Percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of spinal metastases

Abstract

The bones are the most common location for metastases, which may cause severe pain and damage, including osteolytic destruction and fractures. Pathological fractures of the spine are extremely painful and cause significant disability and morbidity in patients. Traditional open surgery has numerous complications, and radiation therapy may take weeks to become effective. To avoid the trauma and complication of open surgery, percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is a minimally invasive procedure that has played a great role in the treatment of spinal metastases over the past several years. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment of spinal metastasis using PKP, the present study evaluated 282 patients who had received PKP between April 2009 and June 2014. The efficacy of PKP was evaluated using the visual analog scale for pain (VAS), Karnofsky performance score (KPS) and quality of life (QOL) score (short form with 36 questions). The KPS and QOL were measured pre-operatively and 3 months post-operatively. In addition, radiographical data, including the degree of restoration of the kyphotic angle and the anterior vertebral height, and leakage of bone cement, were measured. The safety of the surgery was assessed by complications and side effects reported during or subsequent to surgery. The present study measured the parameters prior to the surgery and at 24 h, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year post-surgery, as well as at the last follow-up date. The range of the follow-up time was between 105 days and 15 months (mean, 401 days). The 282 patients underwent successful operations and the pain felt by the patients prior to the surgery was significantly alleviated. In addition, the analgesic intake of patients greatly decreased following PKP. KPS improved prior to and 3 months after the surgery. QOL also improved prior to and 3 months after the surgery. Radiographical data demonstrated that the kyphotic angle decreased following PKP, and the anterior vertebral height increased. Paravertebral leakage of bone cement occurred in 10 patients through a cortical defect, but without spinal cord compression or pulmonary embolism. Therefore, as a minimally invasive procedure, PKP may not only rapidly relieve the pain and disability experienced by patients, but it may also restore the kyphotic angle observed at the 1-year follow-up. Notably, PKP may safely improve the QOL of patients.

Introduction

The most frequent site of bone metastasis is the spine, and 39% of patients with bone metastases exhibit axial bone lesions (1,2). The most common location for spinal metastases is the thoracic spine (40–50%); however, all spinal column levels may be affected and >70% of spinal metastases may involve more than one vertebral level at presentation (3). The predominant symptom in spinal metastases is pain, including constant localized, radicular and axial pain (4). In addition to pain, spinal metastases may lead to pathological fractures of the vertebrae and paraplegia caused by spinal cord compression (5). Advances in diagnosing and treating patients with spinal metastases have improved the survival time and quality of life (QOL) of patients, therefore, controlling the pain that is experienced has become a major focus (6). Conservative treatments, including the use of analgesics, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can be transient and ineffective, and traditional invasive surgery is typically unsuitable for patients with spinal metastases due to the high risk of surgical complications and the associated short life expectancy. More recent technological advances in combination with innovative interventional radiology techniques have provided less invasive treatment therapy for patients with spinal metastases. Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is used to treat patients with painful metastases in the spine (7). PKP is a minimally invasive, radiologically-guided procedure that involves injecting bone cement into target vertebrae following the insertion of a balloon into the vertebral body to create a cavity. This allows relatively low pressure and high-viscosity bone cement disposition, which lowers the cement leakage rate (8–10).

The current study retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiological outcomes of PKP in patients with osteolytic-associated spinal metastases in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae, with an aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PKP in the treatment of these patients.

Patients and methods

Patient characteristics

Between April 2009 and June 2014, 282 patients with 399 vertebral lesions (thoracic vertebrae, 223; lumbar vertebrae, 176) received PKP at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (Shenyang, China) in our hospital. The majority of the patients received systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to PKP; however, the severe pain these patients experienced remained following the treatments. All the patients met the following inclusion criteria: Presence of a primary malignant tumor, which was diagnosed by pathology or cytology; grade D-E spinal cord function, according to the Frankel grading system (11); adequate hematological, hepatic, renal, neuronal and cardiac functions, and the ability to maintain a prone position for ≥2 h; a Karnofsky performance score (KPS) of ≥60; an expected survival time of ≥3 months; vertebral destruction, which was dominated by osteolytic lesions; thoracic and lumbar vertebral fractures confirmed by physical and imaging examinations; and a lesion region located below the 6th thoracic vertebra. The characteristics and tumor data of the patients are presented in Table I. All patients were informed of the future publication of this study and provided their consent. The study was approved by the Institutional Board at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.

Table I.

Clinical characteristics of 282 patients with spinal metastases.

Characteristics	Value
Age in years, n (%)
25–34	11 (3.90)
35–44	12 (4.26)
45–54	84 (29.79)
55–64	60 (21.28)
65–74	96 (34.04)
75–84	12 (4.26)
85–94	7 (2.48)
Gender, n (%)
Female	156 (55.32)
Male	126 (44.68)
Primary tumor, n (%)
Liver	60 (21.28)
Lung	132 (46.81)
Breast	24 (8.51)
Cervical	24 (8.51)
Prostate	13 (4.61)
Kidney	12 (4.26)
Bladder	12 (4.26)
Lymph	5 (1.77)
No. of vertebral lesions treated, n (%)
1	180 (63.83)
2	84 (29.79)
3	14 (4.96)
4	4 (1.42)
VAS	6.85±0.97
KPS	70.42±10.83
QOL	67.74±9.33
Kyphotic angle, °	16.68±1.46
Anterior vertebral height, mm	18.45±5.62

VAS, KPS, QOL, kyphotic angle and anterior vertebral height are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. VAS, pain visual analogue scale; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; QOL, quality of life score.

Evaluating the efficacy of PKP

The efficacy of PKP was evaluated using the visual analog scale for pain (VAS), KPS and QOL scores [short form with 36 questions (SF-36)]. In addition, radiographical data, including the degree of restoration of the kyphotic angle and anterior vertebral height, and the leakage of bone cement, were measured. The safety of PKP was assessed by evaluating the complications and side effects reported during or post-surgery. A clinical assessment of the patients was performed on the day prior to the surgery and at 24 h, 3 months, 6 months and 1-year post-surgery, as well as at the last follow-up date. The KPS and QOL scores were calculated 3 months after PKP, and baseline KPS and QOL scores were assessed prior to the procedure. A clinical follow-up examination of the patients was conducted by Dr Feng Chen, Dr Wei Shan and Dr Yang Gao (Department of Interventional Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University), and diagnostic images were independently evaluated by Mr. Xiang Wang (Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University). All the patients received conventional chemotherapy following the surgery, which was specific to the primary tumor.

PKP procedure

The following instruments were used in the PKP procedure: Puncture needles (3.2–4.0 mm in diameter), hollow diamond and solid diamond tipped needles, precision injector pressure device (Longguan Co., Jinan, China) to assess cement pressure during injection, surgical balloon, bone cement injection gun (Longguan Co.); bone cement (Heraeus Medical GmbH, Wehrheim, Germany); and surgical hammer (Beijing Operation Apparatus Factory, Beijing, China).

X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed prior to surgery to determine the location and number of lesions, and the degree of collapse of the vertebrae (Fig. 1). In addition, CT and MRI established if the back wall of the vertebral body was intact and if the spinal cord was compressed. PKP was guided by a Digital Subtraction Angiology (DSA) machine (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) in the interventional radiology suite following an analysis of the radiological images. Local anesthesia (2% lidocaine; 5 ml) was administered to the patient prior to the surgery. The patient was placed in the prone position and injection needles were used to puncture unilaterally or bilaterally through the pedicle of the vertebral arch (if the metastasis was located in a lumbar vertebra) or rib vertebral joints (if the metastasis was located in a thoracic vertebra).

Figure 1.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed prior to surgery to determine the location and number of lesions present, and the degree of collapse of the vertebra. (A) T8 and 11 with metastases from lung cancer, exhibiting a high signal on short inversion time inversion recovery. (B) T8 and (C) T11 exhibiting osteolytic damage. (D) Image showing the pathological type of the primary tumor as squamous cell carcinoma (stain, p63; magnification, ×100). T, thoracic vertebra.

When the needle tip reached the back wall of the vertebra (Fig. 2), 3-dimensional CT scanning was used, in combination with DSA, to ensure that the spinal cord was not punctured and the procedure was effective (Fig. 3). A surgical hammer was used to aid the needle placement into the anterior quadrant of the targeted vertebral body. Hollow and solid diamond tipped needles were used to polish the tract. Subsequently, a balloon, which was used to restore vertebral body height and create a cavity in the vertebra for the injection of bone cement, was inserted into the vertebra using fluoroscopic monitoring. The balloon was inflated and viewed using a contrast agent. If it was challenging to inflate the balloon or a portion of the balloon reached the vertebral margin, inflation was terminated and the balloon was removed (Fig. 4). Bone cement, a mixture of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and non-ionic contrast medium, was injected into the vertebra using a bone cement injecting gun and fluoroscopic monitoring. When the PMMA had solidified the injection needles were removed. The volume of bone cement injected into the vertebra was 1–5 ml, with a mean of 1.9 ml for the thoracic vertebrae and 1.97 ml for the lumbar vertebrae (Figs. 5 and 6). Following the surgery, the patients were required to rest for 6 h, and during this period the vital signs, neurology, urine volume, bowel movement, sensory motor functions of the lower limbs, and alterations in routine blood tests and CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations were monitored. The patients received mannitol (250 ml injection, daily) and solu-medrol (80 mg injection, daily) for three days to treat spinal cord edema.

