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. 2016 Jan 26;7(2):7. doi: 10.3390/genes7020007

The Complete Genome of Brucella Suis 019 Provides Insights on Cross-Species Infection

Yuanzhi Wang 1,2,†, Zhen Wang 3,†, Xin Chen 4, Hui Zhang 3, Fei Guo 1,2, Ke Zhang 3, Hanping Feng 3, Wenyi Gu 3, Changxin Wu 3, Lei Ma 5, Tiansen Li 3, Chuangfu Chen 3,*, Shan Gao 4,*
Editor: Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
PMCID: PMC4773751  PMID: 26821047

Abstract

Brucella species are the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide and cause considerable harm to humans and animals. In this study, we presented the complete genome of B. suis 019 isolated from sheep (ovine) with epididymitis. B. suis 019 has a rough phenotype and can infect sheep, rhesus monkeys and possibly humans. The comparative genome analysis demonstrated that B. suis 019 is closest to the vaccine strain B. suis bv. 1 str. S2. Further analysis associated the rsh gene to the pathogenicity of B. suis 019, and the WbkA gene to the rough phenotype of B. suis 019. The 019 complete genome data was deposited in the GenBank database with ID PRJNA308608.

Keywords: Brucella, B. suis 019, complete genome, cross species, comparative genomics

1. Introduction

Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-encapsulated, flagellated, facultatively intracellular coccobacilli [1]. Brucella causes the brucellosis in wild and domestic animals, even when transmitted from human to human. The brucellosis can have a considerable impact on human and animal health, as well as on economics, especially in developing countries where rural income relies largely on livestock breeding and dairy products [2]. The genus Brucella is generally classified into 10 species, which are Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella ovis, Brucella canis, Brucella neotomae, Brucella pinnipedialis, Brucella ceti, Brucella microti, and Brucella inopinata, based on host preference and phenotypic characteristics [3,4]. Among these species, B. melitensis, B. suis and B. canis distribute more widely and virulently.

The strain named B. suis 019 infected sheep (ovine), rhesus monkeys and possibly humans. The 019 strain was first discovered in the 1980’s when the sheep epididymitis, usually caused by the B. ovis, broke out widely in the province of Xinjiang, China. After that, the 019 strain was isolated from the semen of sick sheep (ovine) and initially identified as a B. ovis strain by the serological and bacteriological tests [5]. Then, this identification was confirmed by the biochemical tests [6]. Later, the significant differences between the 019 strain and the other B. ovis strains were found through a series of experiments. The animal experiments proved the 019 strain infected rhesus monkeys and caused damage to many organs [7]. The molecular biological experiments showed some featured genes of the 019 strain were quite different from those of B. ovis [8]. In 2010, Wang et al. revealed that there were significant differences between the 019 strain and the 63/290 reference strain on both DNA and amino acid levels and concluded that the 019 strain was a unique local strain to Xinjiang [9]. However, the taxonomic status and infection mechanism of the 019 strain were still confusing.

In 2013, we assembled the draft genome of B. suis 019 using 90 bp Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and performed the comparative genomic analysis to reveal that the 019 strain belongs to B. suis and is far from B. ovis or B. melitensis. Although the B. suis 019 draft genome made effective progress, the draft genome missed some important information, e.g., genomic structure variation or rearrangement. Since pathogenic bacteria often exhibit a high degree of genomic rearrangement [10], we assembled the complete genome of B. suis 019 using the 250 bp NGS technology with Sanger sequencing confirmation. We also compared the B. suis 019 complete genome with the other 15 Brucella complete genomes to reach two research goals: 1) to confirm the taxonomic status of B. suis 019 strain based on the complete genome analysis; 2) to associate B. suis 019 strain’s rough phenotype and pathogenicity to some sequence features on the genome level.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Complete Genome Sequencing, Assembly and Annotation

The raw NGS data contained 2 × 688,568 paired reads with the length of 251 bp. After removing low quality regions, adapters and viral sequences, a total of 1,368,448 cleaned reads were produced for genome assembly. Using the cleaned reads, 14 and 6 scaffolds were assembled for chromosome 1 and 2. Then, we used the PCR plus Sanger sequencing to fill the gaps (Methods), producing the B. suis 019 complete genome (80× depth) containing two chromosomes with the length 2,098,391 bp and 1,204,433 bp, respectively (Supplementary file 1). The assembled B. suis 019 complete genome has a total sequence length of 3,302,824 bp, which is 3717 bp longer than the total length of the draft genome. This complete genome has the GC content 57.27%, which is very close to the GC content 57.28% of the draft genome. We predicted 1972 and 1119 proteins for 019 chromosome 1 and 2 (Supplementary file 2). Compared to the predicted 3529 ORFs using the draft genome, 3091 is closer to the total protein number of the other Brucella complete genomes (Table 1). All of the predicted proteins were annotated by the NCBI NR database and the Gene Ontology terms (Supplementary file 3). These proteins were predicted to involve 125 KEGG metabolism pathways (Supplementary file 4).

Table 1.

18 Brucella complete genomes.

Strain Chr1_ID Length Gen# Chr2_ID Length Gen# CG%
* B. abortus A13334 NC_016795.1 2,123,773 2086 NC_016777.1 1,162,259 1102 57.40
B. abortus bv.1 str 9-941 NC_006932.1 2,124,241 2082 NC_006933.1 1,162,204 1103 57.22
B. abortus S19 NC_010742.1 2,122,487 2089 NC_010740.1 1,161,449 1106 57.22
B. canis ATCC 23365 NC_010103.1 2,105,969 2022 NC_010104.1 1,206,800 1131 57.24
B. canis HSKA 52141 NC_016778.1 2,107,023 2019 NC_016796.1 1,170,489 1098 57.24
B. melitensis 16M NC_003317.1 2,117,144 2040 NC_003318.1 1,177,787 1107 57.22
B. melitensis ATCC 23457 NC_012441.1 2,125,701 2059 NC_012442.1 1,185,518 1117 57.22
B. melitensis biovar Abortus 2308 NC_007618.1 2,121,359 2086 NC_007624.1 1,156,948 1104 57.22
B. melitensis M28 NC_017244.1 2,126,133 2058 NC_017245.1 1,185,615 1118 57.22
B. melitensis M5-90 NC_017246.1 2,126,451 2062 NC_017247.1 1,185,778 1118 57.22
B. melitensis NI NC_017248.1 2,117,717 2051 NC_017283.1 1,176,758 1112 57.23
B. microti CCM 4915 NC_013119.1 2,117,050 2024 NC_013118.1 1,220,319 1135 57.25
B. ovis ATCC 25840 NC_009505.1 2,111,370 2068 NC_009504.1 1,164,220 1122 57.19
B. pinnipedialis B2/94 NC_015857.1 2,138,342 2081 NC_015858.1 1,260,926 1188 57.20
B. suis 1330 NC_017251.1 2,107,783 2014 NC_017250.1 1,207,380 1130 57.25
* B. suis ATCC 23445 NC_010169.1 1,923,763 1848 NC_010167.1 1,400,844 1327 57.21
B. suis VBI22 NC_016797.1 2,108,637 2015 NC_016775.1 1,207,451 1132 57.25
B. suis 019 CP013963.1 2,098,391 1972 CP013964.1 1,204,433 1119 57.27
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* These data were not used in this study. Chr1_len is the length of chromosome 1. Chr2_len is the length of chromosome 2. Gen# is the total gene number on this chromosome. Chr1_ID and Chr2_ID is the RefSeq or Genbank Accession Number.

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis

Using 2,537 homologous genes from 51 Brucella genomes including the B. suis 019 draft genome (Methods), Phylogenetic Tree 1 was built to show six well-supported clades including B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. ovis, Brucella from marine mammals, B. suis and canis, and others (Figure 1A). These results confirmed that B. suis 019 belongs to the B. suis and is closest to B. suis bv. 1 str. S2 (Figure 1B). The vaccine strain B. suis S2, which had been developed in China in the 1970’s, was effective for oral vaccination of sheep, goats, cattle and pigs [11]. B. suis S2 has been widely used for prevention of animal brucellosis in China over many years.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The phylogenetic trees. A. Phylogenetic Tree 1 was built using homologous genes from 51 Brucella genomes (including 019 draft genome). B. A magnified view of Brucella suis and canis clades was from Phylogenetic Tree 1. C. Phylogenetic Tree 2 was built using chromosome 1 sequences from 15 Brucella complete genomes (including 019 complete genome). D. Phylogenetic Tree 3 was built using chromosome 2 sequences from 15 Brucella complete genomes (including 019 complete genome).

