Abstract
Aims and objectives
Evaluate continuous vital sign surveillance as a tool to improve patient safety in the medical/surgical unit.
Background
Failure‐to‐rescue is an important measure of hospital quality. Patient deterioration is often preceded by changes in vital signs. However, continuous multi‐parameter vital sign monitoring may decrease patient safety with an abundance of unnecessary alarms.
Design
Prospective observational study at two geographically disperse hospitals in a single hospital system.
Methods
A multi‐parameter vital sign monitoring system was installed in a medical/surgical unit in Utah and one in Alabama providing continuous display of SpO2, heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate on a central station. Alarm thresholds and time to alert annunciations were set based on prior analysis of the distribution of each vital sign. At the end of 4 weeks, nurses completed a survey on their experience. An average alert per patient, per day was determined retrospectively from the saved vital signs data and knowledge of the alarm settings.
Results
Ninety‐two per cent of the nurses agreed that the number of alarms and alerts were appropriate; 54% strongly agreed. On average, both units experienced 10·8 alarms per patient, per day. One hundred per cent agreed the monitor provided valuable patient data that increased patient safety; 79% strongly agreed.
Conclusions
Continuous, multi‐parameter patient monitoring could be performed on medical/surgical units with a small and appropriate level of alarms. Continuous vital sign assessment may have initiated nursing interventions that prevented failure‐to‐rescue events. Nurses surveyed unanimously agreed that continuous vital sign surveillance will help enhance patient safety.
Relevance to clinical practice
Nursing response to abnormal vital signs is one of the most important levers in patient safety, by providing timely recognition of early clinical deterioration. This occurs through diligent nursing surveillance, involving assessment, interpretation of data, recognition of a problem and meaningful response.
Keywords: alarm fatigue, failure‐to‐rescue, nursing interventions, patient monitoring, patient safety, vital signs
What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community?
Provides examples of nursing interventions in response to continuous vital sign monitoring that may improve patient safety.
Demonstrates that multi‐parameter vital sign surveillance can be accomplished in a medical/surgical unit with an alarm rate acceptable to nurses.
Aims
Improving patient safety is an important focus of nursing leadership. The aim of this study was to assess nursing experience with continuous vital sign monitoring as a method for improving patient safety in the medical/surgical unit.
Background
Failure‐to‐rescue (FTR) is defined as the number of deaths in patients who develop postoperative complications and is one of the metrics recommended by the National Quality Forum as a measure of hospital quality (www.qualityforum.org/QPS). High FTR rates and delayed escalation of care are influenced by the recognition of patient deterioration followed by communication of patient deterioration to implement appropriate care (Johnston et al. 2015). It has been demonstrated that there are clear signs of patient deterioration hours before events such as cardiopulmonary arrest (Schein et al. 1990). Regular assessment of multi‐parameter vital signs has been shown to be important in identifying patients at risk for serious adverse events, allowing time for nursing interventions to prevent FTR (Storm‐Versloot et al. 2014). One of the concerns of implementing continuous, simultaneous monitoring of multiple vital signs is an abundance of unnecessary audible alerts which interrupt nursing work flow and decrease, rather than improve patient safety (Graham & Cvach 2010). The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of continuous, noninvasive, multi‐parameter vital sign monitoring on nurses' assessment of patient safety.
Design
This was a prospective, observational study at two geographically dispersed hospitals in a single hospital system.
Methods
A continuous vital sign monitoring system (Sotera Wireless Inc., San Diego, CA) was installed in a med/surg unit in a 49‐bed acute care facility in Utah (Unit 1) and a med/surg unit in a 175‐bed full‐service hospital in Alabama (Unit 2). The monitoring system provided continuous display of SpO2, heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and respiration rate (RR) on a central station. Measurements and waveforms were sent wirelessly to a central server for retrospective analysis of alarm rates. Nurses received formal training in the use of the system for continuous monitoring of their patients' vital signs prior to initiation of this study. Alarm thresholds and time to alert annunciations were set based on prior analysis of the distribution of each vital sign.
