Abstract
Internal biliary fistula is a rare complication of a common surgical disease, cholelithiasis. It is seen in 0.74% of all biliary tract surgeries and is thought to be a result of repeated inflammatory periods of the gallbladder. In this report we present a case of incomplete cholecystogastric and cholecystoduodenal fistulae in a single patient missed by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and diagnosed intraoperatively. In the literature there is only one report of an incomplete cholecystogastric fistula. To our knowledge this is the first case of double incomplete internal biliary fistulae.
1. Introduction
Cholelithiasis is a common surgical problem. It is usually treated laparoscopically and resolves without complication. Cholecystoenteric fistula, which may occasionally be multiple, is a rare long term complication of gallstone disease [1]. It has been reported in 0.74% of patients undergoing biliary tract surgery [2, 3]. Cholecystoduodenal fistula is the most common form (53%) while cholecystogastric fistula is the rarest (3%) [4]. Incomplete internal biliary fistula has been reported only once in 1955 by Chamberlain [5]. In this report, we present a case of double incomplete internal biliary fistula, cholecystogastric, and cholecystoduodenal, which to our knowledge is one of its kind.
2. Case Report
A 69-year-old male was admitted to hospital for one-week history of abdominal pain and jaundice. He denied previous periods of abdominal pain, acholic gaita, and weight loss. His past medical history included diabetes mellitus, regulated by oral antidiabetics and myocardial infarction followed by 3 cardiac stent placements.
His physical examination was remarkable for jaundice and tenderness in right upper quadrant. He did not show any evidence of guarding or rebound tenderness and was negative for Murphy's sign. His vital signs were within normal range.
Laboratory workup revealed slight anemia (Hb: 12.8 g/dL) and elevated liver enzymes (ALT: 601 U/L, AST: 205 U/L, GGT: 623 U/L, and ALP: 279 U/L) and high bilirubin level with direct bilirubin dominance (total bilirubin: 1.35 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 0.93 mg/dL). Abdominal sonography showed multiple millimetric gallstones in the gallbladder. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed due to his jaundice. During ERCP, common hepatic duct and the choledoch duct were found to be dilated and two millimetric gallstones were extracted from distal choledoch following papillotomy.
Six weeks after ERCP, he was taken to the operating room with normal liver function tests. Laparoscopic exploration revealed dense adhesions between the gallbladder, stomach, and duodenum. It was converted to open surgery due to difficulty in dissection. After meticulous adhesiolysis, two fistula tracts, cholecystogastric and cholecystoduodenal, have been identified. First the cholecystogastric fistula was excised and a 1 cm gallstone was extracted from the stomach wall (Figure 1). When a clamp was advanced through the opening to explore for more stones it has been discovered that the fistula had not reached the mucosa yet and the fistula was incomplete. To verify this, nasogastric tube was advanced beyond the fistula site and it passed into duodenum easily. The same procedure was repeated for the cholecystoduodenal fistula and it was also found to be an incomplete fistula (Figure 2). The seromuscular defects were repaired primarily and cholecystectomy was performed. Postoperative course was uneventful. There was no evidence of biliary leak. Patients' vital signs and blood count analysis were normal. He started oral feeding on postoperative day two. His drains were removed the next day and the patient was discharged successfully.
Figure 1.
Incomplete cholecystogastric fistula. (a) Fistula tract between the gallbladder and stomach. (b, c) Appearance after fistulectomy. The arrow indicates the fistula opening on the stomach wall. The arrowhead indicates the fistula opening on the gallbladder (GB: gallbladder and S: stomach).
Figure 2.
Incomplete cholecystoduodenal fistula. The arrow indicates the cholecystoduodenal fistula. The arrowhead indicates the cholecystogastric fistula opening on the gallbladder, which was previously excised.
3. Discussion
Internal biliary fistula is an uncommon surgical pathology primarily affecting geriatric population [4]. It is usually diagnosed intraoperatively unless a unique symptom such as gastric outlet obstruction (as in Bouveret's syndrome) or vomiting gallstones is present. ERCP is the gold standard modality for the diagnosis of biliary fistula [6–8]. The current patient also had preoperative ERCP; however, the fistulae were missed due to an uncommon presentation. Since the fistulae were incomplete, the gallstones were stuck in the muscular layer of the stomach and duodenum wall. That is why the fistulae could not be seen by the endoscope. That is also why the contrast substance could not pass into the lumen and show the fistula tract. A bilioenteric fistula may cause gallstone ileus, Bouveret's syndrome, and gastrointestinal bleeding due to the presence of the stone in the alimentary tract. Pneumobilia may be significant in patients without a history of bilioenteric anastomosis [9, 10]. None of these symptoms were present in our patients as the fistula tract was incomplete. A history of jaundice has been reported in 50% of patients, which was also the case in the patient [11].
Majority of spontaneous internal biliary fistulae (91–94%) result from gallstone disease [12]. Less common causes are peptic ulcer disease and neoplasms of the stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, colon, or bile ducts [6, 13]. According to Glenn, after stone formation, an inflammatory process results in adhesions between gallbladder and adjacent viscus. Repeated periods of such inflammatory process result in the destruction of the wall of gallbladder and adjacent viscus ultimately resulting in fistula formation [10, 14]. Our patient does not only support this theory but also shows us the ongoing process of fistula formation. He had enough amount of inflammation for the gallstones to penetrate the gallbladder but not enough to penetrate through the mucosa yet.
In conclusion, cholelithiasis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy are one of the most common clinical conditions and performed operations in daily general surgery practice. Although both are well known to surgeons, there may be still surprising complications. Internal biliary fistula should be kept in mind while taking down the adhesions around the gallbladder.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors' Contribution
Kemal Beksac, Arman Erkan, and Volkan Kaynaroglu contributed equally to this work.
References
- 1.Tahir O. M., Fedele C. R., Sneider M. B., Collins D. S., Maloney D. B. Cholecystocolonic fistula. Delaware Medical Journal. 2014;86(12):373–375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Atli A. O., Coskun T., Ozenc A., Hersek E. Biliary enteric fistulas. International Surgery. 1997;82(3):280–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Shenoy S. Spontaneous internal biliary fistulas from gallstones: Mirizzi's syndrome, cholecystoenteric fistula, and gallstone ileus. The American Surgeon. 2014;80(4):409–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Angrisani L., Corcione F., Tartaglia A., et al. Cholecystoenteric fistula (CF) is not a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery. Surgical Endoscopy. 2001;15(9):1038–1041. doi: 10.1007/s004640000317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Chamberlain B. E. Incomplete cholecystogastric fistula. The American Journal of Surgery. 1955;90(1):153–154. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(55)90676-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Inal M., Oğuz M., Aksungur E., Soyupak S., Börüban S., Akgül E. Biliary-enteric fistulas: report of five cases and review of the literature. European Radiology. 1999;9(6):1145–1151. doi: 10.1007/s003300050810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Yamashita H., Chijiiwa K., Ogawa Y., Kuroki S., Tanaka M. The internal biliary fistula—reappraisal of incidence, type, diagnosis and management of 33 consecutive cases. HPB Surgery. 1997;10(3):143–147. doi: 10.1155/1997/95363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Nakamura M., Hamanaka Y., Kawamura A., Suzuki T. Successful preoperative diagnosis of a cholecystogastric fistula using endoscopic retrograde cholangiography: report of a case. Surgery Today. 1997;27(6):567–570. doi: 10.1007/bf02385814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Chowbey P. K., Bandyopadhyay S. K., Sharma A., Khullar R., Soni V., Baijal M. Laparoscopic management of cholecystoenteric fistulas. Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. 2006;16(5):467–472. doi: 10.1089/lap.2006.16.467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.De Keuleneer R., Maassarani F., Lallemand B. Mirizzi syndrome with a double biliary fistula. Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 2002;102(5):345–347. doi: 10.1080/00015458.2002.11679331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Piedad O. H., Wels P. B. Spontaneous internal biliary fistula, obstructive and nonobstructive types: twenty-year review of 55 cases. Annals of Surgery. 1972;175(1):75–80. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197201000-00013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Nakagawara M., Kajimura M., Hanai H., Kaneko E. Preservative treatment for biliobiliary fistula. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999;29(2):190–192. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199909000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Jung H. I., Ahn T., Cho S. W., Bae S. H., Lee M. S., Kim C. H. Incidental cholecystojejunal fistula treated with successful laparoscopic management. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 2014;87(5):276–278. doi: 10.4174/astr.2014.87.5.276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Glenn F., Reed C., Grafe W. R. Biliary enteric fistula. Surgery Gynecology & Obstetrics. 1981;153(4):527–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]