Oral health trends and service utilization at a rural outreach dental clinic, Udo, Southern Nigeria

Abstract

Background:

The oral disease burden in Nigerian rural areas is considered high with limited dental services. Normative need assessment to facilitate oral health promotion and interventional activities is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dental service utilization and trends of patents attending a rural outreach dental clinic.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted using data from clinical records of patients seen over a period of 54 months at a rural outreach dental clinic of comprehensive health center, Udo, Edo State, and were analyzed for descriptive variables with Chi-square test and P value set at ≤0.05 significance.

Results:

One hundred and sixty four (164) patients [males = 74 (45.1%), females = 90 (54.9%)] were seen with a mean age of 36.15 ± 18.05 years. The major reason for clinic visit was due to dental caries (sequelae) and condition representing 43.3% and 34.8%, respectively. Extractions (41.5%) and scaling and polishing (S and P) (21.3%) accounted for the most frequently provided treatment. Almost 20% patients did not receive any form of treatment.

Conclusion:

The study revealed a low health seeking behavior, low utilization of dental services among the rural dwellers and need for oral health awareness, periodic screening, and preventive approach in the rural population through more frequent outreach visits of dental personnel resident in the community.

INTRODUCTION

Oral diseases continue to be prevalent in many of the developing countries including Nigeria where people from deprived communities and of ethnic minorities are not sufficiently covered by oral health care.[1,2] Outreach dental services through mobile or fixed rural clinics are necessary to tackle the burden of poor oral health of people with limited resources and lack of tradition regular oral health care.[3] Oral health is part of general health and associations between oral health and general health has been established in several studies. Oral diseases have been shown to adversely affect diet, nutrition, quality of life, and socioeconomic status.[4,5] Individuals’ utilization of dental services may be influenced by access to care, financial restrictions, attitudes toward dental care, and dental fear.[6]

There are few studies that have focused on outreach oral health services in rural areas in southwestern Nigeria.[7,8,9] More information on effective national outreach models is required for advocacy, resource acquisition, interventional program design, and modification. The oral disease burden in Nigerian rural areas is considered to be high with limited dental services. Normative need assessment to facilitate objective oral health promotion and interventional activities is essential.[10,11] The purpose of this study was to evaluate normative treatment needs, service utilization, and trends in Udo community, a rural area, where a community dental clinic was established for outreach programs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted using data from clinical records of patients seen by visiting dental team over a period of 54 months at a rural outreach dental clinic of comprehensive health center, Udo, Ovia South West Local Government Area, and Edo State. Udo is a rural community located about 40 km from Benin City, the state capital and 8 km from Iguobazuwa, the Ovia South West Local Government Council headquarters. The local government area has a population of 138,072 persons.[12] Udo inhabitants are predominantly peasant farmers. Inclusion criteria were dental records of all patients visiting or referred to the clinic for the first time. Records of subsequent visits of same patients were excluded. The data on initial diagnosis or diagnoses, the treatment(s) given, and annual attendance were collated for analysis.

The Comprehensive Health Centre is one of satellite health centers of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital to provide full package primary health-care services, preventive care, and some surgical services in rural communities but had no dental component until the present initiative to provide dental residents and students with clinical training opportunity in rural areas.

Statistical analysis

Data obtained were subjected to descriptive analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 (SPSS-Inc., Chicago, IL). Correlations between variables were analyzed using Pearson or Likelihood ratio Chi-square test where applicable with P value set at ≤0.05 significance.

RESULTS

A total number of 164 patients were seen, of which 74 (45.1%) were males and 90 (54.9%) were female. The age range was 3–78 years with the mean age of 36.15 ± 18.05 years. The annual attendance of the patients in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 were 20.7%, 26.2%, 14.0%, 17.7%, and 21.3%, respectively. The major reason for clinic visit was due to dental caries (or its sequelae) and condition representing 43.3% and 34.8%, respectively. Extractions (41.5%) and scaling and polishing (S and P) (21.3%) accounted for the most frequently provided treatment. Almost 20% patients did not receive any form of treatment.

Of the number of patients seen at the outreach clinic, 74.5% received treatment while the others were referred to the dental centre at the Teaching Hospital in Benin City.

DISCUSSION

Only one hundred and sixty-four patients were seen over a 5-year period of study in spite efforts at raising oral health awareness through local street campaign and advocacy visits. This trend was consistent by age groups during the study period [Figure 1]. The inhabitants seemed to place more priority on farming than oral health thus displaying poor health-seeking behavior.[13] Logistical, transport, and accommodation challenges hampered holding dental camps or permanent residence of dental personnel at the outreach center. This limitation may have discouraged patients’ attendance and affected the process of enabling them to increase control over their health and to reduce disease burden.[14]

Figure 1.

Trends in patients’ attendance at the outreach dental clinic by age group

In this study, majority of the patients (49.1%) who utilized dental services at the comprehensive health center were adults with a greater proportion in the 20–40 years age-group [Table 1]. This is in agreement with studies by Taiwo et al.[15,16,17] where an overwhelming proportion of dental services utilization was by the people belonging to younger age bracket, with a suggestion that younger people have fewer barriers to oral health. It has been opined that more concern for other chronic disease rather than oral health may be responsible for the low utilization of dental services among the elderly.[18,19] In addition, population size demographics have also been proposed to be another cause of poor dental care utilization by the elderly.

Table 1.

Distribution of patients attending clinic by gender and age group

There were more females (58.5%) seeking oral health care than male at the center. This finding was similar to some studies by Denloye et al.,[20] Varenne[21] but contradicts the findings of Taiwo[15] Olaleye,[18] Oginni.[19] This may be attributed to better health-seeking behavior of females or because of frequent contacts with health facility for antenatal care and family planning services. Dental caries and its sequelae (43.3%) (acute apical periodontitis, dentoalveolar abscess) and periodontal inflammation (34.8%) were the major reasons for clinic visit in this study [Table 2]. The reason perhaps may likely be due to the high impact of the burden of caries and periodontal disease on the individual in form of recurrent acute pain, severe discomfort on mastication, and irritating interference with daily living and quality of life.[6,10] Nearly two-thirds of the patients in the 0–20 year's age group [Table 3] presented with caries or its sequelae which may have resulted from the gradual change to Western diet with this group even in rural communities of Nigeria.[22,23,24] Also, the elderly group had a relatively high demand for treatment of edentulous space suggesting a growing awareness on the importance tooth replacement.

Table 2.

Summary of diagnosis according to gender of patients

Table 3.

Diagnosis of dental conditions according to age group of patients

There was a significant difference between gender and treatment provided in the results of this study [Table 4]. Tooth extraction accounted for the majority of treatment offered and this in agreement with other studies in Nigeria.[25,26,27] Reasons may be due to the fact that tooth extraction is a relatively cheaper treatment and simpler option, and most of the patients presented at the late symptomatic stage of caries sequelae or periodontal disease opt for it.[28] In addition, a greater number of the extractions were done for young and middle-aged adults [Table 5], which may suggest a need for preventive intervention in younger age groups. A low proportion of the study group had restorations and S and P done with females having more restorations than male. This concurs with the few reports on the subject and may point to the need for oral health education to increase awareness of preventive approach in oral health management in the population.[11,25]

Table 4.

Pattern of treatment rendered according to gender

Table 5.

Pattern of treatment according to age group of patients

CONCLUSION

The study showed poor health-seeking behavior among the community dwellers. Dental care service was majorly utilized for periodontal disease in the rural dental clinic, whereas extractions as a principal form of treatment offered for dental caries and its sequelae with. There is a need for oral health promotion and periodic screening in the population.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.