13	5.78E–13	7.76E–13	7.06E–13	5.52E–13	5.10E–13	3.78E–13	1.29E–12	9.64E–13	5.82E–13	5.34E–13	8.79E–13	4.46E–13
Brain	9.38E–15	1.03E–14	1.17E–14	2.58E–15	3.02E–15	1.63E–15	1.57E–15	3.02E–16	4.02E–14	3.43E–14	6.01E–15	1.48E–14	5.64E–14	7.17E–13
Breast	3.71E–13	4.12E–13	4.87E–13	7.79E–14	9.77E–14	4.11E–14	3.84E–14	5.94E–15	1.59E–12	1.59E–12	1.77E–13	5.81E–13	1.20E–12	2.52E–13
Eye lens	2.51E–14	2.69E–14	2.23E–14	9.94E–15	1.23E–14	4.91E–15	1.98E–15	1.06E–15	7.94E–14	7.32E–14	1.54E–14	3.65E–14	9.13E–14	8.95E–13
GB W	6.92E–11	2.57E–12	1.91E–12	1.47E–12	1.62E–12	4.53E–13	4.40E–13	4.69E–14	6.99E–13	7.74E–13	3.38E–12	5.90E–12	5.06E–13	4.83E–14
STO W	2.23E–12	2.03E–11	5.65E–11	1.58E–12	2.13E–12	3.96E–13	3.29E–13	4.33E–14	1.37E–12	1.46E–12	1.87E–12	1.80E–12	6.36E–13	4.78E–14
SI W	1.33E–12	1.58E–12	1.13E–12	6.47E–11	1.06E–11	2.46E–12	2.22E–12	1.04E–12	1.51E–13	1.65E–13	1.54E–12	5.86E–13	1.03E–13	1.14E–14
Colon W	4.60E–13	3.97E–13	2.95E–13	2.46E–12	1.88E–12	1.10E–11	1.10E–11	1.30E–12	6.50E–14	7.01E–14	8.65E–13	3.03E–13	5.18E–14	6.75E–15
Rectum W	4.99E–14	4.47E–14	3.59E–14	1.04E–12	1.18E–12	1.31E–12	2.03E–12	1.02E–10	9.36E–15	1.03E–14	8.14E–14	3.18E–14	8.66E–15	1.12E–15
Heart W	7.00E–13	1.37E–12	1.80E–12	1.50E–13	1.92E–13	6.52E–14	5.88E–14	9.21E–15	1.32E–10	1.01E–11	3.87E–13	1.13E–12	2.79E–12	2.63E–13
Kidney (left)	1.80E–12	2.90E–12	3.01E–12	1.89E–12	2.44E–12	5.21E–13	4.15E–13	7.05E–14	5.02E–13	5.63E–13	1.28E–10	8.62E–13	3.54E–13	2.91E–14
Kidney (right)	4.73E–12	6.60E–13	5.51E–13	1.14E–12	1.23E–12	1.28E–12	1.22E–12	9.04E–14	2.56E–13	2.78E–13	1.28E–10	2.71E–12	2.54E–13	2.81E–14
Liver	4.86E–12	1.80E–12	1.66E–12	5.83E–13	6.80E–13	3.03E–13	2.99E–13	3.19E–14	1.13E–12	1.20E–12	1.70E–12	2.85E–11	9.59E–13	7.46E–14
Lung (left)	3.75E–13	9.96E–13	1.22E–12	1.12E–13	1.42E–13	4.75E–14	4.18E–14	7.92E–15	3.44E–12	2.95E–12	3.39E–13	4.52E–13	3.52E–11	3.67E–13
Lung (right)	6.21E–13	3.40E–13	3.86E–13	9.50E–14	1.16E–13	5.50E–14	5.34E–14	8.34E–15	2.27E–12	1.80E–12	2.86E–13	1.38E–12	3.69E–11	3.43E–13