Using chromosome 1 and 2 sequences from 16 Brucella complete genomes (Table 1), we built Phylogenetic Trees 2 and 3, separately (Figure 1C,D). Phylogenetic Trees 2 and 3 had congruence with Phylogenetic Tree 1 on three points. The first point was that B. suis 019 belongs to B. suis species rather than B. ovis. The second point was that the debated B. melitensis biovar Abotus 2308 belongs to the B. abortus and is not a biovar of B. melitensis. The last point was that the B. ovis is far from other species, which confirmed a previous study. In that study, Foster et al. used 20,154 SNPs from 13 Brucella genomes to show that most Brucella species had diverged from their common B. ovis ancestor in the past 86,000 to 296,000 years, which preceded the domestication of their livestock hosts [12].

Using 16 complete genomes, we found the discrepancy between Phylogenetic Trees 2 and 3. Phylogenetic Tree 2 revealed a well supported topology that placed B. ovis, B. microti, B. canis, B. suis, B. pinnipedialis, B. abortus and B. melitensis in different clades (Figure 1C). Meanwhile Phylogenetic Tree 3 classified B. ovis and B. pinnipedialis into one clade and did not classify B. suis and B. canis into two well separated groups as Phylogenetic Tree 2 did. The latter phenomenon, named the paraphyly of B. suis, was discovered in two previous studies [12]. The results in these study suggested the paraphyly of B. suis could be attributed to chromosome 2 (Phylogenetic Tree 3). To further investigate the relationship between different Brucella species, we conducted a collinear analysis of 16 complete genomes to provide more detailed information on the genomic regions.

2.3. Comparative Genome Analysis Using 16 Complete Genomes

Chromosome sequences from B. suis 019 and the other 15 Brucella species were aligned using the Mauve software (Methods). Mauve identified nine and seven locally collinear blocks (LCBs) for the 019 chromosome 1 and 2 (Supplementary file 5). LCBs are conserved segments that appear to be internally free from genome rearrangements [13]. Compared to the smaller LCB size in genomes of other genura (e.g., 78 LCBs in Yersinia [10] and 243 LCBs in Shewanella [14]), the large LCB size in Brucella genomes reflected the higher conservation in the Brucella genome structure. If not considering four LCBs with length 269, 300, 149 and 400 bp, five large LCBs with lengths 735,668, 465,416, 198,078, 6148 and 691,535 bp covered 99.63% (2,090,697/2,098,391) of the 019 chromosome 1 (Figure 2). Seven LCBs from the 019 chromosome 2 had the lengths 6490, 46,795, 63,955, 442,686, 3952, 319,146 and 321,153 bp (Figure 3). The total length of these seven LCBs was 1,204,177 bp, covering 99.98% (1,204,177/1,204,433) of the 019 chromosome 2. Overall, the Brucella chromosome 2 had a higher degree of genome rearrangements. A 46,795 bp LCB was almost absent on the B. ovis 25840 genome and inversed on the B. melitensis 23457, M28 and M5-90 genome. A 765,784 bp inversion including three LCBs was observed on the B. abortus S19, 2308 and 9-941 genome. A 3952 bp inversion was observed on the B. ovis 25840 genome. These results supported a previous conclusion that Brucella chromosome 2 is more dynamic, perhaps owing to its hypothesized origin as a plasmid [12].

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Nine LCBs on Brucella chromosome 1. Nine LCBs on chromosome 1 were built using 16 Brucella complete genomes. The blocks in the same color are connected by lines. A phylogenetic map of the strains derived from Phylogenetic Tree 2 (topology only) is on the left side.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Seven LCBs on Brucella chromosome 2. Seven LCBs on chromosome 2 were built using 16 Brucella complete genomes. The blocks in the same color are connected by lines. A phylogenetic map of the strains derived from Phylogenetic Tree 3 (topology only) is on the left side.

Since B. suis 019 is closest to B. suis S2 among all the B. suis species (Figure 1A), we conducted a CDS syntenic analysis between the B. suis 019 complete genome and the B. suis S2 draft genome. The results showed a good conservation of synteny and collinearity between B. suis 019 and the B. suis S2 genome (Figure 4). Then, we blasted all the CDS sequences of B. suis S2 to the B. suis 019 complete genome. All of the 3230 CDS sequences of B. suis S2 could be covered by the hits from the B. suis 019 genome, 99.54% (3215/3230) of which have the identity 100% to the query sequences. We also blasted all the CDS sequences of B. suis 019 to the B. suis S2 draft genome. All of the 3091 CDS sequences of B. suis 019 were able to be covered by the hits from the B. suis S2 genome, 99.78% (3084/3091) of which have the identity 100% to the query sequences. The comparison between B. suis 019 and the B. suis S2 showed there were eight genes absent in the B. suis 019 (Table 2) and 19 genes with significant mutation between B. suis S2 and B. suis 019 (Supplementary file 6). Among 19 genes, four genes have a single copy in the B. suis 019 complete genome (Table 2). Particularly, we found that a 21 bp nucleotide deletion in the rsh gene resulted in a seven amino acid deletion QKRASGD. Based on search results from the NCBI website, we reported this as a new mutation of rsh gene.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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The syntenic map between the B. suis S2 and 019. The syntenic map between the B. suis S2 and B. suis 019 strain was acquired on the CoGe website. The CDS sequences of B. suis S2 chromosome 1 and 2 used CP006961.1 and CP006962.1 from the GenBank database.

Table 2.

Significant different genes between B. suis 019 and S2.

Gene-ID Chr Length Copy Product
BSS2_I0512 1 795 1 integrase catalytic subunit
BSS2_I0517 1 1119 >1 mannosyltransferase
BSS2_I0518 1 369 1 transposase
BSS2_I0519 1 342 1 IS5 family transposase orfB
BSS2_I0898 1 165 >1 hypothetical protein
BSS2_I1794 1 1929 1 hypothetical protein
BSS2_I1795 1 675 1 hypothetical protein
BSS2_II0527 2 1965 >1 cell wall surface protein
chr1_239 1 2232 1 gtp pyrophosphokinase rsh
chr1_277 1 1140 1 cytochrome c-type biogenesis protein
chr1_995 1 4782 1 outer membrane autotransporter barrel domain-containing protein
chr1_1847 1 777 1 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
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The product of rsh named GTP pyrophosphokinase rsh (EC: 2.7.6.5) is a mediator of the stringent response that coordinates a variety of cellular activities in response to changes in nutritional abundance. Rsh is required for Brucella to express the type IV secretion system VirB, a major virulence factor of Brucella and therefore plays a role in adaptation to low-nutrient environments. This was evidenced using the Rsh deletion mutants in B. suis and B. melitensis in a previous study [15]. Comparative transcriptional analysis between B. suis 1330 wild-type and Δrsh mutant showed the Rsh-dependent up-regulation of 198 genes and down-regulation of 181 genes, which together account for 11.6% of the genome [16]. The Rsh protein (Uniprot: Q8CY42) with a length of 750 AA (amino acids) has four Pfam domains, HD_4 (residues 26-176), RelA_SpoT (residues 235-346), TGS (residues 392-451) and ACT_4 (residues 669-747). The seven amino acid deletion (residues 37-43) belongs to the HD_4 domain. We used the PredictProtein server (https://www.predictprotein.org) to analyze the rsh properties and predicted that all of the deleted seven amino acids had the coil secondary structures. These seven amino acids were predicted in the disorder regions. Moreover, the Glutamine (Q) on residue 37 was predicted as a protein binding region. Compared to the other three single copy genes (Table 2), the rsh gene with the seven amino acid deletion is more likely to be associated to the acquired pathogenicity of the B. suis 019.

Gene-ID has two formats. The format “BSS2_xxxx” is the tag name in the GenBank data CP006961.1 (B. suis S2 chromosome 1) and CP006962.1 (B. suis S2 chromosome 2). The format “chrx_xxxx” is the gene ID of B. suis 019 complete genome (Supplementary files 1 and 2). The first eight genes are absent in the B. suis 019 complete genome. The other four genes have significant mutation from B. suis S2 to B. suis 019.

2.4. Beta-Ketoadipate Pathway and Lipopolysaccharide

One important characteristic of Brucella is that it shares two pathways with the soil microorganisms. These two pathways, beta-ketoadipate pathway and homoprotocatechuate pathway are widely distributed among diverse soil microorganisms and play a central role in the processing and degradation of plant-derived aromatic compounds. The B. suis 1330 genome (GenBank: AE014291.4 and AE014292.2) includes these two intact pathways, the genes of which are located on chromosome 2 [17]. The homoprotocatechuate pathway includes eight protein-coding genes (AE014292.2: BRA1155–BRA1162). These genes numbered from chr2_1076 to chr2_1084 (Table 3) were found in B. suis 019 in the same order on chromosome 2 with sequence identity 100%. The beta-ketoadipate pathway includes 12 protein-coding genes (AE014292.2:BRA0636–BRA0647). One previous study showed that at least 1 of the 12 genes carried by every Brucella genome except B. suis 1330 has become a pseudogene and 12 genes are completely missing in B. suis ATCC 23445 [18]. These 12 genes numbered from chr2_443 to chr2_454 (Table 3) were found in B. suis 019 in the same order on chromosome 2 with sequence identity 100%.

Table 3.

Featured genes of Brucella.

1330-ID Chr Start End 019-ID Start End Product
BRA0636 2 617674 618876 chr2_454 490638 491840 beta-ketoadipyl CoA thiolase
BRA0637 2 618885 619574 chr2_453 489940 490629 3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase, beta subunit
BRA0638 2 619571 620278 chr2_452 489236 489943 3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase, alpha subunit
BRA0639 2 620462 621232 chr2_451 488282 489052 transcriptional regulator PcaR, putative
BRA0640 2 621239 622156 chr2_450 487358 488275 pobR protein
BRA0641 2 622269 623438 chr2_449 486076 487245 p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase
BRA0642 2 623848 624756 chr2_448 484758 485666 transcriptional regulator PcaQ
BRA0643 2 624850 625653 chr2_447 483861 484664 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase
BRA0644 2 625657 626073 chr2_446 483441 483860 4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase
BRA0645 2 626070 626810 chr2_445 482704 483444 protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, beta subunit
BRA0646 2 626812 627429 chr2_444 482085 482702 protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, alpha subunit
BRA0647 2 627433 628497 chr2_443 481017 482081 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase, putative
BRA1155 2 1155255 1156661 chr2_1084 1157262 1158668 aldehyde dehydrogenase family protein
BRA1156 2 1156818 1157627 chr2_1082 1156296 1157105 2,4-dihydroxyhept-2-ene-1,7-dioic acid aldolase
BRA1157 2 1157694 1157804 chr2_1081x 1156119 1156229 hypothetical protein
BRA1158 2 1157845 1158648 chr2_1081 1155275 1156078 2-keto-4-pentenoate hydratase
BRA1159 2 1158652 1159518 chr2_1080 1154405 1155271 fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase family protein
BRA1160 2 1159587 1160567 chr2_1078 1153356 1154336 catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (pseudo)
BRA1161 2 1160622 1162136 chr2_1077 1151787 1153301 5-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
BRA1162 2 1162206 1162598 chr2_1076 1151325 1151717 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate delta isomerase
BR0058 1 64824 66455 chr1_179 820216 821847 phosphoglucomutase
BR0510 1 509856 511724 chr1_359 374961 376829 epimerase/dehydratase, putative
BR0511 1 511711 512718 chr1_358 373967 374974 glycosyl transferase, group 4 family protein
BR0517 * 1 516587 517366 chr1_353 369319 370098 formyltransferase, putative
BR0519 * 1 518244 519002 chr1_351 367683 368441 O-antigen export system ATP-binding protein RfbE
BR0520 1 518999 519781 chr1_350 366904 367686 O-antigen export system permease protein RfbD
BR0521 1 519796 520899 chr1_349 365786 366889 perosamine synthase, putative
BR0522 1 520907 521995 chr1_348 364690 365778 GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
BR0529 1 525257 526375 NA 498887 498927 mannosyltransferase, putative
BR0537 1 529702 531039 chr1_345 361179 362516 phosphomannomutase, putative
BR0538 * 1 531064 532488 chr1_344 359730 361154 mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase/mannose-6-phosphate isomerase
BR0539 * 1 532521 533693 chr1_343 358525 359697 mannose-6-phosphate isomerase
BR0540 1 533776 534885 chr1_342 357333 358442 glycosyl transferase, group 1 family protein
BR0615 1 606884 608995 chr1_269 283223 285334 membrane protein, putative
BR0981 1 948161 949393 chr1_1915 2041237 2042469 glycosyl transferase WboA
BR0982 1 949390 950949 chr1_1914 2039681 2041240 glycosyl transferase, group 1 family protein
BR1503 * 1 1457802 1458866 chr1_1441 1531664 1532728 lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis mannosyltransferase LpcC
BRA0347 * 2 326808 328223 chr2_723 778336 779751 mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase/mannose-6-phosphate isomerase
BRA0348 2 328220 329653 chr2_722 776906 778339 phosphoglucomutase, putative
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* Three groups of featured genes are separated by a blank line. The first group of 12 genes involves in the beta-ketoadipate pathway. The second group of 8 genes involves in the homoprotocatechuate pathway. The third group of 19 genes are indicated as being important in producing smoothness. 1330-ID uses tags in the GenBank data AE014291.4 and AE014292.2. 019-ID uses gene ID of B. suis 019 genome (Supplementary files 1 and 2).

