The 4q25, 1q21, and 16q22 polymorphisms and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation

Abstract

Introduction

The efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in atrial fibrillation (AF) is well documented. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with AF, mainly in the 4q25 locus, but also in 16q22 and 1q21. The aim of our study was to test the association between those SNPs and short- and long-term results of PVI.

Material and methods

Patients with AF who underwent PVI between 2006 and 2009 were included in the study. Pulmonary vein isolation was performed using a 4-mm non-irrigated ablation catheter, circular mapping catheter, and the LocaLisa system. All patients were genotyped for the 4q25, 16q22, and 1q21 SNPs.

Results

Two-hundred and thirty-eight patients were included. The median follow-up was 45 months. Six-month efficacy was 59.7%. None of the polymorphisms was linked with the risk of AF recurrence after 6 months in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis rs2200733 in the recessive model was linked significantly with AF recurrence (odds ratio 1.87, p = 0.008). None of the polymorphisms predicted AF recurrence in long-term follow-up.

Conclusions

There is a trend in the relationship between TT genotype of the rs2200733 polymorphism and increased rate of AF recurrence after PVI in short-term (6 months) follow-up. None of the tested SNPs 4q25, 16q22, and 1q21 correlated with the results of a single AF ablation in long-term follow-up.

Introduction

Catheter ablation is a standard therapy in many cases of atrial fibrillation (AF) [1], with well-documented efficacy (mainly with pulmonary vein isolation – PVI) [2]. The molecular background of AF is not yet clear, even in diseases with a cause-effect relationship with AF, such as hyperthyroidism [3]. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been however associated with AF, with the major loci located on chromosome 4q25 (SNPs: rs2200733, rs10033464, rs17570669, rs3853445, rs6838973) [4, 5] and less strongly associated loci on 16q22 (rs7193343) and 1q21 (rs13376333) [6, 7]. The association with the 4q25 SNPs has a plausible molecular explanation: the closest gene, PITX2, encodes a transcription factor that influences heart development, especially the pulmonary veins [4, 8]. All mentioned associations have been confirmed in a study of patients from our centre – we have shown that patients with AF have significantly higher frequency of the 4q25 (especially rs2200733), 16q21 and 1q21 variants than the control group [9].

A previous study showed a link between the two 4q25 chromosome SNPs most strongly associated with AF and the short-term results of catheter ablation [10]. Since prediction of AF recurrence is an important issue, especially in long-term observation [11], the reported results were intriguing.

The aim of our study was to revisit the reported association between the 6-month outcome of ablation and the two most potent 4q25 SNPs (rs2200733 and rs10033464) in another population [10]. We also extended the analysis to include the remaining SNPs associated with AF (rs17570669, rs3853445, rs6838973, rs7193343 and rs13376333), as well as a longer follow-up period after catheter ablation.

Material and methods

Study population

A prospective cohort study was performed, with genetic analysis available at the end of the observation period. Consecutive patients with AF (paroxysmal or persistent) who underwent pulmonary vein isolation in the years 2006 to 2009 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: symptomatic AF without reversible cause, unsuccessful treatment with at least one antiarrhythmic drug (group Ic or III), and age below 70 years. Active hyperthyroidism, significant mitral valve disease, left atrial dimension over 5.5 cm, or severe disease with life expectancy below 1 year were the exclusion criteria.

The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw, and all patients gave written informed consent.

Ablation strategy

Ablations were performed at the Medical University of Warsaw in the years 2006 to 2009.

One quadripolar catheter was placed in the coronary sinus and one in the right ventricle. The left atrium was accessed through one transseptal puncture (or patent foramen ovale, if present), and a 10-pole circumferential 15–25 mm-Lasso (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, Ca, USA) or Optima (St Jude Medical, Minnetonka, MN, USA) and 4-mm non-irrigated tip ablation (Marinr, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) catheters were used for mapping and radiofrequency ablation. After transseptal puncture, the patients were heparinized throughout left atrial access. The placement of the catheters in the heart was based on fluoroscopy and the electroanatomical LocaLisa system. Radiofrequency energy was delivered in the temperature control mode, with a temperature limit of 55°C and a power limit of 35 W. All electrograms were displayed on an electrophysiological recording system. The endpoint of the procedure was to isolate pulmonary vein potentials in all pulmonary veins (in paroxysmal and persistent AF patients). No additional lines or applications in the left atrium were performed. In most of the cases, if the patient was on atrial fibrillation, cardioversion was performed to verify isolation during sinus rhythm. After pulmonary vein isolation, in patients with paroxysmal AF on sinus rhythm isolation of vena cava superior (VCS) potentials was performed using the same mapping and ablation catheters.