LN	1.19E–12	1.21E–12	9.34E–13	1.85E–12	1.42E–12	1.31E–12	1.02E–12	1.13E–12	1.21E–12	8.51E–13	1.01E–12	5.75E–13	8.40E–13	3.65E–10
Muscle	2.09E–13	2.11E–13	1.95E–13	3.23E–13	2.93E–13	3.65E–13	3.48E–13	4.83E–13	2.07E–13	1.92E–13	3.11E–13	2.03E–13	2.76E–13	3.51E–13
ESO	6.41E–13	9.49E–13	1.03E–12	1.10E–13	1.39E–13	4.70E–14	4.43E–14	6.42E–15	4.50E–12	3.51E–12	3.35E–13	9.60E–13	2.16E–12	2.78E–12
Ovaries	6.10E–14	5.57E–14	4.28E–14	1.77E–12	1.82E–12	1.57E–12	1.92E–12	1.26E–11	1.20E–14	1.25E–14	1.04E–13	4.12E–14	1.04E–14	1.57E–15
Pancreas	7.72E–12	5.92E–12	3.82E–12	2.97E–12	4.00E–12	8.71E–13	8.13E–13	7.36E–14	4.67E–13	5.14E–13	3.97E–12	2.16E–12	3.00E–13	3.12E–14
PG	1.65E–14	1.28E–14	1.59E–14	5.23E–15	5.21E–15	2.27E–15	2.51E–15	4.35E–16	7.68E–14	6.65E–14	8.52E–15	2.22E–14	8.50E–14	1.98E–12
Uterus	6.07E–14	5.81E–14	4.61E–14	1.64E–12	2.06E–12	1.73E–12	2.31E–12	1.65E–11	1.20E–14	1.29E–14	1.02E–13	4.04E–14	1.03E–14	1.36E–15
RT	2.03E–13	2.55E–13	2.25E–13	3.68E–13	3.28E–13	3.51E–13	3.35E–13	4.52E–13	1.84E–13	1.70E–13	2.86E–13	2.00E–13	2.11E–13	2.21E–13
SG	3.02E–14	3.33E–14	3.85E–14	7.51E–15	9.20E–15	4.61E–15	4.50E–15	8.69E–16	1.53E–13	1.28E–13	1.89E–14	4.87E–14	2.15E–13	1.05E–11
Skin	1.26E–13	1.51E–13	1.49E–13	1.33E–13	1.32E–13	1.41E–13	1.38E–13	1.38E–13	1.49E–13	1.44E–13	1.44E–13	1.55E–13	1.69E–13	1.68E–13
Spinal cord	1.18E–12	5.33E–13	5.83E–13	1.86E–13	2.31E–13	8.91E–14	8.21E–14	1.30E–14	9.15E–13	8.50E–13	8.90E–13	7.87E–13	1.19E–12	2.43E–12
Spleen	9.62E–13	4.94E–12	5.28E–12	6.11E–13	7.49E–13	1.68E–13	1.39E–13	2.68E–14	1.19E–12	1.33E–12	2.39E–12	7.66E–13	1.08E–12	6.57E–14
Teeth	5.14E–14	4.85E–14	5.55E–14	1.27E–14	1.49E–14	7.97E–15	7.30E–15	1.31E–15	2.04E–13	1.79E–13	2.76E–14	7.16E–14	2.25E–13	5.84E–12
Thymus	1.84E–13	1.70E–13	2.07E–13	3.86E–14	4.69E–14	2.19E–14	2.03E–14	2.92E–15	3.03E–12	1.64E–12	1.02E–13	3.06E–13	2.30E–12	1.18E–12
Thyroid	8.87E–14	8.36E–14	1.01E–13	1.96E–14	2.29E–14	1.15E–14	1.15E–14	2.14E–15	6.77E–13	5.00E–13	5.33E–14	1.46E–13	1.02E–12	5.10E–12
Tongue (inner)	4.11E–14	4.03E–14	4.61E–14	9.68E–15	1.16E–14	6.16E–15	5.89E–15	8.41E–16	1.92E–13	1.60E–13	2.22E–14	6.18E–14	2.36E–13	1.70E–11