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major structural component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. It is composed of a lipid core, a core oligosaccharide, and a distal O-polysaccharide (O-PS) side chain [19]. The presence of the intact O-PS produces smooth phenotypes in B. melitensis, B. suis and B. abortus, while the absence or disruption of O-PS produces rough phenotypes in B. canis and B. ovis with the lipid core and the core oligosaccharide. An unexpected finding on the B. suis 019 was its rough morphology. Several studies indicated specific genes are important for the development of the smooth phenotype in Brucella [19]. Until now, 19 genes have been indicated as being important in producing smoothness. The disruption of 13 genes, Pgm (BR0058), WbkD (BR0510), WbkF (BR0511), Wzm (BR0520), Per (BR0521), Gmd (BR0522), WbkA (BR0529), ManB (BR0537), WbkE (BR0540), Wa** (BR0615), WboA (BR0981), WboB (BR0982) and ManBcore (BRA0348), resulted in a rough phenotype in B. melitensis and six genes, WbkC (BR0517), Wzt (BR0519), ManC (BR0538), ManA (BR0539), LpcC (BR1503) and ManCcore (BRA0347), were identified as playing roles that had not been fully determined (Table 3). Based on the alignment results, we found that the WbkA gene was disrupted in the B. suis 019 complete genome with the other 18 genes 100% identical to their orthologs in B. suis 1330. Previous studies have demonstrated that spontaneous excision of the WbkA glycosyltranferase gene was a cause of dissociation of smooth to rough Brucella [20]. Therefore, we proposed that the disruption of the WbkA gene resulted in the rough B. suis 019.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Sample Preparation, DNA-seq Library Construction

The B. suis 019 strain was obtained from the key laboratory of prevention and control of animal disease, Shihezi University. This bacteria had been originally isolated from the sperm of sheep in the province of Xinjiang in China in 1983, then processed by freeze-drying for long-term preservation. In this study, B. suis 019 was cultured at 37 °C for 72 h using the streak plate method. Single bacterial colonies were inoculated in the TS broth at 37 °C with shaking for 48 h. Bacteria were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 1 min and washed twice with sterile deionized water. Total genomic DNA was extracted and purified by the GENEray™ Bacteria Whole Genome DNA Extraction Kit GK1072 (Generay Biotech, Shanghai, China). The DNA purity and concentration was measured by a NanoDrop™ spectrophotometer. DNA fragmentation was conducted using an ultrasound machine. DNA fragments of around 500 bp size were separated and collected using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Finally, one DNA library was constructed using the Illumina TruSeq™ (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) DNA Sample Prep Kits for the draft genome sequencing. The same procedure was conducted to construct another DNA library for the complete genome sequencing by a different experimenter one year later.

3.2. Draft Genome Sequencing, Assembly and Annotation

The DNA-seq library was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform. De novo assembly of the B. suis 019 draft genome was performed using the SOAPdenovo 1.05 [21]. Gene prediction was performed using the software Glimmer 3.02 [22]. The raw NGS data contained paired reads with the left read length of 90 bp and right read length of 70 bp. We produced a total of 330 M bp cleaned NGS data, roughly covering 100 fold (100×) of the B. suis 019 draft genome. The assembled B. suis 019 draft genome has a total sequence length of 3,299,107 bp with the GC content 57.28%. This assembly produced 30 scaffolds and 722 contigs (Methods). The scaffold N50 and contig N50 is 259,978 bp and 7677 bp, respectively. We predicted 3,529 ORFs with the average length of 804 bp. This data was submitted to the GenBank WGS database with ID ANOZ00000000.

3.3. Complete Genome Sequencing, Assembly and Annotation

The DNA-seq library was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform. After removing low quality regions, adapters and viral sequences, the cleaned reads were produced for genome assembly using the software Fastq_clean [23]. De novo assembly of the B. suis 019 genome was performed using the Celera Assembler version 8.1 [24] to produce scaffolds with the default setting. Blastn [25] searching was conducted against the NCBI bacterial genome database with the scaffolds to find the best matched genome B. ceti TE28753-12 as the reference genome. Based on the reference sequence NC_022907.1 and NC_022908.1, we applied the LASTZ and Chain/Net to order the scaffolds on two chromosomes, respectively. The gaps within and between the scaffolds were closed with the GapFiller [26]. Gene prediction was performed using the software Prodigal 2.60 [27]. All putative genes were annotated based on the NCBI NR database. Functional categorization by Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathway annotation was carried out based on the best 20 blastx hits from the NR database using the Blast2GO software [24].

3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Homologous Genes

Using all the annotated genes in the B. suis 1330 genome as a reference, we aligned the genes of the other 50 genomes to the reference genes using the blastn software. Taking the sequence identity 70% as threshold, we obtained a total of 2537 homologous genes from the alignment results. These homologous genes were linked into 51 super homologous sequences. The length of the super homologous sequences is about 2,226,048 bp covering more than 2/3 of the Brucella genome. The multiple alignment of 51 super homologous sequences was implemented using ClustalW 2.0 [28]. At last, a phylogenetic tree was built using the UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means) method in the software MEGA 5.0 [29].

3.5. Comparative Genome Analysis Using 16 Complete Genomes

Removing two genomes due to their abnormal genome size (ATCC 23445) or GC content (A13334), we used B. suis 019 with 15 other complete genomes for the analysis (Table 1). The phylogenetic trees for chromosomes 1 and 2 were constructed using the software Mauve 2.4.0 with the default setting [13]. The collinear analysis and result display was also conducted using Mauve 2.4.0. To clearly display the collinear analysis result in Mauve, we rotated 15 genome sequences to roughly align the collinear regions to start from similar regions on the chromosome.

The syntenic analysis between B. suis 019 and B. suis S2 (v1, id25770) was conducted using the SynMap tool with default setting on the CoGe website. To be compatible with previous studies, the comparison between B. suis 019 and B. suis S2 used the GenBank data CP006961.1 (B. suis S2 chromosome 1) and CP006962.1 (B. suis S2 chromosome 2) (Table 2). The comparison between B. suis 019 and B. suis 1330 used the GenBank data AE014291.4 (B. suis 1330 chromosome 1) and AE014292.2 (B. suis 1330 chromosome 2) (Table 3).

4. Conclusions

In this study, we presented the complete genome of B. suis 019 and conducted comparative genome analysis. B. suis 019 was identified to be closest to the vaccine strain B. suis bv. 1 str. S2. Based on further analysis results, we associated the rsh gene to the pathogenicity of B. suis 019, and the WbkA gene to the rough phenotype of B. suis 019.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of China (2013DFA32380), and Natural Science Foundation of China (U1303283, 31260596 and 31360610). The data analysis in this study was supported by National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health Translational Cancer Medicine Specials.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:

NGS

Next-generation sequencing

LCBs

Locally Collinear Blocks

LPS

Lipopolysaccharide

O-PS

O-polysaccharide

GO

Gene Ontology

UPGMA

unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means

Supplementary Materials

Click here for additional data file. (1.6MB, zip)

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/link.

Author Contributions

Chuangfu Chen and Shan Gao conceived the project and supervised this study. Shan Gao and Xin Chen wrote the main manuscript text. Ke Zhang analyzed the B. suis 019 draft genome. Shan Gao, Yuanzhi Wang and Xin Chen analyzed the B. suis 019 complete genome. Zhen Wang, Hui Zhang, Fei Guo, Hanping Feng and Wenyi Gu downloaded, managed and processed the data. Changxin Wu, Lei Ma, and Tiansen Li prepared the figures and tables.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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