The Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio Predicts Patient Survival and Aggressiveness of Ovarian Cancer

Abstract

Objective: To measure the prognostic value of the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

Methods: We retrospectively examined the LMR as a prognosticator in a cohort of 234 patients with EOC who underwent surgical resection. Patients were categorized into two different groups based on the LMR (LMR-low and LMR-high) using cut-off values determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of the LMR on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and to validate the LMR as an independent predictor of survival.

Results: Using the data collected from the whole cohort, the optimized LMR cut-off value selected on the ROC curve was 2.07 for both PFS and OS. The LMR-low and LMR-high groups included 48 (20.5%) and 186 patients (79.5%), respectively. The 5-year PFS rates in the LMR-low and LMR-high groups were 40.0 and 62.5% (P < 0.0001), respectively, and the 5-year OS rates in these two groups were 42.2 and 67.2% (P < 0.0001), respectively. On multivariate analysis, we identified age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, and cancer antigen 125 levels to be the strongest valuable prognostic factors affecting PFS (P = 0.0421, P = 0.0012, and P = 0.0313, respectively) and age, FIGO stage, and the LMR as the most valuable prognostic factors predicting OS (P = 0.0064, P = 0.0029, and P = 0.0293, respectively).

Conclusion: The LMR is an independent prognostic factor affecting the survival of patients with EOC.

Introduction

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the important causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide ¹. Although curative surgical resection is regarded as the primary treatment modality for ovarian cancer, most ovarian cancers are diagnosed too late ², and the majority of patients with advanced stage disease experience disease recurrence ³. Considering the poor prognosis, a method for accurately predicting the prognosis of patients with EOC after curative surgical resection is necessary to improve patient survival ⁴.

In patients with EOC, prognosis is determined based on analysis of cancer-related risk factors. A wide variety of features of high-risk cancer, including size of the tumor, size of the residual tumor ², stage of the cancer ⁵, lymph node status ⁶, histologic type ⁷, histologic grade ⁸, malignant ascites ⁹, and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels ¹⁰ are considered essential for predicting cancer-specific survival.

The outcomes of treatments in ovarian cancer patients are determined also by host-related risk factors including performance status, age ¹¹, white blood cell (WBC) ¹² and neutrophil counts ¹³, hemoglobin concentration ¹², platelet counts ¹², serum albumin levels ¹⁴, the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ^15-17, and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) ^{18, 19}.

The lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) is calculated as the absolute count of lymphocytes (ALC) divided by the absolute count of monocytes (AMC), and it has been suggested to be associated with survival in patients with malignant lymphomas ^20-22 and many solid tumors, including those of head and neck ^23-25, breast ²⁶, lung ^27-29, gastrointestinal tract ^30-37, and genitourinary system ^{38, 39} cancers. However, to the best of our knowledge, the prognostic value of the LMR in patients with EOC has never been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the value of the preoperative LMR for predicting survival in patients with EOC.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 234 patients who underwent primary debulking surgery for EOC at university hospitals between January 2006 and December 2013. Those who had been treated with radiotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded from the study. Patients with coexisting cancers or prior cancers other than non-melanoma skin cancers within the previous 5 years were also excluded from the study. Moreover, patients were ineligible for inclusion into the study if they had a concurrent autoimmune disease, or had evidence of infection. The retrospective review of these records was approved by the institutional review board, and this study was conducted in accordance with the detailed enforcement regulations of Korea and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Data including information on patient demographics was collected for analysis. Clinicopathologic variables including age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histologic type, histologic grade, size of the residual tumor, malignant ascites, and CA-125 levels were obtained retrospectively from patient medical records. Every cytoreduction was principally aimed at maximal tumor resection without visible residual tumor. Standard surgical procedures included midline laparotomy, total extrafascial hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, peritonectomy, bowel resection, omentectomy, splenectomy, and partial resection of other affected visceral organs. Ascites was collected after the incision was made for cytologic evaluation. If technically achievable, all visible cancer was resected to achieve optimal tumor debulking (leaving residual tumor ≤ 1 cm in maximal tumor diameter) ⁴⁰.