Tonsils	3.05E–14	3.30E–14	3.50E–14	8.86E–15	7.97E–15	4.10E–15	4.65E–15	7.03E–16	1.46E–13	1.24E–13	1.74E–14	4.51E–14	1.85E–13	7.56E–12
Ureter	2.02E–12	8.07E–13	6.15E–13	3.51E–12	2.69E–12	2.10E–12	2.01E–12	1.00E–12	1.30E–13	1.43E–13	2.11E–12	5.77E–13	1.01E–13	1.02E–14
UB W	6.31E–14	5.87E–14	4.58E–14	1.63E–12	1.59E–12	1.31E–12	1.43E–12	4.75E–12	1.24E–14	1.28E–14	9.60E–14	4.09E–14	9.74E–15	1.48E–15
AM	8.47E–13	4.45E–13	4.44E–13	8.75E–13	7.56E–13	7.42E–13	7.58E–13	7.53E–13	6.54E–13	5.93E–13	6.94E–13	5.53E–13	7.12E–13	5.82E–13
SM	3.91E–13	2.21E–13	2.20E–13	5.11E–13	4.37E–13	4.58E–13	4.71E–13	5.45E–13	3.12E–13	2.83E–13	3.42E–13	2.64E–13	3.54E–13	4.56E–13

Adult female	Source regions
Target regions	LN-thorax	LN-head	LN-trunk	LN-arms	LN-legs	Muscle	ESO	Pancreas	PG	RT	SG	Skin	Spinal cord	Spleen
Adrenal	2.73E–13	3.03E–14	2.05E–12	3.78E–13	5.43E–15	2.87E–13	8.86E–13	3.09E–12	1.51E–14	2.64E–13	3.24E–14	1.39E–13	2.59E–12	2.36E–12
ET1	2.49E–13	8.26E–13	7.68E–14	3.27E–14	4.00E–16	8.74E–14	2.12E–13	2.37E–14	1.93E–12	2.83E–13	1.34E–12	2.08E–13	2.83E–13	3.06E–14
ET2	3.56E–12	5.45E–12	1.86E–13	4.99E–14	1.44E–16	2.48E–13	2.64E–12	2.04E–14	7.84E–12	2.55E–13	6.64E–12	1.49E–13	2.39E–12	4.73E–14
Oral mucosa	9.56E–13	3.08E–12	1.63E–13	5.47E–14	2.65E–16	2.19E–13	8.54E–13	2.65E–14	3.26E–12	1.95E–13	7.64E–12	1.62E–13	1.15E–12	4.74E–14
Trachea	9.14E–11	1.35E–12	2.13E–12	1.93E–13	8.25E–16	3.20E–13	1.79E–11	7.77E–14	4.58E–13	2.62E–13	1.34E–12	1.69E–13	2.40E–12	1.86E–13
Bronchi	3.79E–11	2.32E–13	1.46E–12	3.52E–13	1.10E–15	2.45E–13	7.50E–12	2.29E–13	9.59E–14	2.07E–13	2.16E–13	1.52E–13	1.64E–12	6.62E–13
Blood vessels	2.43E–12	1.75E–12	1.75E–12	6.30E–13	5.95E–13	3.39E–13	2.96E–12	1.16E–12	1.06E–13	3.40E–13	4.35E–13	1.96E–13	7.32E–13	4.94E–13
Brain	1.42E–13	1.42E–12	3.82E–14	1.79E–14	9.95E–17	6.18E–14	1.28E–13	6.32E–15	7.50E–12	8.83E–14	1.33E–12	1.36E–13	3.85E–13	1.47E–14
Breast	6.32E–13	1.11E–13	3.39E–13	1.96E–13	1.20E–15	1.43E–13	5.98E–13	2.36E–13	8.87E–14	1.46E–13	1.71E–13	2.18E–13	2.95E–13	3.58E–13
Eye lens	1.49E–13	6.87E–13	5.01E–14	3.03E–14	1.46E–16	7.78E–14	1.27E–13	1.76E–14	1.88E–12	1.62E–13	1.11E–12	1.96E–13	2.00E–13	2.74E–14
GB W	2.35E–13	2.73E–14	2.11E–12	2.85E–13	6.76E–15	2.18E–13	6.37E–13	7.41E–12	1.76E–14	2.15E–13	3.21E–14	1.36E–13	1.21E–12	9.73E–13
STO W	2.23E–13	2.98E–14	1.61E–12	3.39E–13	6.65E–15	2.12E–13	9.54E–13	5.93E–12	1.66E–14	2.59E–13	3.45E–14	1.57E–13	5.38E–13	4.94E–12
SI W	4.69E–14	6.89E–15	2.49E–12	1.62E–13	8.20E–14	3.25E–13	1.09E–13	2.97E–12	4.04E–15	3.75E–13	8.19E–15	1.39E–13	1.89E–13	6.14E–13
Colon W	2.48E–14	4.21E–15	1.77E–12	1.24E–13	7.89E–14	3.67E–13	4.77E–14	8.68E–13	2.48E–15	3.56E–13	5.05E–15	1.46E–13	9.11E–14	1.68E–13
Rectum W	4.17E–15	7.40E–16	1.45E–12	3.26E–14	5.39E–13	4.88E–13	6.92E–15	7.40E–14	4.40E–16	4.65E–13	9.17E–16	1.46E–13	1.31E–14	2.87E–14
Heart W	4.09E–12	1.46E–13	1.35E–12	3.07E–13	1.51E–15	2.09E–13	4.50E–12	4.66E–13	7.35E–14	1.88E–13	1.59E–13	1.55E–13	9.25E–13	1.19E–12
Kidney (left)	1.53E–13	1.99E–14	1.64E–12	4.57E–13	9.75E–15	3.08E–13	4.21E–13	4.14E–12	9.95E–15	3.14E–13	2.16E–14	1.51E–13	9.66E–13	4.06E–12
Kidney (right)	1.24E–13	1.73E–14	9.70E–13	4.23E–13	1.20E–14	3.20E–13	2.34E–13	3.77E–12	9.36E–15	2.65E–13	1.90E–14	1.50E–13	8.15E–13	4.23E–13
Liver	3.81E–13	4.45E–14	7.29E–13	4.17E–13	4.72E–15	2.04E–13	9.61E–13	2.15E–12	2.44E–14	2.04E–13	5.09E–14	1.61E–13	7.92E–13	7.64E–13
Lung (left)	2.50E–12	2.29E–13	9.57E–13	4.43E–13	1.32E–15	2.82E–13	2.44E–12	2.99E–13	9.59E–14	2.22E–13	2.26E–13	1.79E–13	1.16E–12	1.95E–12
Lung (right)	3.61E–12	2.07E–13	8.40E–13	3.97E–13	1.37E–15	2.71E–13	1.98E–12	2.99E–13	9.01E–14	2.06E–13	2.07E–13	1.71E–13	1.25E–12	3.91E–13
LN	3.62E–10	3.59E–10	3.63E–10	3.66E–10	3.68E–10	3.47E–13	2.29E–12	1.72E–12	1.87E–13	3.85E–13	6.84E–13	1.76E–13	7.68E–13	6.65E–13
Muscle	2.90E–13	3.18E–13	3.48E–13	2.65E–13	3.88E–13	2.25E–12	2.86E–13	2.27E–13	1.12E–13	2.86E–13	2.18E–13	1.85E–13	4.45E–13	2.46E–13
ESO	1.24E–11	9.14E–13	2.19E–12	2.58E–13	1.25E–15	2.87E–13	9.73E–10	3.54E–13	2.54E–13	2.04E–13	8.13E–13	1.50E–13	2.68E–12	8.72E–13
Ovaries	5.13E–15	8.57E–16	1.53E–12	4.21E–14	3.88E–13	4.64E–13	8.65E–15	9.45E–14	6.28E–16	4.73E–13	9.29E–16	1.37E–13	1.76E–14	3.32E–14
Pancreas	1.36E–13	1.81E–14	2.32E–12	2.59E–13	1.06E–14	2.30E–13	3.53E–13	2.84E–10	1.05E–14	2.56E–13	2.20E–14	1.34E–13	6.38E–13	1.22E–12
PG	3.00E–13	2.74E–12	6.09E–14	2.48E–14	1.64E–17	1.16E–13	2.32E–13	7.01E–15	4.91E–08	1.41E–13	3.18E–12	1.17E–13	8.26E–13	2.83E–14
Uterus	5.31E–15	8.71E–16	1.52E–12	3.88E–14	4.59E–13	4.27E–13	8.46E–15	9.66E–14	5.37E–16	4.06E–13	1.08E–15	1.36E–13	1.69E–14	3.49E–14
RT	2.68E–13	2.62E–13	3.80E–13	4.28E–13	4.77E–13	2.84E–13	2.02E–13	2.50E–13	1.44E–13	1.64E–12	1.94E–13	3.04E–13	1.88E–13	2.82E–13
SG	8.98E–13	1.05E–11	1.59E–13	5.20E–14	1.64E–16	2.16E–13	8.09E–13	2.02E–14	3.14E–12	1.93E–13	4.65E–10	1.99E–13	1.30E–12	4.62E–14
Skin	1.55E–13	1.95E–13	1.50E–13	3.14E–13	2.28E–13	1.81E–13	1.44E–13	1.28E–13	1.16E–13	2.93E–13	1.93E–13	1.28E–11	1.44E–13	1.82E–13
Spinal cord	2.04E–12	2.12E–12	7.44E–13	2.28E–13	1.72E–15	4.46E–13	2.68E–12	6.31E–13	8.11E–13	1.90E–13	1.30E–12	1.46E–13	1.64E–09	8.26E–13
Spleen	3.39E–13	4.61E–14	8.30E–13	7.63E–13	3.99E–15	2.48E–13	8.75E–13	1.22E–12	2.33E–14	2.84E–13	4.85E–14	1.88E–13	8.32E–13	2.65E–10
Teeth	6.71E–13	1.98E–12	1.52E–13	5.77E–14	4.08E–16	1.60E–13	5.76E–13	3.30E–14	2.55E–12	1.81E–13	3.98E–12	1.74E–13	7.25E–13	5.64E–14
Thymus	7.67E–12	5.24E–13	2.17E–12	2.17E–13	5.49E–16	2.66E–13	4.08E–12	1.11E–13	2.42E–13	2.37E–13	5.38E–13	1.70E–13	1.16E–12	2.13E–13
Thyroid	2.12E–11	1.78E–12	1.48E–12	1.37E–13	3.75E–16	3.63E–13	8.79E–12	5.40E–14	5.60E–13	2.30E–13	1.71E–12	1.91E–13	2.21E–12	1.21E–13
Tongue (inner)	1.04E–12	3.61E–12	1.72E–13	5.48E–14	2.48E–16	1.95E–13	9.48E–13	2.69E–14	3.44E–12	1.76E–13	7.30E–12	1.58E–13	1.37E–12	4.82E–14
Tonsils	7.20E–13	4.24E–12	1.30E–13	4.82E–14	3.02E–16	2.71E–13	6.55E–13	1.96E–14	5.55E–12	2.31E–13	7.51E–12	1.49E–13	1.33E–12	4.17E–14
Ureter	4.65E–14	6.81E–15	2.46E–12	1.45E–13	8.77E–14	4.05E–13	1.01E–13	2.97E–12	3.57E–15	4.17E–13	7.69E–15	1.25E–13	3.07E–13	3.63E–13
UB W	4.73E–15	8.55E–16	1.16E–12	3.22E–14	4.44E–13	3.77E–13	8.14E–15	9.91E–14	6.98E–16	3.64E–13	1.16E–15	1.62E–13	1.53E–14	3.11E–14
