Abstract
Background
The choledocolithiasis has an incidence of 8-20% in patients with cholecystolithiasis. The preoperative diagnosis guides the interventional treatment on the bile duct
Aim
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratory markers and imaging studies for choledocholithiasis preoperatively.
Methods
The study comprised 254 patients divided into two groups: the control group (207 patients), patients without choledocholithiasis intraoperatively and cases group (47 patients), that enrolled the patients with choledocholithiasis intra-operatively. Were evaluated the laboratory markers, image exams and intra-operative diagnostic aspects.
Results
The sample was homogeneous for age and gender. It was observed that 47% of the cases the patients did not show comorbidities. Hospitalization showes in cases group acute pancreatitis in12.8%, jaundice in 30%, fever in 30% and pain in the right hypochondrium in 95%. By comparing them, was observed that fever and jaundice were the signs and symptoms with statistical significance. Patients with choledocholithiasis had transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and higher bilirubin with statistical significance (p<0.001). In regard to imaging studies, ultrasound was fairly accurate for cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Changes in canalicular and transaminase enzymes are suggestive for preoperative choledocholithiasis; GGT showed better sensitivity and alkaline phosphatase greater specificity; ultrasonography and nuclear magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed high specificity.
Keywords: Choledocholithiasis, clholelithiasis, jaundice
Abstract
Racional
A coledocolitíase tem incidência de 8-20% em pacientes com colecistolitíase. O diagnóstico pré-operatório orienta o tratamento intervencionista sobre a via biliar
Objetivo
Avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade dos marcadores laboratoriais e exames de imagem para coledocolitíase no pré-operatório.
Método
Total de 254 pacientes foi dividido em dois grupos: grupo controle (207 pacientes) com os pacientes que não apresentaram coledocolitíase no intra-operatório e o grupo casos (47 pacientes), que foram os que apresentaram coledocolitíase no intra-operatório. Foram avaliados os marcadores laboratoriais, exames de imagem (ultrassonografia e colangiorresonância) e conclusão intraoperatória para diagnóstico.
Resultados
A amostra foi homogênea para sexo e idade. Foi observado que no grupo casos 47% dos pacientes não apresentaram comorbidades. Quanto ao motivo de internação observou-se no grupo casos que 12,8% apresentavam pancreatite aguda, 30% icterícia, 30% febre e 95% dor em hipocôndrio direito. Ao comparar os grupos observou-se que febre e icterícia foram o sinal e sintoma com relevância estatística. Os pacientes com coledocolitíase apresentaram transaminases, fosfatase alcalina, gama-glutamil transferase e bilirrubinas mais elevadas com significância estatística (p<0,001). Em relação aos exames de imagem, observou-se que a ultrassonografia demonstrou boa acurácia para colecistolitíase e coledocolitíase (p<0,001).
Conclusão
As alterações das enzimas canaliculares e transaminases são sugestivas para investigação pré-operatória de coledocolitíase, sendo que a GGT apresentou melhor sensibilidade e a fosfatase alcalina maior especificidade. A ultrassonografia e a colangioressonância nuclear magnética apresentaram alta especificidade.
INTRODUCTION
The choledocholithiasis has an incidence of 8-20% in patients with cholelithiasis. The preoperative diagnosis determines the treatment consisting of intervention on the bile duct in three stages: preoperative, intraoperative or postoperative. The intervention can occur via endoscopic or surgical approach. Thus, correct diagnosis is necessary for treatment option. Qualifying scores according to the risk for choledocholithiasis seems to decrease the unnecessary number of procedures10.
The association between clinical, laboratory and ultrasound criteria has a sensitivity of 96-98% for diagnosis. The absence of these criteria takes less than 2% chance of choledocholithiasis4.
The cholecystolithiasis have complications such as cholecystitis, cholestatic syndrome, hepatic abscesses, acute biliary pancreatitis and cholangitis. Chronic obstruction can trigger cirrhosis and portal hypertension. In 10 years of disease, 2-3% of patients will develop some of these complications. So, it is recommended that all patients who have no surgical contraindication be submitted to cholecystectomy12.
For patients with symptomatic gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy with possible symptoms correlated to choledocholithiasis, must be instituted intraoperative cholangiography for all patients. If calculi are detected should be performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the same surgical moment, with common bile duct exploration or transcystic exploration3.
This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratory markers and choledocholithiasis imaging results, preoperatively.
METHODS
This study followed the ethical criteria recommended by Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council (CNS) of the Ministry of Health, and was submitted for approval by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Hospital before its realization.
This is a retrospective study that included all patients of Regional Hospital of São José, SC, Brazil that looked for assistance at the surgical emergency from March 2013 to February 2014. The sample with suspected choledocholithiasis on admission consisted in 254 patients. They were divided into two groups: the control group (207 patients), without choledocholithiasis intraoperatively, and the case group (47 patients), with choledocholithiasis intraoperatively. Search was based on all records, taking in account the operation list performed in the hospital in that period of time. There was no contact with the patient.
The sample obeyed the following inclusion criteria: men and women over the age of 18 with diagnosis or suspicion of cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, cholangitis and choledocholithiasis, referenced to general surgery emergency service.