Histologic type classification was reviewed for consistency by a single pathologist. Subtypes included serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mixed cell tumors ¹⁷. Laboratory measurements, including CBCs and biochemical profile analyses, were conducted prior to the surgical resection as part of the routine evaluation. If numerous CBCs prior to surgery were available, the one that was performed on the nearby date before the surgical resection was selected for analysis. We determined optimized LMR cutoff values for predicting survival outcomes using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis; the best LMR cutoff value for both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 2.07. Patients were grouped according to the results of ROC curve analysis as follows: LMR-low (LMR ≤ 2.07) and LMR-high groups (LMR > 2.07). Differences in cancer- and host-related risk factors including age, FIGO stage, histologic type, histologic grade, optimal debulking (OD), and serum CA-125 levels between the LMR-low and LMR-high groups were analyzed. Independent-samples t-tests were used to assess continuous variables, whereas independent-samples chi-squared tests were used to assess categorical variables.

Response to primary adjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated according to RECIST criteria or Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup CA-125 criteria ^{41, 42}. Complete response (CR) was defined as the disappearance of all tumors for at least 4 weeks with normalization of CA-125 levels.

We also evaluated the impact of LMR differences between groups on both PFS and OS. PFS was defined as the time from chemotherapy initiation to disease progression. OS was measured from the date of surgery until death from any cause. Median PFS and OS were estimated by using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and survival curves were compared using log-rank tests. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate analysis. The variable that has been analysis in the univariate analysis includes age, histologic type, histologic grade, FIGO stage, OD, malignant ascites, CA-125 levels, serum albumin levels, WBC counts, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), ALC, AMC, hemoglobin concentration, platelet counts, NLR, PLR, an LMR.

To identify the most important prognostic factors for survival, the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used; variables with P-values < 0.1 were selected for multivariate analysis. All presented P-values are two-sided, and statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

The baseline characteristics of the patients are displayed in Table 1. Serous adenocarcinoma was the most common subtype (56.4%), and histologic grade 3 was the most frequent grade (48.3%) in our cohort. Endometriosis was additionally present in 20 patients (12.4%). In total, 82 (35.0%), 15 (6.4%), 118 (50.4%), and 19 (8.1%) patients had stage I, II, III, and IV disease, respectively. OD was performed in 203 (86.8%) patients. Malignant ascites was observed in 124 patients (53.0%). Response assessments to primary adjuvant chemotherapy were available for 211 patients, and CR was achieved in 147 (69.7%) patients. The median serum level of CA-125 was 290 units/mL, and the median serum albumin level was 4.2 g/dL.

Table 1.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of 234 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer

Variable		Median (range)
Age (years)		54 (14-84)
Histology, n (%)
	Serous	132 (56.4)
	Mucinous	35 (15.0)
	Clear cell	35 (15.0)
	Endometrioid	21 (10.0)
	Mixed epithelial	5 (2.1)
	Other	6 (2.6)
Histologic grade, n (%)
	G1	46 (19.7)
	G2	65 (27.8)
	G3	113 (48.3)
	Not available	10 (4.3)
Endometriosis, n (%)
	Absence	205 (87.6)
	Presence	29 (12.4)
FIGO Stage, n (%)
	I-II	97 (41.5)
	III-IV	137 (58.5)
Optimal debulking, n (%)
	No	31 (13.2)
	Yes	203 (86.8)
Malignant ascites, n (%)
	No	110 (47.0)
	Yes	124 (53.0)
CA-125 (Unit/mL)		290 (5-17619)
Albumin (g/dL)		4.2 (1.8-5.3)
WBC (per µL)		6790 (1530-18000)
ANC (per µL)		4661.9 (981.2-15480.0)
ALC (per µL)		1496.2 (212.7-5215.9)
AMC (per µL)		426.0 (116.3-2003.4)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)		12.4 (5.2-15.6)
Platelet (× 103/µL)		300 (104-1144)

CA-125, cancer antigen 125; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; AMC, absolute monocyte count

Regarding the stratification of patients according to the LMR, the LMR-low and LMR-high groups included 48 (20.5%) and 186 (79.5%) patients, respectively. To evaluate the relevance of the LMR, we assessed differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients according to the different LMR categories. Significant differences of mean between the LMR-low and LMR-high groups were found in the following continuous variables: age (P = 0.0341), serum CA-125 levels (P < 0.0001), serum albumin levels (P < 0.0001), WBC count (P < 0.0001), ANC (P < 0.0001), ALC (P < 0.0001), AMC (P < 0.0001), NLR (P < 0.0001) and PLR (P < 0.0001). Moreover, significant differences were found in categorical variables including FIGO stage (P < 0.0001) and malignant ascites (P < 0.0001), but not OD, histologic type, or tumor grade (Table 2).

Table 2.

Clinical and pathologic characteristics according to the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in 234 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer

Variable		LMR-low (≤ 2.07)			LMR-high (> 2.07)			P-value
		n (%)	Mean ± SD		n (%)	Mean ± SD
Age (years)		48	58.0 ± 12.5		186	53.7 ± 12.7		0.0341
Histology	Serous	33			99			0.0531
	Non-serous	15			87
Histologic grade	G1	7			39			0.2814
	G2/G3	40			138
FIGO stage	I-II	7			90			< 0.0001
	III-IV	41			96
Optimal debulking	No	8			23			0.4332
	Yes	40			163
Malignant ascites	No	12			98			< 0.0001
	Yes	36			88
CA-125 (Unit/mL)		48	1842.7 ± 3318.6		185	681.4 ± 1486.3		< 0.0001
Albumin (g/dL)		48	3.3 ± 0.7		186	4.2 ± 0.5		< 0.0001
WBC (per µL)		48	8876.5 ± 3551.9		186	7044.1 ± 2321.7		< 0.0001
ANC (per µL)		48	7107.5 ± 3296.5		186	4732.6 ± 2089.9		< 0.0001
ALC (per µL)		48	992.5 ± 446.8		186	1716.1 ± 663.6		< 0.0001
AMC (per µL)		48	684.7 ± 311.8		186	401.2 ± 166.5		< 0.0001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)		48	11.9 ± 1.8		186	12.3 ± 1.5		0.2128
Platelet (× 103/µL)		48	337.7 ± 172.9		186	308.5 ± 102.2		0.1335
NLR		48	8.3 ± 5.0		186	3.2 ± 2.1		< 0.0001
PLR		48	406.0 ± 322.6		186	205.4 ± 103.2		< 0.0001

P-values for comparisons of mean differences in continuous variables were obtained using a t-test.

P-values for comparisons of categorical variables were obtained using the chi-squared test.

CA-125, cancer antigen 125; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; AMC, absolute monocyte count; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-lymphocyte ratio

According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 5-year PFS rates in the LMR-low and LMR-high groups were 40.0 and 62.5% (P < 0.0001), respectively, and the 5-year OS rates in the two groups were 42.2 and 67.2%, respectively (P < 0.0001) (Fig. 1). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 5-year PFS rates in the lower (≤ 62 years) and higher (> 62 years) age groups were 65.2 and 35.0% (P < 0.0001), respectively, and the 5-year OS rates in these age groups were 69.6 and 39.9%, respectively (P < 0.0001). In addition, the 5-year PFS rates in patients with stage I/II and III/IV disease were 86.9 and 37.3% (P < 0.0001), respectively, and the 5-year OS rates in these two patient groups were 91.4 and 41.6%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Finally, the 5-year PFS rates in the lower (≤ 110.1 units/mL) and higher (> 110.1 units/mL) CA-125 groups were 85.2 and 43.0% (P < 0.0001), respectively, and the 5-year OS rates in these two groups were 81.0 and 51.6%, respectively (P = 0.0013) (Fig. 2).

Fig 1.

The LMR predicted progression-free survival and overall survival in 234 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. LMR, lymphocyte-monocyte ratio

Fig 2.

Progression-free and overall survival according to age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels in 234 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Univariate analysis for PFS identified a significant difference in several variables, including age (P = 0.0005), FIGO stage (P < 0.0001), OD (P = 0.0268), malignant ascites (P = 0.0025), CA-125 levels (P < 0.0001), serum albumin levels (P = 0.0023), ANC (P = 0.0061), ALC (P = 0.0027), hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.0099), platelet counts (P = 0.0338), NLR (P = 0.0005), PLR (P = 0.0042), and LMR (P = 0.0012). Using the multivariate approach for analysing survival time, we identified age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-2.67, P = 0.0421), FIGO stage (HR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.61-6.85, P = 0.0012), and CA-125 levels (HR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.08-4.81, P = 0.0313) as the strongest prognostic factors (Table 3).

Table 3.

Relationship of cancer- and host-related characteristics with progression-free survival in 234 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer

Variable	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR (95% CI)	P-value		HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years) (≤62 vs. >62)	2.32 (1.44, 3.72)	0.0005		1.65 (1.02, 2.67)	0.0421
Histology (serous vs. non-serous)
Histologic grade (G1 vs. G2/G3)
FIGO stage (I-II vs. III-IV)	5.17 (2.63, 10.17)	< 0.0001		3.32 (1.61, 6.85)	0.0012
Optimal debulking (yes vs. no)	1.91 (1.08, 3.40)	0.0268
Malignant ascites (no vs. yes)	2.27 (1.34, 3.86)	0.0025
CA-125 (Unit/mL ) (≤110.1 vs. >110.1)	4.48 (2.23, 8.99)	< 0.0001		2.28 (1.08, 4.81)	0.0313
Albumin (g/dL) (≤3.4 vs. >3.4)	0.47 (0.29, 0.76)	0.0023
WBC (per µL) (≤6400 vs. >6400)
ANC (per µL) (≤5053.4 vs. >5053.4)	1.92 (1.21, 3.06)	0.0061
ALC (per µL) (≤1142.0 vs. >1142.0)	0.49 (0.31, 0.78)	0.0027
AMC (per µL) (≤327.0 vs. >327.0)
Hemoglobin (g/dL) (≤12.0 vs. >12.0)	0.49 (0.29, 0.84)	0.0099
Platelet (x 103/µL) (≤277 vs. >277)	1.75 (1.05, 2.93)	0.0338
NLR (≤5.03 vs. >5.03)	2.34 (1.45, 3.77)	0.0005
PLR (≤246.80 vs. >246.80)	1.98 (1.24, 3.14)	0.0042
LMR (≤2.07 vs. >2.07)	0.40 (0.23, 0.69)	0.0012

Hazard ratios were obtained using Cox's proportional hazard model.

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CA-125, cancer antigen 125; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; AMC, absolute monocyte count; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-monocyte ratio

Univariate analysis for OS identified a significant difference in the same variables found to be significant for PFS: age (P = 0.0002), FIGO stage (P < 0.0001), OD (P = 0.0018), malignant ascites (P < 0.0001), CA-125 levels (P = 0.0022), serum albumin levels (P = 0.0012), ANC (P = 0.0121), ALC (P = 0.0290), hemoglobin concentration (P = 0.0099), platelet counts (P = 0.0285), NLR (P = 0.0103), PLR (P = 0.0003), and LMR (P = 0.0008). Using the multivariate statistical analysis for OS, age (HR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.24-3.76, P = 0.0064), FIGO stage (HR = 3.36, 95% CI = 1.52-7.47, P = 0.0029), and the LMR (HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.30-0.94, P = 0.0293) were identified as significant prognostic factors (Table 4).

Table 4.

Relationship of cancer- and host-related characteristics with overall survival in 234 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer

Variable	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR (95% CI)	P-value		HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years) (≤62 vs. >62)	2.74 (1.60, 4.70)	0.0002		2.16 (1.24, 3.76)	0.0064
Histology (serous vs. non-serous)
Histologic grade (G1 vs. G2/G3)
FIGO stage (I-II vs. III-IV)	4.56 (2.13, 9.78)	< 0.0001		3.36 (1.52, 7.47)	0.0029
Optimal debulking (yes vs. no)	2.63 (1.43, 4.84)	0.0018
Malignant ascites (no vs. yes)	3.28 (1.64, 6.56)	< 0.0001
CA-125 (Unit/mL ) (≤110.1 vs. >110.1)	3.06 (1.50, 6.25)	0.0022
Albumin (g/dL) (≤3.9 vs. >3.9)	0.45 (0.23, 0.69)	0.0012
WBC (per µL) (≤6400 vs. >6400)
ANC (per µL) (≤4955.0 vs. >4955.0)	2.01 (1.17, 3.44)	0.0121
ALC (per µL) (≤1350.0 vs. >1350.0)	0.55 (0.32, 0.94)	0.0290
AMC (per µL) (≤327.0 vs. >327.0)
Hemoglobin (g/dL) (≤12.0 vs. >12.0)	0.49 (0.29, 0.84)	0.0099
Platelet (x 103/µL) (≤282 vs. >282)	1.98 (1.08, 3.63)	0.0285
NLR (≤4.28 vs. >4.28)	2.01 (1.18, 3.43)	0.0103
PLR (≤292.50 vs. >292.50)	2.70 (1.58, 4.60)	0.0003
LMR (≤2.07 vs. >2.07)	0.40 (0.23, 0.68)	0.0008		0.53 (0.30, 0.94)	0.0293

Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox's proportional hazard model.

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CA-125, cancer antigen 125; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; AMC, absolute monocyte count; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-lymphocyte ratio; LMR, lymphocyte-monocyte ratio

Discussion

EOC is the most lethal gynecologic cancer and one of the major causes of cancer-related death in women worldwide ¹. Although curative surgical resection is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer, most ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage because early-stage disease is often asymptomatic ^{2, 43}. In addition, the majority of patients with advanced disease experience disease recurrence at some point, resulting in poor survival rates ³. Considering its poor prognosis, a method for accurately predicting prognosis after curative surgical resection for EOC is required for improving patient survival rates ⁴.

The association between inflammation and cancer was first described by Virchow in 1863 ⁴⁴, and emerging evidence has highlighted the importance of chronic inflammation in the malignant transformation, promotion, and metastasis of cancer ^{45, 46}. Moreover, inflammatory mediators present in the tumor microenvironment have been found to correlate with chemoresistance in several types of tumors ⁴⁷. Pretreatment numbers of peripheral blood cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils have been suggested to be a significant prognosticator in various types of malignancies.

Lymphocytes are considered to play important roles in defenses against cancer cells by inducing cytotoxic cell death and suppressing tumor cell proliferation and migration. It is well accepted that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes establish a defense barrier against cancer dissemination ^{45, 48}. Decreased lymphocyte counts in the blood and tumor stroma lead to downregulation of the immune response against tumors ³⁹. Moreover, decreased lymphocyte counts in the blood has been identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS in various cancers ^{23, 49}. In the present work, ALC was a prognostic factor for both PFS and OS based on univariate analysis but not on multivariate analysis (Tables 3 and 4). When limited to OS for ovarian cancer, our results were compatible with previous findings ^{15, 17}. Inflammation can trigger the mobilization of monocytes from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood ⁵⁰. After recruitment into tumor tissue, monocytes can differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages ^{51, 52}. Monocytes in the peripheral blood may reflect the formation or presence of tumor-associated macrophages ²⁷. Moreover, pretreatment numbers of peripheral blood monocytes correlate with poor prognosis in patients with various types of cancers ^{28, 36}. In this study, AMC was not a prognostic variable for either PFS or OS (Tables 3 and 4).

In recent years, several prognostic indicators derived from peripheral blood such as NLR and PLR have been widely investigated as useful prognostic markers in cancers. Despite inconsistent results, these markers reportedly have significant diagnostic and prognostic value in a wide variety of cancers. The NLR, the ratio of the ANC to the ALC, has been demonstrated to be a prognostic parameter for various malignancies. Concerning ovarian cancer, the NLR was shown to be associated with worse pathologic features such as advanced tumor stage ¹⁶; an elevated NLR predicted poor PFS ^{16, 53} or OS ^15-17. In addition, an elevated PLR, a simple ratio between the platelet count and ALC, was associated with a higher rate of advanced disease among patients with ovarian cancer ¹⁸, and the impact of an elevated PLR on the survival of women with EOC has been demonstrated ^{18, 19}. In the present work, we also found a stage-dependent (stage I/II vs. III/IV) mean difference in both the preoperative NLR (2.99 vs. 5.12, P < 0.0001) and PLR (175.03 vs. 297.23, P < 0.0001). Although the prognostic impact of the NLR and PLR on PFS and OS was demonstrated by univariate analysis, the significance of the associations was lost on multivariate analysis (Table 3 and 4).

The LMR, the ratio between the ALC and AMC, has been suggested to be associated with survival in patients with malignant lymphomas ^20-22 and many solid tumors, such as head and neck ^23-25, breast ²⁶, lung ^27-29, esophageal ^{30, 31}, gastric ^{32, 33}, colorectal ^{34, 35}, pancreatic ^{36, 37}, bladder ³⁸, and cervical cancers ³⁹. The cutoff values for the LMR were determined by ROC curve analysis in most studies, and the value ranged from 2.6 to 5.1. A low LMR was associated with poor OS in previous reports ^{20, 21, 23, 25, 27-31, 34-39}, and the LMR can be considered a potential surrogate biomarker in various cancers. Although the mechanisms of the association between lower LMR and poor prognosis have not been fully clarified, the LMR may reflect the balance between the favorable role of lymphocytes and the unfavorable effect of monocytes with respect to cancer progression ²⁵. The present study demonstrated that the LMR was a surrogate marker for OS, but not PFS on multivariate analysis (Table 3 and 4). The role of the LMR as a prognostic factor for OS, but not relapse- or disease-free survival, has been reported previously for other cancers such as gastric ³² and colorectal cancers ³⁴. In the present study, a significant difference was observed in the CR rate between the LMR-low and LMR-high groups (48.9% vs. 75.3%, P < 0.0001). Tumors in patients with an elevated LMR tend to respond better to chemotherapy, and the result of this study was in line with that of previous research ²⁶. In the present work although the circulating ALC could predict survival outcomes, the LMR was shown to outperform the ALC, which is in line with a previous report ²⁷.

The strength of the current study is that this was the first attempt to evaluate the prognostic value of the LMR in patients with EOC. Moreover, the value of the LMR was evaluated together with previously validated biomarkers, namely the NLR and PLR. In addition, our study was conducted at multiple institutions. Finally, it might be possible to identify patients who are at high risk of experiencing recurrence or death after the current standard treatment by performing simple and low-cost peripheral blood examinations.

This study had some limitations to be addressed, including its retrospective nature and the inclusion of a relatively small number of patients. Another limitation is that the LMR is a non-specific marker of inflammation, and the results may be affected by the presence of other systemic diseases ⁵⁴. To apply this convenient, simple, and inexpensive prognostic factor for risk stratification, additional large-scale and standard investigations should be conducted.

In conclusion, this study was the first attempt to assess the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients based on three biomarkers, the NLR, PLR, and LMR. In this study, we identified that an elevated LMR was strongly correlated with longer survival and was an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with EOC, as determined by multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Therefore, the LMR may be clinically reliable, and it can be used for accurate prediction of patient prognosis.