AM	8.44E–13	4.74E–13	9.00E–13	2.55E–13	1.22E–13	4.58E–13	1.09E–12	6.79E–13	4.39E–13	3.07E–13	4.52E–13	1.74E–13	1.58E–12	5.36E–13
SM	4.37E–13	4.92E–13	5.10E–13	2.38E–13	1.79E–13	3.75E–13	5.35E–13	3.30E–13	7.53E–13	2.68E–13	4.66E–13	1.96E–13	8.03E–13	2.65E–13

Adult female	Source regions
Target regions	Teeth	Thymus	Thyroid	Tongue	Tonsils	Ureter	UB W	UB C	Ovaries	Uterus	AM	Breast A	Adipose + RT
Adrenal	3.86E–14	1.91E–13	9.15E–14	3.88E–14	2.95E–14	1.27E–12	5.07E–14	5.75E–14	5.40E–14	5.44E–14	3.05E–13	2.55E–13	1.00E–12
ET1	8.68E–12	2.71E–13	4.31E–13	4.51E–12	3.33E–12	7.36E–15	2.01E–15	1.67E–15	1.11E–15	1.39E–15	2.48E–13	2.93E–13	1.81E–13
ET2	5.46E–12	7.38E–13	2.92E–12	1.44E–11	1.74E–11	6.89E–15	1.35E–15	1.39E–15	9.05E–16	1.09E–15	2.48E–13	2.52E–13	5.31E–13
Oral mucosa	1.28E–09	6.53E–13	1.72E–12	4.93E–11	2.93E–11	9.39E–15	1.37E–15	1.53E–15	1.18E–15	1.42E–15	3.21E–13	1.94E–13	4.33E–13
Trachea	8.83E–13	1.07E–11	2.40E–11	1.64E–12	1.08E–12	2.80E–14	3.19E–15	3.52E–15	2.59E–15	3.13E–15	6.32E–13	2.63E–13	7.82E–13
Bronchi	1.86E–13	3.12E–12	1.08E–12	2.33E–13	1.93E–13	7.89E–14	7.40E–15	8.29E–15	7.68E–15	7.53E–15	8.96E–13	2.24E–13	7.06E–13
Blood vessels	1.50E–13	2.75E–12	1.39E–12	2.39E–13	2.19E–13	1.27E–12	7.16E–13	5.83E–13	5.94E–13	4.68E–13	2.96E–13	3.38E–13	5.82E–13
Brain	8.67E–13	1.10E–13	2.50E–13	1.06E–12	1.55E–12	2.28E–15	4.05E–16	4.18E–16	3.65E–16	3.66E–16	6.75E–14	8.81E–14	2.53E–13
Breast	2.19E–13	8.01E–13	3.14E–13	2.23E–13	1.72E–13	7.13E–14	7.86E–15	8.24E–15	7.12E–15	7.53E–15	6.51E–12	2.27E–13	2.55E–13
Eye lens	2.88E–12	1.85E–13	2.60E–13	2.07E–12	2.27E–12	3.80E–15	1.32E–15	1.02E–15	8.88E–16	7.86E–16	1.99E–13	1.54E–13	1.76E–13
GB W	4.27E–14	1.89E–13	9.15E–14	4.69E–14	3.27E–14	2.05E–12	6.21E–14	6.90E–14	6.07E–14	6.07E–14	3.70E–13	2.18E–13	7.34E–13
STO W	4.11E–14	1.76E–13	8.62E–14	4.20E–14	3.27E–14	8.07E–13	5.80E–14	6.42E–14	5.31E–14	5.63E–14	3.96E–13	2.59E–13	3.85E–13
SI W	1.06E–14	3.86E–14	1.96E–14	1.03E–14	8.07E–15	3.51E–12	1.63E–12	1.86E–12	1.78E–12	1.65E–12	7.81E–14	3.71E–13	7.63E–13
Colon W	6.46E–15	2.16E–14	1.16E–14	6.32E–15	4.98E–15	2.09E–12	1.31E–12	1.28E–12	1.55E–12	1.73E–12	4.09E–14	3.51E–13	6.45E–13
Rectum W	1.07E–15	3.36E–15	2.00E–15	1.14E–15	8.23E–16	1.01E–12	4.76E–12	4.06E–12	1.26E–11	1.65E–11	6.25E–15	4.55E–13	6.58E–13
Heart W	1.76E–13	3.04E–12	6.76E–13	1.94E–13	1.47E–13	1.31E–13	1.18E–14	1.27E–14	1.13E–14	1.17E–14	1.55E–12	2.05E–13	5.76E–13
Kidney (left)	2.34E–14	1.06E–13	5.44E–14	2.36E–14	1.87E–14	1.70E–12	8.51E–14	9.26E–14	8.69E–14	9.32E–14	1.87E–13	3.11E–13	5.78E–13
Kidney (right)	2.37E–14	9.97E–14	5.23E–14	2.36E–14	1.77E–14	2.63E–12	1.07E–13	1.18E–13	1.16E–13	1.10E–13	1.54E–13	2.66E–13	6.39E–13
Liver	6.09E–14	3.09E–13	1.46E–13	6.27E–14	4.78E–14	5.79E–13	4.02E–14	4.41E–14	3.99E–14	3.97E–14	5.54E–13	2.08E–13	4.86E–13
Lung (left)	1.92E–13	2.05E–12	9.96E–13	2.39E–13	1.96E–13	9.40E–14	9.38E–15	1.00E–14	9.60E–15	9.84E–15	9.32E–13	2.29E–13	6.18E–13
Lung (right)	1.93E–13	2.45E–12	1.00E–12	2.28E–13	1.79E–13	1.04E–13	9.82E–15	1.08E–14	1.03E–14	9.96E–15	1.19E–12	2.19E–13	6.62E–13
LN	2.81E–13	2.02E–12	2.25E–12	5.87E–13	4.06E–13	1.82E–12	9.03E–13	7.97E–13	1.17E–12	1.18E–12	3.43E–13	3.87E–13	6.63E–13
Muscle	1.47E–13	2.64E–13	3.56E–13	1.94E–13	2.65E–13	4.07E–13	3.76E–13	3.46E–13	4.62E–13	4.25E–13	1.56E–13	2.85E–13	4.04E–13
ESO	5.06E–13	4.10E–12	8.72E–12	9.49E–13	6.62E–13	1.03E–13	8.26E–15	9.01E–15	8.10E–15	8.18E–15	6.56E–13	2.09E–13	9.48E–13
Ovaries	1.32E–15	4.26E–15	2.46E–15	1.35E–15	1.15E–15	1.47E–12	4.81E–12	3.99E–12	2.87E–09	1.61E–11	6.85E–15	4.62E–13	8.75E–13
Pancreas	2.81E–14	1.13E–13	5.45E–14	2.86E–14	2.20E–14	2.97E–12	9.91E–14	1.10E–13	9.21E–14	9.57E–14	2.37E–13	2.57E–13	5.94E–13
PG	2.29E–12	2.31E–13	5.57E–13	3.46E–12	5.52E–12	4.88E–15	8.67E–16	3.08E–16	1.70E–16	5.35E–16	1.25E–13	1.44E–13	3.81E–13
Uterus	1.34E–15	4.11E–15	2.24E–15	1.29E–15	9.83E–16	1.66E–12	1.24E–11	7.67E–12	1.60E–11	4.20E–10	7.57E–15	4.01E–13	8.09E–13
RT	1.68E–13	2.32E–13	2.24E–13	1.75E–13	2.30E–13	4.09E–13	3.54E–13	3.14E–13	4.60E–13	3.98E–13	1.63E–13	1.62E–12	1.61E–12
SG	3.74E–12	5.33E–13	1.70E–12	7.29E–12	7.47E–12	7.08E–15	1.03E–15	1.15E–15	1.02E–15	1.05E–15	2.55E–13	1.93E–13	3.94E–13
Skin	1.60E–13	1.66E–13	1.85E–13	1.51E–13	1.44E–13	1.20E–13	1.55E–13	1.47E–13	1.28E–13	1.30E–13	3.44E–13	2.95E–13	1.45E–13
Spinal cord	6.39E–13	1.16E–12	2.21E–12	1.37E–12	1.32E–12	3.05E–13	1.44E–14	1.59E–14	1.64E–14	1.65E–14	3.20E–13	1.90E–13	1.39E–12
Spleen	4.65E–14	2.15E–13	1.22E–13	5.03E–14	4.25E–14	3.62E–13	3.10E–14	3.36E–14	3.22E–14	3.42E–14	3.26E–13	2.86E–13	4.65E–13
Teeth	8.63E–10	6.19E–13	1.21E–12	2.25E–11	1.20E–11	1.15E–14	1.86E–15	2.06E–15	1.75E–15	1.67E–15	3.33E–13	1.82E–13	4.52E–13
Thymus	5.45E–13	1.59E–09	7.67E–12	6.64E–13	4.60E–13	3.65E–14	3.92E–15	4.44E–15	3.98E–15	4.22E–15	1.14E–12	2.44E–13	8.55E–13
Thyroid	1.10E–12	7.71E–12	1.87E–09	1.87E–12	1.33E–12	1.88E–14	2.46E–15	2.45E–15	2.28E–15	2.12E–15	4.90E–13	2.31E–13	5.93E–13
Tongue (inner)	2.19E–11	6.69E–13	1.87E–12	8.09E–10	2.42E–11	9.01E–15	1.28E–15	1.40E–15	1.20E–15	1.10E–15	3.25E–13	1.79E–13	4.42E–13
Tonsils	1.15E–11	4.58E–13	1.32E–12	2.42E–11	1.01E–08	7.10E–15	7.66E–16	7.42E–16	6.92E–16	8.97E–16	2.46E–13	2.19E–13	4.49E–13
Ureter	9.58E–15	3.60E–14	1.86E–14	1.00E–14	8.02E–15	1.99E–09	2.44E–12	1.78E–12	1.46E–12	1.65E–12	7.17E–14	4.11E–13	1.35E–12
UB W	1.54E–15	4.11E–15	2.26E–15	1.44E–15	1.06E–15	2.42E–12	7.52E–10	1.95E–11	4.78E–12	1.24E–11	8.09E–15	3.56E–13	7.95E–13
AM	4.59E–13	9.56E–13	6.77E–13	5.10E–13	5.00E–13	1.55E–12	8.91E–13	8.08E–13	9.93E–13	9.30E–13	2.04E–11	3.06E–13	2.18E–12
SM	4.67E–13	4.87E–13	4.12E–13	4.80E–13	5.33E–13	8.62E–13	6.48E–13	5.82E–13	7.21E–13	6.66E–13	9.43E–12	2.67E–13	1.35E–12

Acronyms are defined in Appendix 2.

APPENDIX 2

ACRONYMS USED IN TABLES A1 AND A2 (ALPHABETISED).

AM, active marrow; Breast A, breast adipose tissue; Breast G, breast glandular tissue; C, contents; CB, cortical bone; ESO, esophagus; ET1, extrathoracic region 1; ET2, extrathoracic region 2; GB, gall bladder; LN, lymphatic node; PG, pituitary gland; RT, residual tissue; SG, salivary gland; SI, small intestine; SM, shallow marrow; STO, stomach; TB, trabecular bone; UB, urinary bladder; W, wall.