Follow-up

According to current guidelines, a recurrence of AF was defined as any atrial tachycardia lasting more than 30 s with a 3-month blanking period applied [1]. In paroxysmal AF patients, antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) were discontinued immediately after catheter ablation. In the case of persistent or long-term persistent AF in patients without recurrences of AF, AAD were discontinued 1 year after ablation. Treatment with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) was continued for 3 months (patients with a CHADS score of 0), 1 year (CHADS 1), or indefinitely (CHADS 2). During the first year after ablation, 6 days of ECG Holter monitoring was recommended (1 day every 2 months; median number of days of Holter monitoring 1 year after ablation in patients without recurrences was 3; IQR 1–6). Further monitoring was performed at the discretion of the outpatient cardiologist. Final follow-up was based on patient visits, telephone contact, and analysis of Holter monitoring and/or other patient documentation. In the case of recurrence, the decision whether to repeat the procedure was based on clinical symptoms and patient preferences. The method of the repeat procedure was individually decided by the operator.

Genotyping

Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood by salting out. Genotyping of SNPs rs2200733, rs10033464, rs17570669, rs3853445, rs6838973, rs7193343, and rs13376333 was performed using TaqMan Assays (C_16158671_10, Custom TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay, C_33254659_10, C_1176985_10, C_29128132_20, C_29343982_10 and C_2745708_10, respectively) (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Cal, USA). Assays were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions using a 7500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems).

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (1^st–3^rd quartile). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies. The χ² or Fisher's exact tests were used to test deviations of the genotype distribution from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and to compare allele and genotype frequencies between groups. Effects of genotypes were analyzed under dominant (wild type vs. patients with polymorphic allele), additive (wild type vs. heterozygotes with polymorphic allele vs. polymorphic homozygotes), and recessive (polymorphic homozygotes vs. polymorphic heterozygotes and wild type) models using the online tool available at http://www.ekstroem.com/assotest/assotest.html [12]. We used Bonferroni correction for multiple genetic testing; a p value 0.05/19 = 0.0026 was considered statistically significant in univariate analysis. The test for the effect of the T allele at either rs2200733 or rs10033464 on AF recurrence was hypothesis driven [10] and the p value was not corrected for number of comparisons. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess independent significance of all parameters with a p value < 0.05 in univariate analysis. In long-term analysis Cox regression was used to test the relationship between clinical factors, genetic polymorphisms and AF recurrence after ablation. Our study had the power of over 90% (α = 0.05) to detect an effect of the T allele at either rs2200733 or rs10033464 on AF recurrence, as reported by Husser et al. [10].

Results

Two-hundred and thirty-eight patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included in the study group. Characteristics of the study group are shown in Table I. Median follow-up was 45 months (interquartile range 32–57) and the total number of procedures was 349 (1.47 per patient).

Table I.

Clinical characteristics of the studied group and subgroups defined by AF recurrence within 6 months

Characteristic	All subjects n = 238	R‡ (+) n = 96	R‡ (–) n = 142	P-value*
Female gender	79 (33.2)	37 (38.5)	42 (29.6)	0.16
Age, median (IQR) [years]	55 (47–61)	56 (49–61)	55 (46–61)	0.22
Body mass index [kg/m2]	27.8 (25.5–31.1)	27.6 (24.5–31.5)	28.3 (25.8–31.1)	0.58
Procedure time [min]	130 (105–155)	135 (110–160)	120 (105–152.5)	0.045
Fluoroscopy time [s]	973 (681–1531)	1013.5 (752–1569)	963 (655–1460)	0.26
RF application time [s]	2655 (2019–3360)	2708 (2105–3540)	2645 (1924–3270)	0.22
Isolation of vena cava superior†	148 (62.2)	51 (53.1)	97 (68.3)	0.021
AF duration	5 (3–8)	5 (3–9)	5 (3–7)	0.61
Persistent AF	36 (15.1)	13 (13.5)	23 (16.2)	0.71
Lone AF	75 (31.5)	29 (30.2)	46 (32.4)	0.78
AF within 48 h after ablation	68 (28.6)	35 (36.5)	33 (23.2)	0.029
Coronary artery disease	24 (10.1)	13 (13.5)	11 (7.7)	0.19
Hypertension	139 (58.4)	57 (59.4)	82 (57.7)	0.89
Diabetes	18 (7.6)	11 (11.4)	7 (4.9)	0.080
Heart failure	3 (1.3)	1 (1.0)	2 (1.4)	0.57
Left atrium dimension	4.13 (0.50)	4.16 (0.45)	4.13 (0.49)	0.73
Hyperlipidemia	51 (21.4)	22 (22.9)	29 (20.4)	0.74

Results were presented as n (%).

^*t test for continuous variables, χ² for dichotomous variables; comparison between the group with AF recurrence within 6 months vs. those without; p values < 0.05 are boldfaced;

^†during the same procedure, with pulmonary vein isolation;

^‡recurrence.