Exclusion criteria were patients undergoing cholecystectomy and those who did not undergo to surgery or had registration error by operation name.
The identified variables were: age, gender, comorbidities, and reason for admission (presence of pain in the right upper quadrant, fever, jaundice, acute pancreatitis). The entry of laboratory tests were analyzed - total bilirubin and fractions, glutamino pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) transaminase glutamino-oxalacetic (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP). Imaging studies were: total abdominal ultrasound as the presence of gallstones, biliary tract dilatation and choledocholithiasis; CT scan showing dilatation of the bile ducts and the presence of choledocholithiasis; magnetic nuclear resonance cholangiopancreatography with the presence of choledocholithiasis.
Was considered diagnostic of acute pancreatitis when two or more of these criteria were present: 1) acute or persistent abdominal/epigastric pain, often radiating to the back; 2) serum amylase or lipase three times the reference value; and 3) characteristic of acute pancreatitis in computed tomography with contrast, ultrasound or nuclear magnetic resonance1.
For the diagnosis of cholangitis was taken into consideration the triad of Charcot (pain in the right upper quadrant, fever and jaundice)7. Jaundice was defined as serum total bilirubin greater than 5 mg/dl11. It was considered main bile duct/common bile duct dilated when it was in caliber greater than 6 mm6.
Regarding complications were considered the ones occurred in the in- and out-patient follow-up till surgical release.
The diagnosis of choledocholithiasis was performed intraoperatively and verified through the surgical descriptions.
As hospitalization time, was considered the day of the surgery until hospital discharge; so, the preoperative hospital stay was not considered, and also not the time as outpatient.
Were enrolled only patients who met the inclusion criteria.
Multivariate analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0® from database typed in Microsoft Excel® 2007. The significance level was 95% (p <0.05), with values between 5% and 10% considered borderline.
RESULTS
The sample was homogeneous for age and gender. It was observed that in case group, 47% of patients showed no comorbidity conditions (Table 1).
TABLE 1. General characteristics of the study population (n=254).
| General characteristics | With choledocholithiasis n (%) | Without choledocholithiasis (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| n=47 | n=207 | ||
| Gender | 0,649 | ||
| Female | 29(62) | 137 (66) | |
| Male | 18 (38) | 72 (34) | |
| Age* | 49 ± 15,7 | 56 ± 18,17 | 0,072 |
| Comorbidities | 0,013 | ||
| HAS£ | 4 (8) | 19 (9) | |
| HAS + DM¢ | 4 (8) | 23 (11) | |
| Others | 17 (37) | 29 (15) | |
| Without comorbidities | 22 (47) | 136 (65) |
HAS=systemic arterial hypertension;
DM=diabetes mellitus;
Values expressed as mean and standard deviation
Regarding the reason for hospitalization, was observed in case group 12.8% with acute pancreatitis, 30% jaundice, fever 30% and 95% pain in the right hypochondrium. Comparing the two groups it was found that jaundice, and fever were the clinical signs and symptoms with statistical significance (Table 2).
TABLE 2. Reasons for hospitalization (n = 254).
| Hospitalization reasons | With choledocholithiasis n(%) n=47 | Without choledocholithiasis n (%) n=207 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cholangitis | ||||
| Yes | 9 (19) | 1(1) | <0,001 | |
| No | 38 (81) | 206 (99) | ||
| Pain on right hypochondrium | 45 (95) | 203 (98) | 0,344 | |
| Fever | 14 (30) | 26 (12) | 0,003 | |
| Jaundice | 14 (30) | 6 (3) | <0,001 | |
| Biliar acute pancreatitis | 6 (12,8) | 182(87) | 0,896 | |
Patients with choledocolithiasis had transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, higher gamma-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin than the group without choledocolithiasis with statistical significance (Table 3).
TABLE 3. Results of laboratory tests of the analyzed population (n=254).
| Exams | With choledocholithiasis n=47 | Without choledocholithiasis n=207 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGO 1* | 68 ± 68,7 | 38 ±69,7 | 0,003 | |
| TGP2* | 92 ± 70,8 | 42 ± 67,9 | 0,001 | |
| GGT3* | 452 ± 561,4 | 105 ± 184,3 | 0,013 | |
| Alcaline phosphatase* | 202 ± 238,1 | 92 ± 67,9 | 0,002 | |
| Total bilirrubin* | 2,33 ± 5,03 | 0,81 ± 2,1 | 0,004 | |
| Direct | 1,66 ± 3,5 | 0,08 ± 1,17 | 0,001 | |
| Indirect | 0,81 ± 2,4 | 0,51 ± 2,81 | 0,006 | |
TGO=transaminase glutamino-oxalacetic;
TGP=transaminase glutaminopiruvic;
GGT=gama-glutamil transferase
Values expressed as mean and standard deviation
It is observed that AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase showed similar sensitivity, but only alkaline phosphatase showed high specificity. GGT showed high sensitivity (93%) but low specificity (63%) (Table 4).
TABLE 4. Presence or absence of laboratory abnormalities and their sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of choledocolithiasis (n = 254).
| Exams | Sensibility % | Specificity % | p* | VPP£ | VPN¢ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGO1 | 70 | 68 | 0,043 | 0,33 | 0,90 |
| TGP2 | 74 | 59 | 0,050 | 0,29 | 0,91 |
| Alcaline phosphatase | 78 | 99 | 0,039 | 0,90 | 0,84 |
| GGT3 | 93 | 63 | 0,042 | 0,25 | 0,96 |
| Total bilirrubin | 29 | 97 | 0,050 | 0,70 | 0,86 |
TGO=transaminase glutamino-oxalacetic;
TGP=transaminase glutaminopiruvic;
GGT=gama-glutamil transferase;
values given by the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic);
positive predictive value;
negative predictive value
With regard to imaging tests, it was observed that ultrasound had good accuracy for cholelithiasis and choledocolithiasis (p<0.001), but with low positive predictive value (Table 5).
TABLE 5. Imaging tests performed (n = 254).
| Exams | With choledocholithiasis n=47 | Without choledocholithiasis n=207 | p | VPP* | VPN** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USG1 | ||||||
| Colelithiasis | 29 (61) | 192 (92) | 0,001 | - | - | |
| Biliary dilatation | 17 (36) | 16 (7) | 0,046 | 0,51 | 0,86 | |
| Choledocholithiasis | 16 (34) | 9 (4) | 0,64 | 0,86 | ||
| TC2 | ||||||
| Biliary dilatation | 16 (34) | 13 (6) | 0,001 | 0,55 | 0,86 | |
| Choledocholithiasis | 14 (29) | 2 (1) | 0,87 | 0,86 | ||
| CholangioRNM3 | 0,001 | |||||
| Choledocholithiasis | 29 (61) | 5 (2) | 0,73 | 0,91 | ||
ColangioRNM=nuclear cholangioresonance;
USG=ultrasonography;
TC= abdominal tomography;
positive predictive value;
negative predictive value
Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 34% and specificity of 95% for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis (with 95% CI, p=0.46). Regarding the tomography, the results of sensitivity and specificity were 55% and 86% respectively. Cholangioresonance had 73% sensitivity and 91% specificity.
The most used surgical procedure was cholecystectomy, due to 207 patients showed no calculi evidence. Only one cholecystectomy was performed with choledocholithiasis evidence in imaging exams, being held endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography postoperatively.
For patients with choledocholithiasis in imaging, the most widely used laparoscopic procedure was cholecystectomy associated to choledochotomy.
Postoperative complications were higher in the group with choledocholithiasis, with statistical significance (Table 6).
TABLE 6. Postoperative complications of the operations performed for patients with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis (n=254).
| Postoperative complications | With choledocholithiasis n=47 | Without choledocholithiasis n=207 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residual calculi | |||
| Biliary fistula | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | |
| Infection in surgical site | 3 (6) | 4 (2) | |
| Pulmonary | 4 (8) | 11 (5) | |
| complications | 1 (2) | 2 (1) | 0,001 |
| Urinary complications | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
| Death | 3 (6) | 3 (1) | |
| Others | 0 (0) | 7 (3) | |
| No complications | 33 (34) | 181 (87) |
Patients with choledocolithiasis had discharged an average of 9.21 days (variance 7.02) and no choledocolithiasis with an average of 3.71 days (variance 6.94) (p=0.18).
DISCUSSION
This paper presented homogeneous sample; by gender, it was different from the literature9; for age, showed no differences to the already was published. Among the comorbidities, Citra et al refer as associated factors diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia with statistical significance, which disagrees with the present study that, although the sample had statistical significance, showed no specific comorbidity related to choledocolithiasis2, 5.
Fields et al. (2004) presented a study with 23 cases of choledocholithiasis without cholangitis or acute pancreatitis, which differs from the population studied in this paper2.4.
It was observed that patients with choledocholithiasis showed elevation of bilirubin; but what stood out most was increased GGT. Citra et al found that alkaline phosphatase was altered in 98% of cases, which differs from the present study5. Fields et al. (2004) showed similar results, with transaminases changing significatively4.
Citra et al. showed that ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 95% for choledocholithiasis. These results conflict with the present study. This discrepancy can be attributed by being the exam operator dependent and that technical difficulty may vary according to the patient body type, which is not addressed in this study5, 2.
According to William et al (2009), nuclear magnetic colangiopancreatoresonance has a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 93%, which corroborates with these findings. These authors present the CT with a specificity of 65-93% which emphasizes the heterogeneity of the studies over computed tomography as diagnostic method for pre-operative choledocholithiasis12, 6.
Choledocholithiasis treatment differs in main bile duct calculi guidelines. William et al (2009) show that patients with it should undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography preferably at the same time of cholecystectomy. In service where this study was prepared this type of therapy is not available; one patient was referred to another hospital for resolution of symptoms after cholecistectomy12.
CONCLUSION
Changes in canalicular and transaminase enzymes are suggestive for preoperative choledocholithiasis; GGT showed better sensitivity and alkaline phosphatase greater specificity; ultrasonography and nuclear magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed high specificity.
Footnotes
Financial source: none
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