Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer with a giant left atrial tumor thrombus: A case report and literature review

Abstract

Lung cancer presenting with a giant atrial tumor thrombus is particularly rare. Surgical resection, aided by a cardiopulmonary bypass, is the standard treatment of choice if there is no distant metastasis. However, this form of surgery carries a high risk, with the subsequent patient prognosis being extremely poor. The current study describes the case of a 52-year-old man presenting with left lung squamous cell carcinoma that had extended into the left atrium. The patient was treated with stereotactic radiotherapy, and regarding the atrial disease, a complete response was achieved within 12 months. The present case demonstrates that stereotactic radiotherapy may be a beneficial palliative treatment for patients with stage IV lung cancer invading the left atrium.

Introduction

Advanced non-small cell lung cancer with associated atrial involvement is uncommon, occurring in ~10% of patients presenting with bronchogenic carcinoma (1,2). Patients with the disease usually possess circulatory and respiratory symptoms, and coughing, hemoptysis, dyspnea, weight loss and an extremely poor performance status are the typical associated features (3). Furthermore, an associated intra-atrial tumor thrombus is particularly rare, with tumor thrombi potentially leading to widespread systemic embolization and/or outflow tract obstruction (4–6). As a result, treatment is always warranted. If there is no presentation of distant metastasis, surgical resection is considered as the gold-standard therapy. However, chemotherapy may also be administered. Cases of non-small cell lung cancer with associated intra-atrial tumor thrombi are usually diagnosed using enhanced computed tomography (CT). Due to the rarity of this condition, incidence and mortality rates remain unknown, however, patient prognosis is extremely poor with an overall survival time of 4–17 months (1,7). The present study reports the case of a patient with stage IV lung cancer with invasion into the left atrium, for which a complete response was achieved following treatment with stereotactic radiotherapy.

Case report

In April 2012, a 52-year-old man was admitted to the Center of Radiation Oncology, Wujing Hospital (Shanghai, China) presenting with a 3-month history of progressive dyspnea and coughing. The patient also had a history of hypertension and smoking. An enhanced CT scan (Optima CT660 FREEdom; GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA) revealed a left hilar tumor wrapped around the left pulmonary artery and vein, along with a large mass in the left atrium (Fig. 1A). A transbronchial biopsy was performed. Subsequently, tissue was formalin-fixed (Shanghai Ziyi Reagent Factory, Shanghai, China) paraffin-embedded (Leica Microsystems, Ltd., Milton Keynes, UK) and cut into 4 µm sections for hematoxylin and eosin (Baso Diagnostics Inc., Zhuhai, China) staining and immunohistochemistry. The biopsy revealed that the primary site was consistent with nests and trabecula of carcinoma cells proliferating with necrotic debris and intercellular bridges structures (Fig. 2A and B). For immunohistochemical analysis, the specimens were incubated with primary antibodies for 45 min at room temperature. Slides were then washed 4 times in Tris-Buffered Saline with Tween 20 (TBST) for 5 min. The slides were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Dako REAL™ EnVision™ kit; ready to use; cat. no. K5007; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) for 30 min at room temperature. The slides were then washed 3 times with TBST for 5 min. Next, slides were washed with Dako REAL™ substrate buffer (Dako) and incubated with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen (Dako) for 10 min at room temperature. The slides were then washed 3 times with TBST followed by distilled water for 1 min. Staining was visualized under a microscope (BX41; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for cytokeratin 5/6 (monoclonal anti-human mouse antibody; 1:50; cat. no. AM0101; Ascend Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) and p40 (monoclonal anti-human mouse antibody; 1:200; cat. no. 10035N; Ascend Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), which indicated poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Fig. 2C and D). Positron emission tomography (PET; GE Discovery ST; GE Healthcare) exhibited intense ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the hilar tumor and the mass in the left atrium; additionally, a hot spot was located in the left adrenal gland (Fig. 3). The patient was therefore diagnosed with T4N1M1 [American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV (8)] lung squamous cell carcinoma with atrial tumor thrombus.

Figure 1.

Intracardiac extension of the tumor at first presentation and post-treatment. (A) CT scan demonstrating a large left atrial tumor thrombus. (B) CT scan showing the isodose line of the radiotherapy planning system. (C) CT scan demonstrating a clear reduction of the left atrial tumor thrombus and the left lower pulmonary tuberculosis following 7 months of radiotherapy. (D) CT scan demonstrating that the tumor thrombus had disappeared following 12 months of radiotherapy. CT, computed tomography.

Figure 2.

Histopathological analysis of bronchial biopsy specimens. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealing (A) poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (magnification, ×200) and (B) intercellular bridges (indicated by the black arrow) of squamous cell carcinoma (magnification, ×200). (C) Immunohistochemical staining revealing positivity for (C) CK5/6 (magnification, ×200) and (D) p40 (magnification, ×200) within the areas of carcinoma nests.

Figure 3.

Positron emission tomography scans demonstrating intense ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the hilar mass and the left atrial tumor thrombus.