Six-month follow-up

After 6 months 142 patients remained without AF (59.7%). Clinical factors predicting recurrence in univariate analysis are shown in Table I. In univariate genetic analysis none of the parameters was significantly associated with AF recurrence. Two 4q25 polymorphisms showed an association (p _{not corrected} < 0.05) and were included in the multivariate analysis (Table II). We did not find any association between 6-month AF recurrence and presence of the T allele at either rs2200733 or rs10033464 (Table III). In multivariate analysis two factors significantly predicted AF recurrence: VCS isolation and rs2200733 in the recessive model (Table IV).

Table II.

Genotype distribution of studied SNPs among subjects subdivided according to AF recurrence within 6 months

Chr. band	SNP	Minor allele	MAF*	AF recurrence		Dominant model		Additive model		Recessive model
				(+)	(–)	OR (CI)	p	OR (CI)	p	OR (CI)	p
4q25	rs2200733	T	0.329	42/34/19	68/64/10	1.16 (0.69–1.95)	0.58	1.42 (0.97–2.08)	0.07	3.30 (1.46–7.46)	0.003
4q25	rs10033464	T	0.128	72/21/2	103/32/1	1.00 (0.54–1.84)	0.99	1.06 (0.61–1.86)	0.83	2.90 (0.26–32.48)	0.37
4q25	rs17570669	T	0.059	82/14/0	127/14/0	1.51 (0.70–3.23)	0.29	Not analyzed		Not analyzed
4q25	rs3853445	C	0.186	65/28/3	94/40/7	0.95 (0.55–1.66)	0.87	0.91 (0.57–1.45)	0.70	0.62 (0.16–2.45)	0.48
4q25	rs6838973	T	0.340	48/37/9	52/68/17	0.59 (0.34–1.00)	0.048	0.69 (0.46–1.04)	0.07	0.75 (0.32–1.76)	0.50
1q21	rs13376333	T	0.356	44/34/17	54/69/14	0.75 (0.414–1.28)	0.30	1.02 (0.69–1.49)	0.93	1.91 (0.89–4.10)	0.09
16q22	rs7193343	T	0.211	60/28/4	85/40/10	0.91 (0.52–1.58)	0.73	0.86 (0.55–1.34)	0.52	0.57 (0.17–1.87)	0.34

^*Minor allele frequency.

Table III.

Prevalence of patients carrying the AF risk allele (T) at either rs2200733 or rs10033464 after stratification according to AF recurrence

AF recurrence	rs2200733 T or rs10033464 T n (%)	OR (CI), p-value
Within 48 h:
Yes	45 (67.1)	0.78 (0.42–1.43), p = 0.51
No	119 (72.6)
Within 6 months:
Yes	68 (71.6)	0.95 (0.53–1.70), p = 0.98
No	96 (70.6)

Table IV.

Multivariate analysis of rs2200733 TT genotype and variables associated with AF recurrence within 6 months in univariate analyses. P-values < 0.05 are boldfaced

Variable	OR (CI)	P-value
rs2200733 TT	1.87 (1.17–2.99)	0.008
RF procedure time (s)	1.01 (0.99–1.01)	0.12
rs6838973	0.88 (0.66–1.17)	0.39
Isolation of vena cava superior	0.72 (0.53–0.96)	0.025
AF 48 h after ablation	1.28 (0.94–1.74)	0.12

Long-term follow-up

Seventy-seven (32.3%) patients were continuously free of arrhythmia in the long term after a single procedure. None of the polymorphisms significantly predicted the recurrence of AF after a single procedure (data not shown).

Discussion

The main finding is lack of replication of previously published results [10]. Our results suggest that there might be in the relationship between rs2200733 in the recessive model (non-significant result in univariate analysis after Bonferroni correction, significant result in multivariate analysis) and the results of AF ablation in short-term (6 months) observation, but not in the long term (median of 45 months). Based on the frequency of AF recurrence in a previous publication [10], our study had power exceeding 90% to detect relationships between rs2200733, rs10033464 and recurrence of AF.

The major allele frequency in our group was comparable to that reported in the literature in AF groups, except rs2200733 [4–7]. This polymorphism was more frequent than reported so far (0.33 in our population vs. 0.21 to 0.27 as previously reported [5, 10]). We speculated earlier that patients qualified to catheter ablation are usually drug resistant and highly symptomatic [9] and this could have caused such a difference. In this study we did not have a control group, but our previous study showed that the major allele frequency of all tested polymorphisms in controls without AF is comparable with reports published so far on populations of European ancestry [4, 5, 9].

In patients with the TT genotype of the 4q25 rs2200733 polymorphism there was an increased rate of AF recurrence after catheter ablation in short-term but not in long-term follow-up. The other 4q25 polymorphisms (rs10033464, rs3853445, rs17570669 and rs6838973) and other loci with weaker association with AF (1q21 and 16q22) showed no correlation with the results of PVI. Thus, recurrences might be influenced by genetic factors, while late recurrences (occurring later than 1 year after ablation) are probably not. Our results underscore the differences between those recurrences. Although according to current guidelines, pulmonary vein reconduction is very common in patients with recurrences and late recurrences, numerous investigators suggest that very late recurrences of AF may reflect alterations in the substrate of AF and impact of diseases such as hypertension, sleep apnea or diabetes on the progress of AF [13].

Our results are less optimistic than the results in the original publication on this subject [10]. Of the most important signals from the 4q25 locus, only one polymorphism (rs2200733) was associated with the results of PVI and only in short-term observation. We were unable to confirm any effect of rs10033464 in short-term or long-term observation. It seems likely that we are still far from precisely estimating the magnitude of the effect of the 4q25 polymorphisms on the results of PVI in patients with AF; by the standards of genetic association studies, the number of patients in either study is very low. Therefore both studies should rather be seen as putting forward a clinical hypothesis that should be confirmed in further studies on larger cohorts or by metaanalyses. The differences between our group and that of the previously published study may offer other explanations of the dissimilarities. These differences include the following: our patients were younger with a lower frequency of lone AF (30% vs. 83%); we used a non-irrigated ablation catheter; we commonly isolated the vena cava superior (almost 55% of the group); and our recurrence rate after 6 months of observation was substantially higher (44% vs. 21%) [10]. Finally, Husser et al. accepted a p value < 0.05 as significant, without adjustment for multiple comparisons. All these factors could have caused the observed differences in results.

Our results much more resemble those published by Shoemaker et al. [14]. We also did not confirm the value of rs10033464. The nature of the relationship between rs2200733 and recurrences after pulmonary vein isolation is similar in both papers: Shoemaker et al. observed a shorter time to recurrence with the same number of recurrences, while we observed a relationship in short- but not in long-term observation. The difference is in the model of the genetic relationship – Shoemaker et al. reported a dominant model, while in our group the relationship is in a recessive model [14].

We found that the TT genotype of rs2200733 polymorphism might influence the short-term results of the first PVI. The mechanism of this relationship is unclear. There are only a few reports showing some relationships of the TT genotype with clinical variables. It is not associated with age at diagnosis, gender, family history of AF, body mass index, or AF type [15]. To the best of our knowledge, only two factors have been found to be linked with the TT genotype: prolongation of PR interval [15] and larger pulmonary veins [9]. Neither of these factors was linked with the efficacy of catheter ablation [16].

A potential link between 4q25 polymorphisms and effect of treatment of AF with pulmonary vein isolation was previously described [10]. The nearest gene, PITX2 (paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2), may play a role in the development of pulmonary myocardial sleeves [17], which are isolated during AF ablation (PVI). PITX2 is expressed in adult humans and mice predominantly in the left atrium and is downregulated in the left and right atrial tissue of patients with AF [18]. In a mouse model, Pitx2c+/– hearts were more susceptible to AF during programmed stimulation (probably due to significant shortening of action potential duration) [18]. Our results suggest that only the most prominent signals from the 4q25 locus might be important in predicting results of PVI and in short term only, whereas other polymorphisms associated with AF (1q21 and 16q22 loci) do not influence the results of PVI. The 1q21 locus is at the KCNN3 gene, which encodes a member of a family of calcium-activated potassium channels [7]. The 16q22 locus is located in the zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3) gene [6].

In multivariate analysis another factor significantly influenced the 6-month results of PVI: isolation of the superior vena cava. It was previously shown that isolation of the superior vena cava could improve the results of AF ablation [19]. Results of randomized trials are inconsistent, showing better results in patients with paroxysmal AF [20] or no reduction in AF recurrence [21]. Our results confirm that in some patients isolation of the VCS might be helpful.

There are several important limitations of our methodology: use of a non-irrigated catheter (now circumferential pulmonary vein isolation with an irrigated tip catheter is standard also with contact force [22], although guidelines published in 2007 did not make a firm recommendation regarding the optimal RF energy delivery and catheter [23]; results published by Cappato did not show a significant difference in AF recurrence between patients treated with irrigated and non-irrigated catheters [2]); the post-ablation monitoring was not standardized in the long term (thus potentially underestimating recurrence rates); and the difference in follow-up strategy between patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF as to the use of AAD. All these factors reduce the value of this analysis.

It should also be noted that our efficacy is rather low in short-term observation [2], but our long-term efficacy, although still low, is comparable to other published results [11, 13, 24].

In conclusion, there is a trend in the relationship between TT genotype of the rs2200733 polymorphism and increased rate of AF recurrence after PVI in short-term (6 months) follow-up. None of the tested 4q25, 16q22, and 1q21 SNPs correlated with the results of a single AF ablation in long-term follow-up.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.