Skip to main content
PMC home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 1995 Jul;50(7):797–804. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.7.797

Sleep-related breathing disorder.2. Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea.

D P White 1
PMCID: PMC474658  PMID: 7570420

Full text

PDF

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Berry R. B., Bonnet M. H., Light R. W. Effect of ethanol on the arousal response to airway occlusion during sleep in normal subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Feb;145(2 Pt 1):445–452. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/145.2_Pt_1.445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berry R. B., McCasland C. R., Light R. W. The effect of triazolam on the arousal response to airway occlusion during sleep in normal subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Nov;146(5 Pt 1):1256–1260. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.5_Pt_1.1256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Berthon-Jones M., Sullivan C. E. Ventilation and arousal responses to hypercapnia in normal sleeping humans. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Jul;57(1):59–67. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1984.57.1.59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bowes G., Townsend E. R., Bromley S. M., Kozar L. F., Phillipson E. A. Role of the carotid body and of afferent vagal stimuli in the arousal response to airway occlusion in sleeping dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Jun;123(6):644–647. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.123.6.644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bradley T. D., Martinez D., Rutherford R., Lue F., Grossman R. F., Moldofsky H., Zamel N., Phillipson E. A. Physiological determinants of nocturnal arterial oxygenation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985 Nov;59(5):1364–1368. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.5.1364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brown I. G., Zamel N., Hoffstein V. Pharyngeal cross-sectional area in normal men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1986 Sep;61(3):890–895. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Douglas N. J., White D. P., Weil J. V., Pickett C. K., Martin R. J., Hudgel D. W., Zwillich C. W. Hypoxic ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal men. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Mar;125(3):286–289. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.125.3.286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Douglas N. J., White D. P., Weil J. V., Pickett C. K., Zwillich C. W. Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Nov;126(5):758–762. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.5.758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fletcher E. C., DeBehnke R. D., Lovoi M. S., Gorin A. B. Undiagnosed sleep apnea in patients with essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Aug;103(2):190–195. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-2-190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gleeson K., Zwillich C. W., White D. P. The influence of increasing ventilatory effort on arousal from sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Aug;142(2):295–300. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.2.295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. HODES R., DEMENT W. C. DEPRESSION OF ELECTRICALLY INDUCED REFLEXES ("H-REFLEXES") IN MAN DURING LOW VOLTAGE EEG "SLEEP". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1964 Dec;17:617–629. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(64)90229-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Haponik E. F., Smith P. L., Bohlman M. E., Allen R. P., Goldman S. M., Bleecker E. R. Computerized tomography in obstructive sleep apnea. Correlation of airway size with physiology during sleep and wakefulness. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Feb;127(2):221–226. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.2.221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. He J., Kryger M. H., Zorick F. J., Conway W., Roth T. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea. Experience in 385 male patients. Chest. 1988 Jul;94(1):9–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hendricks J. C., Petrof B. J., Panckeri K., Pack A. I. Upper airway dilating muscle hyperactivity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in English bulldogs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jul;148(1):185–194. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Horner R. L., Innes J. A., Holden H. B., Guz A. Afferent pathway(s) for pharyngeal dilator reflex to negative pressure in man: a study using upper airway anaesthesia. J Physiol. 1991 May;436:31–44. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Horner R. L., Innes J. A., Murphy K., Guz A. Evidence for reflex upper airway dilator muscle activation by sudden negative airway pressure in man. J Physiol. 1991 May;436:15–29. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018536. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hudgel D. W., Harasick T. Fluctuation in timing of upper airway and chest wall inspiratory muscle activity in obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1990 Aug;69(2):443–450. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.2.443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hudgel D. W. Variable site of airway narrowing among obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1986 Oct;61(4):1403–1409. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.4.1403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Issa F. G., McNamara S. G., Sullivan C. E. Arousal responses to airway occlusion in sleeping dogs: comparison of nasal and tracheal occlusions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987 May;62(5):1832–1836. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1832. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kubota K., Tanaka R. The fusimotor activity and natural sleep in the cat. Brain Res. 1966 Dec;3(2):198–201. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(66)90078-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mathew O. P., Abu-Osba Y. K., Thach B. T. Influence of upper airway pressure changes on genioglossus muscle respiratory activity. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982 Feb;52(2):438–444. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1982.52.2.438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mathew O. P. Upper airway negative-pressure effects on respiratory activity of upper airway muscles. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Feb;56(2):500–505. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1984.56.2.500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mezzanotte W. S., Tangel D. J., White D. P. Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism). J Clin Invest. 1992 May;89(5):1571–1579. doi: 10.1172/JCI115751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Onal E., Lopata M., O'Connor T. D. Diaphragmatic and genioglossal electromyogram responses to CO2 rebreathing in humans. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981 May;50(5):1052–1055. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1981.50.5.1052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Onal E., Lopata M., O'Connor T. D. Diaphragmatic and genioglossal electromyogram responses to isocapnic hypoxia in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Sep;124(3):215–217. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.124.3.215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Onal E., Lopata M. Periodic breathing and the pathogenesis of occlusive sleep apneas. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Oct;126(4):676–680. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.4.676. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Orem J., Dick T. Consistency and signal strength of respiratory neuronal activity. J Neurophysiol. 1983 Nov;50(5):1098–1107. doi: 10.1152/jn.1983.50.5.1098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Orem J., Osorio I., Brooks E., Dick T. Activity of respiratory neurons during NREM sleep. J Neurophysiol. 1985 Nov;54(5):1144–1156. doi: 10.1152/jn.1985.54.5.1144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Phillipson E. A., Sullivan C. E. Arousal: the forgotten response to respiratory stimuli. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978 Nov;118(5):807–809. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1978.118.5.807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Podszus T., Bauer W., Mayer J., Penzel T., Peter J. H., von Wichert P. Sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension. Klin Wochenschr. 1986 Feb 3;64(3):131–134. doi: 10.1007/BF01732637. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Podszus T., Bauer W., Mayer J., Penzel T., Peter J. H., von Wichert P. Sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension. Klin Wochenschr. 1986 Feb 3;64(3):131–134. doi: 10.1007/BF01732637. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Remmers J. E., deGroot W. J., Sauerland E. K., Anch A. M. Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1978 Jun;44(6):931–938. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1978.44.6.931. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Roehrs T., Zorick F., Wittig R., Conway W., Roth T. Predictors of objective level of daytime sleepiness in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. Chest. 1989 Jun;95(6):1202–1206. doi: 10.1378/chest.95.6.1202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rubinstein I., Slutsky A. S., Zamel N., Hoffstein V. Paradoxical glottic narrowing in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest. 1988 Apr;81(4):1051–1055. doi: 10.1172/JCI113416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Shepard J. W., Jr, Garrison M. W., Grither D. A., Dolan G. F. Relationship of ventricular ectopy to oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1985 Sep;88(3):335–340. doi: 10.1378/chest.88.3.335. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Stauffer J. L., Zwillich C. W., Cadieux R. J., Bixler E. O., Kales A., Varano L. A., White D. P. Pharyngeal size and resistance in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Sep;136(3):623–627. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.3.623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Strohl K. P., Olson L. G. Concerning the importance of pharyngeal muscles in the maintenance of upper airway patency during sleep. An opinion. Chest. 1987 Nov;92(5):918–920. doi: 10.1378/chest.92.5.918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Tangel D. J., Mezzanotte W. S., White D. P. Influence of sleep on tensor palatini EMG and upper airway resistance in normal men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1991 Jun;70(6):2574–2581. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Van de Graaff W. B. Thoracic influence on upper airway patency. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988 Nov;65(5):2124–2131. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.2124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Warner G., Skatrud J. B., Dempsey J. A. Effect of hypoxia-induced periodic breathing on upper airway obstruction during sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987 Jun;62(6):2201–2211. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Wheatley J. R., Mezzanotte W. S., Tangel D. J., White D. P. Influence of sleep on genioglossus muscle activation by negative pressure in normal men. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Sep;148(3):597–605. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.3.597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. White D. P., Lombard R. M., Cadieux R. J., Zwillich C. W. Pharyngeal resistance in normal humans: influence of gender, age, and obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1985 Feb;58(2):365–371. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. White D. P. Obstructive sleep apnea. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1992 May 30;27(5A):57-63, 67-8, 73-8 passim. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Wiegand D. A., Latz B., Zwillich C. W., Wiegand L. Geniohyoid muscle activity in normal men during wakefulness and sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1990 Oct;69(4):1262–1269. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.4.1262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Wiegand L., Zwillich C. W., White D. P. Collapsibility of the human upper airway during normal sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989 Apr;66(4):1800–1808. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.4.1800. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Yasuma F., Kozar L. F., Kimoff R. J., Bradley T. D., Phillipson E. A. Interaction of chemical and mechanical respiratory stimuli in the arousal response to hypoxia in sleeping dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Jun;143(6):1274–1277. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.6.1274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. van Lunteren E., Strohl K. P. The muscles of the upper airways. Clin Chest Med. 1986 Jun;7(2):171–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES