Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
editorial
. 1994 Dec;49(12):1185–1188. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.12.1185

Inhaled corticosteroid therapy in children: an assessment of the potential for side effects.

G Russell
PMCID: PMC475319  PMID: 7878549

Full text

PDF
1185

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Agertoft L., Pedersen S. Effects of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid on growth and pulmonary function in asthmatic children. Respir Med. 1994 May;88(5):373–381. doi: 10.1016/0954-6111(94)90044-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Agertoft L., Pedersen S. Importance of the inhalation device on the effect of budesonide. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Jul;69(1):130–133. doi: 10.1136/adc.69.1.130. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ali N. J., Capewell S., Ward M. J. Bone turnover during high dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Thorax. 1991 Mar;46(3):160–164. doi: 10.1136/thx.46.3.160. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Balfour-Lynn L. Growth and childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1986 Nov;61(11):1049–1055. doi: 10.1136/adc.61.11.1049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bisgaard H., Munck S. L., Nielsen J. P., Petersen W., Ohlsson S. V. Inhaled budesonide for treatment of recurrent wheezing in early childhood. Lancet. 1990 Sep 15;336(8716):649–651. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92147-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bisgaard H., Pedersen S., Damkjaer Nielsen M., Osterballe O. Adrenal function in asthmatic children treated with inhaled budesonide. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 Feb;80(2):213–217. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11836.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brandolese R., Broseghini C., Polese G., Bernasconi M., Brandi G., Milic-Emili J., Rossi A. Effects of intrinsic PEEP on pulmonary gas exchange in mechanically-ventilated patients. Eur Respir J. 1993 Mar;6(3):358–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brown H. M., Storey G., George W. H. Beclomethasone dipropionate: a new steroid aerosol for the treatment of allergic asthma. Br Med J. 1972 Mar 4;1(5800):585–590. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5800.585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown P. H., Blundell G., Greening A. P., Crompton G. K. High dose inhaled steroid therapy and the cortisol stress response to acute severe asthma. Respir Med. 1992 Nov;86(6):495–497. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(96)80009-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Capewell S., Reynolds S., Shuttleworth D., Edwards C., Finlay A. Y. Purpura and dermal thinning associated with high dose inhaled corticosteroids. BMJ. 1990 Jun 16;300(6739):1548–1551. doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6739.1548. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Check W. A., Kaliner M. A. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of topical corticosteroid derivatives used for asthma therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Feb;141(2 Pt 2):S44–S51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Connett G., Lenney W. Prevention of viral induced asthma attacks using inhaled budesonide. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Jan;68(1):85–87. doi: 10.1136/adc.68.1.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Connett G., Lenny W. Inhaled budesonide and behavioural disturbances. Lancet. 1991 Sep 7;338(8767):634–635. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90646-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. David T. J. Steroid scare. Arch Dis Child. 1987 Sep;62(9):876–878. doi: 10.1136/adc.62.9.876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ferguson A. C., Murray A. B., Tze W. J. Short stature and delayed skeletal maturation in children with allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982 May;69(5):461–466. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90122-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Francis R. S. Adrenocortical function during high-dose beclomethasone aerosol therapy. Clin Allergy. 1984 Jan;14(1):49–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02189.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Francis R. S. Long-term beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol therapy in juvenile asthma. Thorax. 1976 Jun;31(3):309–314. doi: 10.1136/thx.31.3.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Frears J. F., Wilson L. C., Friedman M. Betamethasone 17-valerate by aerosol in childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1973 Nov;48(11):856–863. doi: 10.1136/adc.48.11.856. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Geddes D. M. Inhaled corticosteroids: benefits and risks. Thorax. 1992 Jun;47(6):404–407. doi: 10.1136/thx.47.6.404. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Godfrey S., Balfour-Lynn L., Tooley M. A three- to five-year follow-up of the use of the aerosol steroid, beclomethasone dipropionate, in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1978 Dec;62(6):335–339. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90133-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Godfrey S., Balfour-Lynn L., Tooley M. A three- to five-year follow-up of the use of the aerosol steroid, beclomethasone dipropionate, in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1978 Dec;62(6):335–339. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90133-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Godfrey S., König P. Beclomethasone aerosol in childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1973 Sep;48(9):665–670. doi: 10.1136/adc.48.9.665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Godfrey S., König P. Treatment of childhood asthma for 13 months and longer with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Arch Dis Child. 1974 Aug;49(8):591–596. doi: 10.1136/adc.49.8.591. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Graff-Lonnevig V., Kraepelien S. Long-term treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in asthmatic children with special reference to growth. Allergy. 1979 Feb;34(1):57–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1979.tb02001.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Graybeal M. L., Fang V. S. Physiological dosing of exogenous ACTH. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985 Mar;108(3):401–406. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1080401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Guidelines on the management of asthma. Statement by the British Thoracic Society, the Brit. Paediatric Association, the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the King's Fund Centre, the National Asthma Campaign, the Royal College of General Practitioners, the General Practitioners in Asthma Group, the Brit. Assoc. of Accident and Emergency Medicine, and the Brit. Paediatric Respiratory Group. Thorax. 1993 Mar;48(2 Suppl):S1–24. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.2_suppl.s1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gustafsson P., Tsanakas J., Gold M., Primhak R., Radford M., Gillies E. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate 200 micrograms/day with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 400 micrograms/day in mild and moderate asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Aug;69(2):206–211. doi: 10.1136/adc.69.2.206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hauspie R., Susanne C., Alexander F. Maturational delay and temporal growth retardation in asthmatic boys. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1977 Mar;59(3):200–206. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90150-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hiller E. J., Milner A. D. Betamethasone 17 valerate aerosol and disodium chromoglycate in severe childhood asthma. Br J Dis Chest. 1975 Apr;69(2):103–106. doi: 10.1016/s0007-0971(75)80026-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hollman G. A., Allen D. B. Overt glucocorticoid excess due to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Pediatrics. 1988 Mar;81(3):452–455. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ilangovan P., Pedersen S., Godfrey S., Nikander K., Noviski N., Warner J. O. Treatment of severe steroid dependent preschool asthma with nebulised budesonide suspension. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Mar;68(3):356–359. doi: 10.1136/adc.68.3.356. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kerrebijn K. F. Beclomethasone dipropionate in long-term treatment of asthma in children. J Pediatr. 1976 Nov;89(5):821–826. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(76)80816-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kershnar H., Klein R., Waldman D., Berger W., Rachelefsky G., Katz R., Siegel S. Treatment of chronic childhood asthma with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols: II. Effect on pituitary-adrenal function after substitution for oral corticosteroids. Pediatrics. 1978 Aug;62(2):189–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kewley G. D. Possible association between beclomethasone diproprionate aerosol and cataracts. Aust Paediatr J. 1980 Jun;16(2):117–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1980.tb01276.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kruszynska Y. T., Greenstone M., Home P. D., Cooke N. J. Effect of high dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal subjects. Thorax. 1987 Nov;42(11):881–884. doi: 10.1136/thx.42.11.881. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. König P., Hillman L., Cervantes C., Levine C., Maloney C., Douglass B., Johnson L., Allen S. Bone metabolism in children with asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. J Pediatr. 1993 Feb;122(2):219–226. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(06)80116-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Law C. M., Marchant J. L., Honour J. W., Preece M. A., Warner J. O. Nocturnal adrenal suppression in asthmatic children taking inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Lancet. 1986 Apr 26;1(8487):942–944. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91045-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Littlewood J. M., Johnson A. W., Edwards P. A., Littlewood A. E. Growth retardation in asthmatic children treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. Lancet. 1988 Jan 16;1(8577):115–116. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90310-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Martin A. J., Landau L. I., Phelan P. D. The effect on growth of childhood asthma. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981 Sep;70(5):683–688. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05768.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Massarano A. A., Hollis S., Devlin J., David T. J. Growth in atopic eczema. Arch Dis Child. 1993 May;68(5):677–679. doi: 10.1136/adc.68.5.677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Merkus P. J., van Essen-Zandvliet E. E., Duiverman E. J., van Houwelingen H. C., Kerrebijn K. F., Quanjer P. H. Long-term effect of inhaled corticosteroids on growth rate in adolescents with asthma. Pediatrics. 1993 Jun;91(6):1121–1126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Nassif E., Weinberger M., Sherman B., Brown K. Extrapulmonary effects of maintenance corticosteroid therapy with alternate-day prednisone and inhaled beclomethasone in children with chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987 Oct;80(4):518–529. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90002-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ninan T. K., Reid I. W., Carter P. E., Smail P. J., Russell G. Effects of high doses of inhaled corticosteroids on adrenal function in children with severe persistent asthma. Thorax. 1993 Jun;48(6):599–602. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.6.599. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ninan T. K., Russell G. Asthma, inhaled corticosteroid treatment, and growth. Arch Dis Child. 1992 Jun;67(6):703–705. doi: 10.1136/adc.67.6.703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Packe G. E., Douglas J. G., McDonald A. F., Robins S. P., Reid D. M. Bone density in asthmatic patients taking high dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and intermittent systemic corticosteroids. Thorax. 1992 Jun;47(6):414–417. doi: 10.1136/thx.47.6.414. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Phillip M., Aviram M., Leiberman E., Zadik Z., Giat Y., Levy J., Tal A. Integrated plasma cortisol concentration in children with asthma receiving long-term inhaled corticosteroids. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1992 Feb;12(2):84–89. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1950120205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Prahl P., Jensen T., Bjerregaard-Andersen H. Adrenocortical function in children on high-dose steroid aerosol therapy. Results of serum cortisol, ACTH stimulation test and 24 hour urinary free cortical excretion. Allergy. 1987 Oct;42(7):541–544. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00379.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Prahl P., Jensen T. Decreased adreno-cortical suppression utilizing the Nebuhaler for inhalation of steroid aerosols. Clin Allergy. 1987 Sep;17(5):393–398. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02031.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Priftis K., Everard M. L., Milner A. D. Unexpected side-effects of inhaled steroids: a case report. Eur J Pediatr. 1991 Apr;150(6):448–449. doi: 10.1007/BF02093730. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Priftis K., Milner A. D., Conway E., Honour J. W. Adrenal function in asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1990 Aug;65(8):838–840. doi: 10.1136/adc.65.8.838. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Robins S. P., Black D., Paterson C. R., Reid D. M., Duncan A., Seibel M. J. Evaluation of urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslink measurements as resorption markers in metabolic bone diseases. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991 Jun;21(3):310–315. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01375.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Rooklin A. R., Lampert S. I., Jaeger E. A., McGeady S. J., Mansmann H. C., Jr Posterior subcapsular cataracts in steroid-requiring asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1979 Jun;63(6):383–386. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(79)90210-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Russell G. Asthma and growth. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Dec;69(6):695–698. doi: 10.1136/adc.69.6.695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Selroos O., Halme M. Effect of a volumatic spacer and mouth rinsing on systemic absorption of inhaled corticosteroids from a metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler. Thorax. 1991 Dec;46(12):891–894. doi: 10.1136/thx.46.12.891. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Shaw N. J., Edmunds A. T. Inhaled beclomethasone and oral candidiasis. Arch Dis Child. 1986 Aug;61(8):788–790. doi: 10.1136/adc.61.8.788. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Simons F. E., Persaud M. P., Gillespie C. A., Cheang M., Shuckett E. P. Absence of posterior subcapsular cataracts in young patients treated with inhaled glucocorticoids. Lancet. 1993 Sep 25;342(8874):776–778. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91541-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. VAN METRE T. E., Jr, PINKERTON H. L., Jr Growth suppression in asthmatic children receiving prolonged therapy with prednisone and methylprednisolone. J Allergy. 1959 Mar-Apr;30(2):103–113. doi: 10.1016/0021-8707(59)90079-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Valk I. M., Chabloz A. M., Smals A. G., Kloppenborg P. W., Cassorla F. G., Schutte E. A. Accurate measurements of the lower leg length and the ulnar length and its application in short term growth measurement. Growth. 1983 Spring;47(1):53–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Varsano I., Volovitz B., Malik H., Amir Y. Safety of 1 year of treatment with budesonide in young children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 May;85(5):914–920. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90077-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Varsano I., Volovitz B., Malik H., Amir Y. Safety of 1 year of treatment with budesonide in young children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 May;85(5):914–920. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90077-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Vaz R., Senior B., Morris M., Binkiewicz A. Adrenal effects of beclomethasone inhalation therapy in asthmatic children. J Pediatr. 1982 Apr;100(4):660–662. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80781-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Wales J. K., Milner R. D. Knemometry in assessment of linear growth. Arch Dis Child. 1987 Feb;62(2):166–171. doi: 10.1136/adc.62.2.166. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Welch M. J. Inhaled steroids and severe viral infections. J Asthma. 1994;31(1):43–50. doi: 10.3109/02770909409056768. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Williams H., Read G. F., Verrier-Jones E. R., Hughes I. A. Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on saliva cortisol concentrations. Arch Dis Child. 1984 Jun;59(6):553–556. doi: 10.1136/adc.59.6.553. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Wolthers O. D., Pedersen S. Controlled study of linear growth in asthmatic children during treatment with inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Pediatrics. 1992 May;89(5 Pt 1):839–842. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Wolthers O. D., Pedersen S. Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with budesonide: a double blind trial. BMJ. 1991 Jul 20;303(6795):163–165. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6795.163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Wolthers O. D., Pedersen S. Short-term growth during treatment with inhaled fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate. Arch Dis Child. 1993 May;68(5):673–676. doi: 10.1136/adc.68.5.673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Wyatt R., Waschek J., Weinberger M., Sherman B. Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and alternate-day prednisone on pituitary-adrenal function in children with chronic asthma. N Engl J Med. 1978 Dec 21;299(25):1387–1392. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197812212992504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES