Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1993 Sep 1;90(17):8199–8203. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.8199

Chicken repeat 1 elements contain a pol-like open reading frame and belong to the non-long terminal repeat class of retrotransposons.

J B Burch 1, D L Davis 1, N B Haas 1
PMCID: PMC47316  PMID: 8396264

Abstract

Chicken genomes contain approximately 30,000 chicken repeat 1 (CR1) elements scattered among single-copy sequences, but no information has yet been presented to account for how these elements could have dispersed. The fact that CR1 elements have common (although atypical) 3' ends and variable 5' truncations suggested to us that they might belong to the class of non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons that encode reverse transcriptases. From an analysis of unusually large CR1 elements, we now provide evidence for the presence of such a reverse transcriptase open reading frame. CR1 elements are distantly related to previously described non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons; however, we find that frog and torpedo ray genomes contain dispersed open reading frame segments that have > 50% identity to the CR1 open reading frame. This result suggests that CR1-like elements exist in several vertebrate classes that have evolved independently for approximately 400 million years.

Full text

PDF
8199

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Besansky N. J. A retrotransposable element from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae . Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Mar;10(3):863–871. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.3.863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boeke J. D., Corces V. G. Transcription and reverse transcription of retrotransposons. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1989;43:403–434. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.43.100189.002155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Burch J. B., Weintraub H. Temporal order of chromatin structural changes associated with activation of the major chicken vitellogenin gene. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):65–76. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90335-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chaboissier M. C., Busseau I., Prosser J., Finnegan D. J., Bucheton A. Identification of a potential RNA intermediate for transposition of the LINE-like element I factor in Drosophila melanogaster. EMBO J. 1990 Nov;9(11):3557–3563. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07566.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chen Z. Q., Ritzel R. G., Lin C. C., Hodgetts R. B. Sequence conservation in avian CR1: an interspersed repetitive DNA family evolving under functional constraints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 1;88(13):5814–5818. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5814. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. DeLamarter J. F., Hession C., Semon D., Gough N. M., Rothenbuhler R., Mermod J. J. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding murine CSF-1 (Macrophage-CSF). Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Mar 11;15(5):2389–2390. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.5.2389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Eickbush T. H. Transposing without ends: the non-LTR retrotransposable elements. New Biol. 1992 May;4(5):430–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fawcett D. H., Lister C. K., Kellett E., Finnegan D. J. Transposable elements controlling I-R hybrid dysgenesis in D. melanogaster are similar to mammalian LINEs. Cell. 1986 Dec 26;47(6):1007–1015. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90815-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Haché R. J., Deeley R. G. Organization, sequence and nuclease hypersensitivity of repetitive elements flanking the chicken apoVLDLII gene: extended sequence similarity to elements flanking the chicken vitellogenin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jan 11;16(1):97–113. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.1.97. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kawasaki E. S., Ladner M. B., Wang A. M., Van Arsdell J., Warren M. K., Coyne M. Y., Schweickart V. L., Lee M. T., Wilson K. J., Boosman A. Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding human macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1). Science. 1985 Oct 18;230(4723):291–296. doi: 10.1126/science.2996129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kazazian H. H., Jr, Wong C., Youssoufian H., Scott A. F., Phillips D. G., Antonarakis S. E. Haemophilia A resulting from de novo insertion of L1 sequences represents a novel mechanism for mutation in man. Nature. 1988 Mar 10;332(6160):164–166. doi: 10.1038/332164a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Lehrman M. A., Goldstein J. L., Russell D. W., Brown M. S. Duplication of seven exons in LDL receptor gene caused by Alu-Alu recombination in a subject with familial hypercholesterolemia. Cell. 1987 Mar 13;48(5):827–835. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90079-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lehrman M. A., Russell D. W., Goldstein J. L., Brown M. S. Alu-Alu recombination deletes splice acceptor sites and produces secreted low density lipoprotein receptor in a subject with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 5;262(7):3354–3361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Luan D. D., Korman M. H., Jakubczak J. L., Eickbush T. H. Reverse transcription of R2Bm RNA is primed by a nick at the chromosomal target site: a mechanism for non-LTR retrotransposition. Cell. 1993 Feb 26;72(4):595–605. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90078-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Maulet Y., Camp S., Gibney G., Rachinsky T. L., Ekström T. J., Taylor P. Single gene encodes glycophospholipid-anchored and asymmetric acetylcholinesterase forms: alternative coding exons contain inverted repeat sequences. Neuron. 1990 Feb;4(2):289–301. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90103-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Minchiotti G., Di Nocera P. P. Convergent transcription initiates from oppositely oriented promoters within the 5' end regions of Drosophila melanogaster F elements. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):5171–5180. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.5171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Mizrokhi L. J., Georgieva S. G., Ilyin Y. V. jockey, a mobile Drosophila element similar to mammalian LINEs, is transcribed from the internal promoter by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1988 Aug 26;54(5):685–691. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)80013-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Muratani K., Hada T., Yamamoto Y., Kaneko T., Shigeto Y., Ohue T., Furuyama J., Higashino K. Inactivation of the cholinesterase gene by Alu insertion: possible mechanism for human gene transposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11315–11319. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ochman H., Gerber A. S., Hartl D. L. Genetic applications of an inverse polymerase chain reaction. Genetics. 1988 Nov;120(3):621–623. doi: 10.1093/genetics/120.3.621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Sikorav J. L., Duval N., Anselmet A., Bon S., Krejci E., Legay C., Osterlund M., Reimund B., Massoulié J. Complex alternative splicing of acetylcholinesterase transcripts in Torpedo electric organ; primary structure of the precursor of the glycolipid-anchored dimeric form. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):2983–2993. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03161.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Silva R., Burch J. B. Evidence that chicken CR1 elements represent a novel family of retroposons. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Aug;9(8):3563–3566. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.8.3563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Singer M. F. SINEs and LINEs: highly repeated short and long interspersed sequences in mammalian genomes. Cell. 1982 Mar;28(3):433–434. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90194-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Spohr G., Reith W., Crippa M. Structural analysis of a cDNA clone from Xenopus laevis containing a repetitive sequence element. Dev Biol. 1982 Nov;94(1):71–78. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90069-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Spohr G., Reith W., Sures I. Organization and sequence analysis of a cluster of repetitive DNA elements from Xenopus laevis. J Mol Biol. 1981 Oct 5;151(4):573–592. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90424-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Swergold G. D. Identification, characterization, and cell specificity of a human LINE-1 promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;10(12):6718–6729. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.12.6718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Temin H. M. Reverse transcriptases. Retrons in bacteria. Nature. 1989 May 25;339(6222):254–255. doi: 10.1038/339254a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Wallace M. R., Andersen L. B., Saulino A. M., Gregory P. E., Glover T. W., Collins F. S. A de novo Alu insertion results in neurofibromatosis type 1. Nature. 1991 Oct 31;353(6347):864–866. doi: 10.1038/353864a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Weiner A. M., Deininger P. L., Efstratiadis A. Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:631–661. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.003215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Xiong Y., Eickbush T. H. Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO J. 1990 Oct;9(10):3353–3362. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07536.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES