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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2013 Jun 19;27(10):1674–1677. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283621dd4

Figure 1. HIV PIs and NNRTIs inhibit Plasmodium falciparum liver stage parasites (exoerythrocytic forms/EEFs) at the high end of clinically relevant concentrations.

Figure 1

P. falciparum sporozoites were seeded onto monolayers of HC04 cells and incubated in the presence of indicated ARTs (lopinavir, LPV; saquinavir, SAQ; nevirapine, NVP) at the indicated concentrations. On day 4, cells were fixed and stained with a monoclonal antibody specific for Plasmodium HSP70 and counted on an epifluorescence microscope. Shown are the combined results from 2 independent experiments, with horizontal lines indicating the mean. Statistics were performed using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post-test on combined experiments values to identify statistically significant differences between treated and control. All values were normalized to DMSO control and expressed as percent of DMSO control. No significant differences were detected between DMSO control and infectivity controls (cell medium only). Three stars indicate p< .001, two stars indicate p<0.01. For EEF number, significant differences were found between treated and control groups at the highest doses only for each ART tested (lopinavir and saquinavir each compared to control, p<0.001; nevirapine, p<0.01). Only lopinavir significantly inhibited EEF development at clinically relevant concentrations.