Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of estrogen receptor (ER) β in the prognosis of ERα-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and its effect on the efficacy of endocrine therapy. Tissue specimens from 195 patients with postmenopausal breast cancer were analyzed. ERβ expression levels were detected using immunohistochemical staining. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to assess patient survival, and the difference in survival was analyzed using the log-rank test. Cox regression was utilized to evaluate prognostic factors. The results revealed that the disease-free survival rate decreased dramatically as ERβ expression levels increased in all postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients, and ERβ expression was identified to be an indicator of poor prognosis in cases of this disease. Similarly, in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients undergoing endocrine therapy, high ERβ expression levels reduced the disease-free survival rate and were correlated with poor patient prognosis. However, in such patients who were not treated with endocrine therapy, disease-free survival rate and prognosis were not significantly affected by ERβ expression. In conclusion, ERβ overexpression led to endocrine therapy resistance and poor prognosis in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients, suggesting that ERβ may affect breast cancer prognosis via an increase in endocrine therapy resistance.
Keywords: postmenopausal breast cancer, estrogen receptor β, endocrine therapy, resistance
Introduction
Endocrine-associated types of cancer in humans exhibit gender-specific hormonal responsiveness; for example, androgen responsiveness for prostate cancer in males, and estrogen responsiveness for breast cancer in females (1). As the normal growth of certain tissues (including the prostate and breast) is dependent upon specific hormones, it is reasonable to assume that these hormones may be involved in malignant growth of these organs. Under normal conditions, hormone-stimulated tissue growth is well-modulated and controlled and, even with continuous exposure to hormones, tissues do not undergo unlimited growth (2). Malignant growth of organs in response to hormones may be attributed to upregulated activity of growth signals, or the downregulation of signals that normally inhibit proliferation (2).
Estrogen has a significant role in the occurrence, malignant progression and prognosis of breast cancer (3). Estrogen receptors (ERs) and the genes they regulate have additionally been studied as primary targets in clinical treatment for the control of breast cancer (4). For example, ERα gene expression is a significant event in breast cancer, and its overexpression may be an initiating event in carcinogenesis. However, ERβ has been identified to be highly expressed in normal and malignant breast tissue (5,6). Previous studies have additionally demonstrated co-expression of ERβ and ERα in human breast cancer cells (7–9). Expression of ERα is identified in ~60% of breast cancer tissues, and types of cancer demonstrating this expression are known as ER-dependent (10). The majority of these ERα-positive breast cancer cases are sensitive to endocrine therapy; however, 30% of them demonstrate endocrine therapy resistance (11). Therefore, we hypothesize that ERβ has become an alternative indicator for the sensitivity of breast cancer to endocrine therapy, and a promising target for the control of tumor growth.
In the present study, immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression levels of ERβ in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancers. In addition, the influence of differential ERβ expression on the efficacy of endocrine therapy, as well as on disease-free survival rate, was analyzed in these patients. The importance of ERβ in guiding endocrine therapeutic strategies for the treatment of breast cancer, and its role in disease prognosis were evaluated to provide a basis for determining maximum benefit in clinical treatment.
Materials and methods
Patient samples
The clinical inclusion criteria for patient samples were as follows: i) Postmenopausal females with stage I or II breast cancer, according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual (12); ii) ERα-positivity on immunohistochemical staining; iii) patient underwent radical or modified radical mastectomy; iv) cancer pathologically confirmed to be infiltrating ductal carcinoma; and v) presence of complete clinical and follow-up data. In total, 207 patients met these criteria and were included in the present study. These patients were diagnosed with breast cancer and surgically treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Urumqi, China), between January 2000 and December 2010. The patients were followed up for 2–12 years. During the follow-up period, 12 patients were censored. Of the 195 patients with effective follow-up, 140 patients were treated with endocrine therapy, whilst 55 patients were not treated with endocrine therapy.
Recurrence diagnosis was based on pathological evidence confirmed by biopsy. Lymph node and distant metastases were detected using CT (computed tomography), ultrasound, X-ray, emission CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Disease-free survival time was calculated from the date of surgery, and recurrence or metastasis was counted on the date of diagnosis thereof.
Prior written and informed consent was obtained from all patients, and the study was approved by the ethical review board of Xinjiang Medical University.
Immunohistochemical staining
Breast cancer tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 24 h and subsequently embedded in paraffin. Tissue specimens were sliced into 3-µm sections and placed in a 70°C oven overnight. Sections were subsequently dewaxed in xylene (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) for 20 min and rehydrated in graded alcohols. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked using a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 10 min. For antigen retrieval, sections were placed in EDTA antigen retrieval solution (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and boiled for 20 min. Following cooling to room temperature and washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd., Wuhan, China), sections were incubated with polyclonal rabbit anti-human ERβ primary antibody (cat. no. BY-02101; 1:100; Shanghai Yueyan Biological Technology, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), at 37°C for 1 h in the dark. Subsequently, sections were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies (cat. no. K500711; 1:200; Shanghai Gene Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). at 37°C for 30 min in the dark. Following antibody incubation, sections were developed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogenic reagent (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 5 min and counterstained by hematoxylin (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). Following hydrochloric acid differentiation and dehydration in graded alcohols, sections were mounted using neutral gum (Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). ERβ-positive breast cancer tissue samples served as positive controls. In the negative controls, secondary antibody was replaced by PBS.
Immunohistochemical staining results were evaluated by an experienced pathologist. Cells exhibiting brown staining were classified as ERβ-positive cells. A total of five random high-power fields were evaluated using a Leica DM LB2 microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The ERβ-positive rate was the ratio of the number of ERβ-positive cells to the total number of cells in each field. An ERβ-positive rate <1% was defined as ERβ-negative [ERβ (−)]. A positive rate of 1–10% was defined as ERβ-weak-positive [ERβ (+)]. An ERβ-positive rate of 11–70% was defined as ERβ-positive [ERβ (++)]. An ERβ-positive rate >70% was defined as ERβ-strong-positive [ERβ (+++)]. Expression levels of ERα were classified into the following four categories: ERα-negative (−), <30% positive rate; ERα-weak-positive (+), 30–40% positive rate; ERα-positive (++), 40–60% positive rate; and ERα-strong-positive (+++), >60% positive rate (13). HER-2 expression levels were defined according to the 2009 HER-2 Detection Guide (14), as follows: HER-2 (−), no staining; HER-2 (+), weak or incomplete cell membrane staining; HER-2 (++), 10–30% of invasive cancer cells exhibiting weak to moderate, complete but non-uniform membrane staining; HER-2 (++), >30% of invasive cancer cells showing strong, complete and uniform membrane staining.
Statistical analysis
SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analyses. The rank-sum test was utilized for evaluation of the association between ERβ expression levels and clinical indices. Disease-free survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was utilized to compare the disease-free survival rates between groups with varying ERβ expression levels. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the influence of ERβ expression levels and additional clinicopathological indices on the disease-free survival rates of postmenopausal breast cancer patients. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
ERβ overexpression decreases the disease-free survival rate and affects the prognosis of postmenopausal patients with ERα-positive breast cancer
In order to investigate the role of ERβ in the development and progression of breast cancer, the expression levels of ERβ in ERα-positive patients were detected by immunohistochemistry. Representative immunohistochemical results are shown in Fig. 1. Cells exhibiting brown staining were considered ERβ-positive cells. Based on the percentage of ERβ-positive cells, ERβ expression was divided into four groups: ERβ (−) (Fig. 1A), ERβ (+) (Fig. 1B), ERβ (++) (Fig. 1C) and ERβ (+++) (Fig. 1D). Subsequently, the association between clinicopathological index and ERβ expression was evaluated. As revealed in Table I, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and ERα and HER2 expression levels were not significantly correlated with ERβ expression levels (P=0.372, P=0.576, P=0.578 and P=0.068, respectively). By contrast, tumor diameter did demonstrate a significant correlation with ERβ expression levels (P=0.002); higher ERβ expression levels accompanied greater tumor diameters.
Figure 1.
Expression levels of ERβ in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression levels of ERβ. Representative immunohistochemical results are shown. Cells exhibiting brown staining were classified as ERβ-positive cells. ERβ-positive cells were counted and the ERβ-positive rate was calculated. (A) ERβ (−), ERβ-positive rate <1%. (B) ERβ (+), ERβ-positive rate 1–10%. (C) ERβ (++), ERβ positive rate 10–70%. (D) ERβ (+++), ERβ-positive rate >70%. ER, estrogen receptor.
Table I.
Association between clinicopathological indices and ERβ expression levels in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients (n=195), investigated by rank sum test.
| Clinicopathological features | No. of cases | Mean rank-order | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor diameter, cm | |||
| ≤2 | 100 | 86.85 | 0.002a |
| >2 | 95 | 109.74 | |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| L=0 | 139 | 95.09 | 0.372 |
| 1≤ L<4 | 39 | 94.27 | |
| L>4 | 17 | 112.91 | |
| Clinical stage | |||
| I | 79 | 95.51 | 0.576 |
| II | 116 | 99.70 | |
| ERα expression level | |||
| + | 94 | 95.27 | 0.578 |
| ++ | 81 | 98.60 | |
| +++ | 20 | 108.40 | |
| HER2 expression level | |||
| − | 104 | 91.15 | 0.068 |
| +/++ | 43 | 112.37 | |
| +++ | 48 | 99.96 |
Statistically significant (P<0.05). ER, estrogen receptor; L, number of metastatic nodes; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
Subsequently, it was investigated whether ERβ expression affected the disease-free survival rate and prognosis of postmenopausal patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. The results demonstrated that ERβ overexpression significantly decreased the disease-free survival rate in postmenopausal breast cancer patients (log-rank test, 20.277; P=0.002; Fig. 2). Furthermore, Cox regression analysis revealed that neither chemotherapy, radiotherapy or endocrine therapy were independent prognostic factors, while late clinical stage and ERβ overexpression represented independent prognostic risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer patients [P=0.001; odds ratio (OR), >1; Table II].
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve for postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients exhibiting varying expression levels of ERβ. Disease-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method in 195 patients. An ERβ-positive rate <1% was recognized as ERβ (−), between 1–70% as ERβ (+/++) and >70% as ERβ (+++). The data from 12 patients were censored due to mortality, loss to follow-up or closure of the study. ER, estrogen receptor.
Table II.
Analysis of prognostic factors by Cox regression analysis in ERα-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients (n=195).
| Clinicopathological features | β coefficient | SEM | Wald value | P-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERβ expression level | ||||||
| − | NA | NA | 14.911 | 0.001a | NA | NA |
| +/++ | –0.223 | 0.664 | 0.113 | 0.737 | 0.800 | 0.218–2.943 |
| +++ | 1.529 | 0.447 | 11.699 | 0.001a | 4.612 | 1.921–11.074 |
| Clinical stage | NA | NA | 7.687 | 0.021a | NA | NA |
| II | 1.440 | 0.629 | 5.246 | 0.022a | 4.223 | 1.231–14.484 |
| III | 2.084 | 0.768 | 7.366 | 0.007a | 8.037 | 1.784–36.199 |
| Chemotherapy | 0.325 | 0.514 | 0.398 | 0.528 | 1.384 | 0.505–3.792 |
| Radiotherapy | 0.266 | 0.472 | 0.317 | 0.573 | 1.305 | 0.517–3.293 |
| Endocrine therapy | 0.410 | 0.525 | 0.608 | 0.435 | 1.506 | 0.538–4.217 |
Statistically significant (P<0.05). SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; ER, estrogen receptor; NA, not applicable.
ERβ overexpression decreases the disease-free survival rate and affects the prognosis of ERα-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy
In order to identify whether ERβ overexpression influenced the therapeutic effects of endocrine therapy, disease-free survival rate and prognosis were assessed in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy. As demonstrated in Fig. 3, the upregulated expression of ERβ significantly decreased the disease-free survival rate in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy (log-rank test, 19.473; P=0.003). In addition, Cox regression analysis indicated that expression levels of ERβ were the only independent prognostic factor, with ERβ overexpression representing the prognostic risk factor (P=0.013; OR, >1), while clinical stage, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were not independent factors (P=0.066, P=0.562 and P=0.871, respectively; Table III).
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve for endocrine therapy-treated postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients exhibiting varying expression levels of ERβ. Disease-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method in 140 patients. An ERβ-positive rate <1% was recognized as ERβ (−), between 1–70% as ERβ (+/++) and >70% as ERβ (+++). The data from 12 patients were censored due to mortality, loss to follow-up or closure of the study. ER, estrogen receptor.
Table III.
Analysis of prognostic factors by Cox regression analysis in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy (n=140).
| Clinicopathological features | β coefficient | SEM | Wald value | P-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERβ expression level | ||||||
| − | NA | NA | 8.729 | 0.013a | NA | NA |
| +/++ | −1.118 | 222.746 | 0.003 | 0.960 | <0.001 | 3.502–5.606 |
| +++ | 1.472 | 0.498 | 8.726 | 0.003a | 4.612 | 1.641–11.570 |
| Clinical stage | NA | NA | 5.422 | 0.066 | NA | NA |
| II | 1.388 | 0.784 | 3.136 | 0.077 | 4.006 | 0.862–18.612 |
| III | 2.040 | 0.877 | 5.410 | 0.020 | 7.693 | 1.379–42.937 |
| Chemotherapy | 0.333 | 0.574 | 0.336 | 0.562 | 1.395 | 0.453–4.295 |
| Radiotherapy | 0.099 | 0.609 | 0.026 | 0.871 | 1.104 | 0.335–3.642 |
Statistically significant (P<0.05). SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; ER, estrogen receptor; NA, not applicable.
ERβ expression levels do not affect disease-free survival rate or prognosis in ERα-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients without endocrine therapy
To further clarify the specific influence of ERβ expression on endocrine therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer, the association between ERβ expression levels and disease-free survival rate or prognosis in breast cancer patients without endocrine therapy was investigated. The results suggested that the expression levels of ERβ were not statistically correlated with disease-free survival of postmenopausal breast cancer patients without endocrine therapy (log-rank test, 2.291; P=0.102; Fig. 4). Cox regression analysis indicated that neither clinical stage, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or ERβ expression levels represented independent prognostic risk factors in breast cancer patients not treated with endocrine therapy (P=0.496, P=0.990, P=0.497 and P=0.368, respectively; Table IV).
Figure 4.
Kaplan-Meier survival curve for endocrine therapy-free postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients exhibiting varying expression levels of ERβ. Disease-free survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method in 55 patients. An ERβ-positive rate <1% was recognized as ERβ (−), between 1–70% as ERβ (+/++) and >70% as ERβ (+++). The data from 12 patients were censored due to mortality, loss to follow-up or closure of the study. ER, estrogen receptor.
Table IV.
Analysis of prognostic factors by Cox regression analysis in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients not treated with endocrine therapy (n=55).
| Clinicopathological features | β coefficient | SEM | Wald value | P-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERβ expression level | ||||||
| − | NA | NA | 2.001 | 0.368 | NA | NA |
| +/++ | 0.372 | 1.194 | 0.097 | 0.756 | 1.450 | 0.140–15.062 |
| +++ | 1.539 | 1.251 | 1.512 | 0.219 | 4.659 | 0.401–54.123 |
| Clinical stage | 0.785 | 1.153 | 0.463 | 0.496 | 2.192 | 0.229–20.987 |
| Chemotherapy | −13.121 | 1076.095 | 0.000 | 0.990 | <0.001 | NA |
| Radiotherapy | 0.622 | 0.916 | 0.461 | 0.497 | 1.862 | 0.309–11.223 |
SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; ER, estrogen receptor; NA, not applicable.
Discussion
ERβ serves a significant role in the genesis and progression of breast cancer, and expression levels of ERβ have been observed to be associated with endocrine therapy resistance (15,16). However, whether ERβ expression causes breast cancer to become more sensitive or resistant to endocrine therapy remains to be elucidated. Chang et al (17) suggested that high mRNA expression of ERβ may influence the therapeutic effects of endocrine drugs, leading to endocrine therapy resistance. However, Esslimani-Sahla et al (18) revealed that ERβ overexpression was able to increase the sensitivity of breast cancer to endocrine therapy. In the present study, an immunohistochemical assay was used to assess the expression levels of ERβ in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients, and the association between ERβ expression levels and endocrine therapy efficacy or disease-free survival rate were additionally investigated. The results provided evidence of the significance of ERβ expression in the endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer, and provided experimental data that may be useful for the individualized assessment of endocrine therapy and prognosis in breast cancer patients.
In the current study, Cox regression analysis was used to assess the effects of clinical stage, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and endocrine therapy on the prognosis of ERα-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal patients. The results demonstrated that clinical stage and ERβ expression levels represented independent prognostic factors for postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer (P=0.001) while, for breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy, ERβ overexpression was the only independent prognostic risk factor (P=0.003; OR=4.612). These findings suggest that ERβ expression may have a direct impact on ERα-positive breast cancer prognosis in patients treated with endocrine therapy, and ERβ overexpression may lead to endocrine therapy resistance. Chung et al (19) revealed that the expression levels of ERβ may affect the transcription of certain genes. Downregulated ERβ expression modulates cell cycle- and apoptosis-associated genes via the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway, and inhibits cell proliferation-associated genes (20). This indicates that ERβ expression represents a risk factor during the carcinogenesis of breast cancer. In agreement with this, Park et al (21) identified that ERβ expression levels were negatively associated with the histological grading of breast cancer, and ERβ overexpression indicated poor prognosis for breast cancer patients. In the present study, the results from the patient group without endocrine therapy suggested there was no significant association between ERβ expression levels and the disease-free survival rate of breast cancer patients (P=0.205). Cox regression analysis revealed that clinical stage, postoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy and ERβ expression levels were not significantly associated with disease prognosis, indicating that ERβ expression levels were not a prognostic factor for breast cancer patients not treated with endocrine therapy. Based on the above results, ERβ may represent an independent prognostic factor for ERα-positive breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy. It is thus proposed that, in ERα-positive postmenopausal breast cancer patients, ERβ may influence breast cancer prognosis via affecting endocrine therapy efficacy, and its overexpression is closely correlated with endocrine therapy resistance. However, in order to achieve a definite conclusion, additional evidence from postmenopausal breast cancer patient samples not treated with endocrine therapy is required.
In conclusion, ERβ overexpression resulted in endocrine therapy resistance and poor prognosis in postmenopausal ERα-positive breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy, which suggested that ERβ may be useful as an indicator for the assessment of endocrine therapy efficacy. ERβ expression evaluation may provide evidence for whether certain breast cancer patients are suitable for endocrine therapy and may be used as an indicator of individual endocrine therapy efficacy.
Acknowledgements
The present study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (grant no. 2011211A069) and the National Clinical Key Subject-General Surgery Construction Project (grant no. 2100299).
References
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