Due to the high risks of surgical resection and a patient history of refractory diabetes, it was agreed that stereotactic radiotherapy, via segmented gamma-ray therapy (SGS-I, Huiheng Medical, Shenzhen, China), would be performed on the two lesions. An internal target volume (ITV) of the tumor was segmented according to tumor motion based on a four-dimensional scan. A 6-mm margin was added to the ITV to form the planning target volume (PTV). A total dose of 40 Gy in 4-Gy fractions was delivered over 2 weeks to cover at least 95% of the PTV (Fig. 1B). The median doses for the lung and esophagus were 6.8 and 12.6 Gy, respectively. The maximum dose administered to the spinal cord was 5.2 Gy, and the V₃₀ [volume (%) receiving 30 Gy] of the uninvolved heart was 20.8%. Following a total of 2 months, a CT scan demonstrated that the left hilar mass and the left atrial tumor thrombus had significantly reduced in size, and the symptoms had considerably improved. However, following a 5-month stable period, the patient was hospitalized due to the onset of a fever and severe cough. A CT scan revealed left lower pulmonary atelectasis and pneumonia (Fig. 1C). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also detected in the sputum.

During the next 6 months, the patient received anti-tuberculosis (300 mg isoniazid; 600 mg, rifampicin; daily) and supportive treatment (228 mg polyene phosphatidylcholine; three times daily). A follow-up CT scan at 1 year post-radiotherapy demonstrated that the tumor thrombus in the left atrium had disappeared, however, the left lower pulmonary atelectasis had not yet been fully alleviated (Fig. 1D). The patient exhibited no marked symptoms, and following completion of a PET scan, there was no indication of tumor recurrence. Despite this, 6 months later, the patient presented with progressive back pain, and a subsequent magnetic resonance imaging scan confirmed the presence of multiple bone metastases. The patient accepted analgesic therapy only and succumbed 3 months later. The patient's overall survival time was 21 months.

Written informed consent was obtained from the family of the patient for the publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

Discussion

Lung cancer presenting with a giant atrial tumor thrombus is particularly rare. To the best of our knowledge, there have only been 18 cases published in the English literature over the last two decades. In these 18 cases, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common pathological type and was present in 5 cases (7,9–12), followed by 4 neuroendocrine carcinoma cases (13–16), 3 adenocarcinoma cases (1,17,18), 3 sarcoma cases (5,6,19), 1 large cell carcinoma case (20) and 1 neuroectodermal tumor case (21). The pathology of a further case was reported as sarcoma mixed with squamous carcinoma (16); although histopathological examination demonstrated that the primary tumor was poorly-differentiated, the cardiac and intravascular portions of each tumor were less differentiated and more necrotic than the primary focus in the lung (3).

The morphological style of lung cancer invasion into the left atrium may be divided into two groups: i) Contiguous invasion by the primary tumor from the pulmonary vein base; and ii) direct invasion by the primary tumor, or lymph node metastasis, into the posterior wall of the left atrium (10). The atrial wall is composed of the epicardium, a muscle layer and the tunica intima. As a thin layer of mesothelial cells, the epicardium is easily penetrated by tumor cells with involvement of the muscle layer. Once the tumor cells have invaded the atrium, this alters the hemodynamics of the body; cancer cell-derived microparticles aggregate platelets via a tissue factor-dependent pathway, and as a result, the tumor thrombus rapidly increases in size (22). Tumor thrombi may lead to widespread systemic embolization and/or outflow tract obstruction (4–6). The incidence of embolization is ~16.7% (3/18), and as a result, treatment is always warranted.

Lung cancer invading the left atrium or great vessels is classified as T4 and belongs to stage IIIb of the tumor-node-metastasis classification system (8). The prognosis for affected patients is poor, and surgery often has an insufficient effect on the disease. However, patients presenting with limited invasion of the left atrium and no distant metastasis may achieve a complete surgical resection despite having a T4 classification (23). Prior to resection of the mass, a cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed to prevent systemic seeding or embolization of the tumor (10,16). The median survival time following this type of surgery has been reported to be 10 months (24).

Radiotherapy is an important treatment for malignant tumors. In a previous case, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (50-Gy dose) was delivered to a lung tumor and intra-atrial lesion, with the patient experiencing no acute side effects from the radiation and a complete response of the intracardiac disease within 3 months (1). Modern radiation oncology techniques, including stereotactic and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, have greatly reduced the risk of radiation-associated heart disease by delivering a high dose directly to the tumor, and a sharp dose-gradient to the adjacent normal heart and other organs (1,25). Furthermore, due to the increased precision of modern radiotherapy, a smaller margin is applied to the gross tumor volume to overcome daily set-up or tumor motion uncertainty. In particular, the risk of pericardial and coronary artery disease is significantly limited with strategies such as a deep inspiratory breath hold. Improved dose-delivery techniques also increase the utility of radiation (1,25). The 18 previous cases (1,5–7,9–21) show that surgery combined with chemotherapy is the most common treatment for this condition, however, prognosis remains extremely poor, with overall survival times ranging between 4 and 17 months. In the present case, surgery was not advised due to the presence of distant metastasis and the high risk of the surgical procedure. However, a complete response of the tumor and the associated thrombus was achieved using stereotactic radiotherapy alone. However, the patient later suffered from pneumonia and tuberculosis as a result of decreased immunity, which subsequently led to left pulmonary atelectasis. The overall survival time of the patient was 21 months, and no radiation therapy-associated complications were noted. Therefore, the present case demonstrates that stereotactic radiotherapy may be a beneficial palliative treatment for patients with stage IV lung cancer invading the left atrium.