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. 2016 Mar 1;39(3):625–636. doi: 10.5665/sleep.5540

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Subcortical norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) release in the fur seal. (A) Subcortical NE and 5HT release during main behavioral states in fur seals. (B) Subcortical NE and 5HT release during certain waking activities in fur seals. Each column represents the mean ± SEM of the percent change in NE and 5HT relative to quiet wakefulness (QW). AW, active wakefulness; BSWS, bilateral slow wave sleep; USWS, unihemispheric slow wave sleep; in the hemisphere with a higher voltage EEG slow wave activity (S, “sleeping” hemisphere), or with a low voltage activity desynchronized activity (W, “waking” hemisphere); REM, rapid eye movement sleep; AW-hose, hosing seals down with water; AW-feed, feeding fish; AW, other active waking behaviors. The means were calculated for all combined samples collected from 2 hypothalamus probes (NE-Hy, a total of 90 samples, seal number 3), 3 thalamus probes (5HT-Th, 235 samples, seal numbers 7 and 8) and 2 caudate nucleus probes (5HT-NC, 137 samples, seal number 7). The localizations of the probes are shown in Figure 2. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001. Nonsignificant correlations are not marked on these diagrams.