Figure 2.

Intra-operative images revealing the injection needle puncturing the vertebra. (A) The tip of the injection needle reaches the posterior margin of the vertebral body in the lateral view. (B) The tip of the injection needle reaches the pedicle medial margin.

Figure 3.

A computed tomography scan revealing the injection needle puncturing the vertebra through the pedicle without touching the spinal cord.

Figure 4.

A surgical balloon was used to create a cavity in the vertebra and restore the height of the vertebral body, as shown in the (A) posterior and (B) lateral view.

Figure 5.

(A and B) The injection of bone cement into the vertebra using a bone cement injection gun. (C) Even post-operative spread of the bone cement in the cavity, which the surgical balloon created. (D and E) Bone cement filling the entire area of lesion destruction [(D) posterior view; (E) lateral view].

Figure 6.

Computed tomography scans post-surgery confirming that the bone cement had spread safely through the vertebra without extravasation or nerve compression. (A) Coronal view of T8 vertebra; (B) lateral view of T11 vertebra; (C) cross-sectional view of T8 vertebra; (D) cross-sectional view of T11 vertebra.

Statistical analysis

Continuous data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). A comparison of continuous variables pre- and post-surgery was performed using a one-way analysis of variance. P≤0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Patient follow-up

The PKP procedures performed on 282 patients with spinal metastases were successful and without severe complications. The success rate of the puncture surgery was 100%. The clinical assessment of the patients was performed at 24 h, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year post-surgery, and the last follow-up assessment was performed via outpatient review or telephone. All 282 patients underwent follow-up assessments 24 h and 3 months post-surgery, and 272 patients were evaluated at 6 months post-surgery. A total of 60 patients were lost to follow-up at 1-year post-surgery. The follow-up duration ranged between 105 days and 15 months (mean, 401 days).

VAS

For pain evaluation, the patients were asked to evaluate their degree of pain, according to VAS, which uses a score of 0–10 to indicate levels of pain between mild and severe (0, no pain; 10, severe pain). All the patients exhibited pain relief following the surgery. The pre-operative VAS was 6.85±0.97, which decreased to 3.11±1.38 24 h post-operatively (P<0.001). The VAS of the patients remained largely unaltered at 3 months (3.17±1.521; P<0.001; 282 patients), 6 months (3.58±1.63; P<0.001; 272 patients) and 1 year (4.61±1.65; P<0.001; 222 patients), and at the last follow-up (4.91±1.99; P<0.001; 219 patients) (Fig. 7A). In addition, the analgesic intake of the patients decreased following PKP (data not shown).

Figure 7.

Percutaneous kyphoplasty efficacy evaluation. The (A) visual analog scale for pain, (B) Karnofsky performance score and (C) quality of life score were all ameliorated post-surgery compared with prior to surgery.

KPS

The physical condition of the patients was assessed by KPS. KPS score is used to assess how the disease of a patient is progressing, how it affects the daily living abilities of the patient, and determines the appropriate treatment and prognosis of the patient. A patient with a KPS score of 100, exhibits no signs and symptoms, while a score of 0 indicates patient mortality. Thus, the higher the score, the better the health status. In the present study, the pre-operative KPS was 70.42±10.83, which increased at 3 months post-surgery (80.83±10.59; P<0.001) (Fig. 7B).

QOL

QOL (SF-36) was developed by a USA Boston health study (12,13), and was based on a previous study concerning the medical outcomes (14). The QOL health questionnaire is widely used in the evaluation of clinical trials and health policies. The questionnaire consists of 9 topics: Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, mental health and reported health transition. A patient with a score of 100, exhibits no signs and symptoms, while a score of 0 indicates patient mortality. Thus, the higher the score, the better the health status. In the present results, the pre-operative QOL score was 67.74±9.33, which then increased to 97.41±9.55 at 3 months post-surgery (P<0.001; Fig. 7C).

Radiographical evaluation

The kyphotic angle is defined as the Cobb angle measured between the superior endplate of the vertebra one level above the treated vertebra and the inferior endplate of the vertebral body one level below the treated vertebra, using a lateral X-ray image (Fig. 8) (15). In the present study, the pre-operative kyphotic angle was 15.68±1.46°, which decreased at 3 months post-surgery (7.71±1.51°) (P<0.05). In addition, the pre-operative anterior vertebral height (18.40±5.59 mm) increased to 24.20±6.261 mm at 3 months post-surgery (P<0.05).

Figure 8.

Kyphotic angle defined as the Cobb angle measured between the superior endplate of (a) the vertebra one level above the treated vertebra to the inferior endplate of (b) the vertebra one level below the treated vertebra, using lateral X-ray images. (A) Lateral view pre-PKP; (B) lateral view post-PKP. PKP, percutaneous kyphoplasty.

Complications

Complications reported consisted of minor paravertebral leakage of bone cement, which occurred in 10 patients due to a cortical defect. Spinal cord compression, pulmonary embolism, leukopenia, decreased immunological function and nerve root compression were not detected in any patient.

Discussion

Intractable pain is a common symptom of bone metastases (16). Even following the administration of analgesics and chemotherapy, the alleviation of pain may be challenging (17). This leads to a poor QOL and decreased survival time of patients with bone metastases. The majority of treatment is palliative (18). Surgery and radiation therapy or a combination of the two may be used, but often, such patients with a limited life expectancy do not undergo surgery due to the long recovery period, and high morbidity and mortality rates that may result from surgery (19). Surgery is not suitable for treating patients with multiple metastatic spinal tumors (19–21). Radiotherapy is the most usual treatment for spinal metastases; however, pain relief is delayed and not always absolute (22). Therefore, PKP, which is a minimally invasive technique, is a potential treatment option for patients with spinal metastases, and is currently used for pain relief and spinal stabilization. Due to the development of interventional radiology, PKP has become widely accepted as an effective treatment option for patients with spinal metastases (23).

Cotten et al (24) and Cortet et al (25) reported that percutaneous vertebroplasty plays a great role in treating patients with vertebral metastases and multiple myeloma, and that the pain patients experience could completely disappear. The remission rate of the vertebral metastases was 67.5 and 68.5%, respectively, and the partial pain relief rates were each 30%. The majority of lesions were treated by filling the lesion with bone cement, which stagnates disease and provides structure to the spine, preventing additional damage and collapse. By contrast, PKP, attempts to restore spinal alignment by the placement of bone cement at a lower pressure into a cavity in the vertebrae, which is created using a surgical balloon (26). Previous studies have reported that PKP results in considerably less cement extravasation compared with injecting bone cement into vertebral bodies at a higher pressure or without balloon insertion (9,27–29).

In this study, the mean VAS score decreased significantly at 6 months and the last follow-up (mean ±SD: 3.58±1.63 and 4.91±1.99, respectively). Therefore, the patients in the study exhibited a significant improvement in pain relief following surgery, which may be associated with the effect of the bone cement and the stabilization of the spine (26). The dependence that the patients had on analgesics also greatly decreased. In addition, the functional status of the patients increased. The mean pre-operative KPS score increased between 70.42±10.83 and 80.83±10.60 post-operatively. The current results demonstrated that the insertion of the surgical balloon restored the pre-operative mean height of the vertebra, between 18.40±5.59 and 24.20±6.26 mm post-operatively. Furthermore, the mean kyphotic angle was reduced from 15.68±1.461° pre-operation to 7.71±1.512° post-operation. A mean correction of 7.9° was achieved in the local spinal kyphosis, which is similar to the 8.8° reported by a previous study (29).

The most common complication of PKP is extravasation of the bone cement (30,31). A previous meta-analysis demonstrated cement extravasation in 7% of patients following PKP and 20% following vertebroplasty (32). In the present study, cement extravasation occurred asymptomatically in 11.5% of the vertebrae treated. The cavity formation in PKP significantly decreases the rate of vascular and transcortical extravasation of the cement (29). Compared with previous studies, this finding indicated that an injection of high-viscosity cement at a low pressure into a previously formed cavity (PKP) is more effective than an injection of low-viscosity cement at high pressure into an unreduced vertebral body (vertebroplasty) (33–35). Therefore, PKP is considered to be a safer and more effective treatment option.

There were a few limitations to the present study. Firstly, there were a small number of patients, which possibly affected the statistical power. Secondly, the study had a short follow-up period (mean, 401 days), which is considered to be too short a time period. Thirdly, the present study was retrospective, although comprehensive data analysis was performed. Therefore, additional prospective studies may aid in gathering more definitive evidence.

In conclusion, the present study indicates that PKP is an effective and minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of patients with spinal metastases, and that the technique leads to a significant improvement in the pain and functional status of patients. In addition, PKP is more manageable and carries less risk compared with vertebroplasty.