Nurses in each unit kept a log of interventions performed in response to alerts issued by the monitoring system. At the end of 4 weeks, nurses were asked to complete a survey on their experience using the monitor. The nurses were asked if they strongly agreed, agreed, were neutral, disagreed or strongly disagreed with 12 statements. Three of the statements focused on patient safety (Table 1).
Table 1.
Survey statements related to patient safety
| The number of alarms/alerts was appropriate. |
| Being able to view my patient's posture from the central station increased his/her safety. |
| I am satisfied with the performance of the monitor and believe it provides valuable data that will enhance patient safety. |
Responses to the patient safety survey were tabulated in aggregate for both hospitals. Nursing leadership reviewed the intervention logs and identified interventions that may have prevented serious complications. An average alert per patient, per day was determined retrospectively from the vital signs data saved on the server and knowledge of the alarm settings.
Results
In Unit 1, monitors were installed at 16 beds, and 123 patients were monitored. In Unit 2, monitors were installed at 24 beds, and 113 patients were monitored. Each patient was monitored for an average of 3 days. A total of 24 nurses completed the survey, 16 in Unit 1 and eight in Unit 2.
Ninety‐two per cent (92%) of the nurses agreed that the number of alarms and alerts were appropriate; 54% strongly agreed. The actual numbers of alarms for both units are shown in Table 2. On average, both units experienced 10·8 alarms per patient, per day.
Table 2.
Average number of alarms/patient/day for multi‐parameter monitoring
| Unit 1 | Unit 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | 1·5 | 4·1 |
| Heart Rate | 4·6 | 3·4 |
| Respiration Rate | 0·5 | 1·1 |
| SpO2 | 3·0 | 3·2 |
| Total | 9·7 | 11·8 |
One hundred per cent of surveyed nurses agreed that posture information helped increase patient safety; 75% strongly agreed. One hundred per cent agreed the monitor provided valuable patient data that increased patient safety; 79% strongly agreed.
Table 3 shows examples of interventions resulting from system alerts that the nursing team identified as having a significant impact on patient safety.
Table 3.
Examples of alert‐initiated interventions
| Intervention | |
|---|---|
| Blood Pressure | The nurse received a low BP alert after the first dose of a new drug was given. The physician was notified, additional testing done and the drug was discontinued. |
| Heart Rate | The nurse was alerted with a high HR alarm and the physician was notified. The patient was diagnosed with new atrial fibrillation and medically treated. |
| Respiration Rate | The nurse received a RR alert for a patient requiring CPAP. On visiting the patient's room it was discovered that the CPAP equipment had failed, resulting in a call to repair the equipment. |
| SpO2 | The nurse was alerted to a low SpO2 (69%). On examination it was determined that the patient had removed the O2 cannula to go to the bathroom and did not replace it. The patient and family were educated on the importance of keeping the O2 on and an extension tube was provided to allow the patient to reach the bathroom without removing the cannula. |
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that continuous, multi‐parameter patient monitoring could be performed on medical/surgical units with a small and appropriate level of audible alerts. Continuous vital sign assessment may, in some cases, have initiated nursing interventions that prevented failure‐to‐rescue events. Nurses surveyed unanimously agreed that continuous vital sign surveillance will help enhance patient safety.
Relevance to clinical practice
Nursing response to abnormal vital signs is one of the most important levers in patient safety, by providing timely recognition of early clinical deterioration. This occurs through diligent nursing surveillance, a process involving assessment, interpretation of data, recognition of a problem and meaningful response (DeVita et al. 2011). Continuous noninvasive vital sign monitoring combined with meaningful alarm notification, enables nurses to move beyond intuitive judgment to evidence‐based practice, using physiological trended data for timely intervention, at the earliest signs of deterioration. Analysis of nursing intervention to alarms and abnormal vital signs will generate new knowledge on how best to identify and respond to early signs of deterioration. This will, in turn, improve safety and advance nursing practice.
Funding
Sotera Wireless provided assistance in the development of the nursing survey and determination of the alarm rates.
Contributions
Study design: PB, TW, LW; Data collection and analysis: PB, TW, LW; Manuscript preparation: PB, TW, LW.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Kerry Blakely and Tara Garcia for providing the training on the monitoring system and their assistance in developing the Nurse Survey questions. We are grateful to Brooke Skora for her assistance in determining the alarm rates.
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