Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1993 Nov 15;90(22):10628–10632. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10628

Chromatin structure and regulation of the eukaryotic regulatory gene GAL80.

D Lohr 1
PMCID: PMC47830  PMID: 8248154

Abstract

The chromatin structure around the 5' end of the yeast regulatory gene GAL80 has been determined. The chromatin organization is very similar to that on the 5' regions of the GAL1-10 structural genes: a constitutive hypersensitive region containing the upstream activating sequence (UAS) element, and nucleosomes around this hypersensitive region. The downstream nucleosome, which is a positioned nucleosome, covers the TATA and transcription start sites. The nucleosome upstream of the hypersensitive region undergoes significant change when cells are grown in galactose, where GAL80 gene expression is induced to maximal levels. The change may be related to the induction process. GAL4 protein binds strongly to the GAL80 UAS in galactose-grown cells, less strongly in glycerol-grown cells, and not at all in glucose-grown cells. These data and published gene expression data are used to develop a model for the regulation of the GAL80 regulatory gene.

Full text

PDF
10628

Images in this article

10629Fig. 2
on p.10629
10630Fig. 3
on p.10630
10631Fig. 4
on p.10631

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Almer A., Hörz W. Nuclease hypersensitive regions with adjacent positioned nucleosomes mark the gene boundaries of the PHO5/PHO3 locus in yeast. EMBO J. 1986 Oct;5(10):2681–2687. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04551.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bajwa W., Torchia T. E., Hopper J. E. Yeast regulatory gene GAL3: carbon regulation; UASGal elements in common with GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, GAL10, GAL80, and MEL1; encoded protein strikingly similar to yeast and Escherichia coli galactokinases. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Aug;8(8):3439–3447. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.8.3439. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Durrin L. K., Mann R. K., Kayne P. S., Grunstein M. Yeast histone H4 N-terminal sequence is required for promoter activation in vivo. Cell. 1991 Jun 14;65(6):1023–1031. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90554-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fedor M. J., Lue N. F., Kornberg R. D. Statistical positioning of nucleosomes by specific protein-binding to an upstream activating sequence in yeast. J Mol Biol. 1988 Nov 5;204(1):109–127. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90603-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Griggs D. W., Johnston M. Regulated expression of the GAL4 activator gene in yeast provides a sensitive genetic switch for glucose repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8597–8601. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8597. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Igarashi M., Segawa T., Nogi Y., Suzuki Y., Fukasawa T. Autogenous regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulatory gene GAL80. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 May;207(2-3):273–279. doi: 10.1007/BF00331589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Johnston M. A model fungal gene regulatory mechanism: the GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev. 1987 Dec;51(4):458–476. doi: 10.1128/mr.51.4.458-476.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Kirkegaard K., Wang J. C. Mapping the topography of DNA wrapped around gyrase by nucleolytic and chemical probing of complexes of unique DNA sequences. Cell. 1981 Mar;23(3):721–729. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90435-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Laughon A., Gesteland R. F. Isolation and preliminary characterization of the GAL4 gene, a positive regulator of transcription in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6827–6831. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Lohr D. E. Detailed analysis of the nucleosomal organization of transcribed DNA in yeast chromatin. Biochemistry. 1981 Oct 13;20(21):5966–5972. doi: 10.1021/bi00524a007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Lohr D., Hopper J. E. The relationship of regulatory proteins and DNase I hypersensitive sites in the yeast GAL1-10 genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Dec 9;13(23):8409–8423. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.23.8409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lohr D. Organization of the GAL1-GAL10 intergenic control region chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Nov 26;12(22):8457–8474. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.22.8457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lohr D., Torchia T., Hopper J. The regulatory protein GAL80 is a determinant of the chromatin structure of the yeast GAL1-10 control region. J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 15;262(32):15589–15597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Mylin L. M., Bhat J. P., Hopper J. E. Regulated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of GAL4, a transcriptional activator. Genes Dev. 1989 Aug;3(8):1157–1165. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.8.1157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Nedospasov S. A., Georgiev G. P. Non-random cleavage of SV40 DNA in the compact minichromosome and free in solution by micrococcal nuclease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Jan 29;92(2):532–539. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90366-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nogi Y., Fukasawa T. Nucleotide sequence of the yeast regulatory gene GAL80. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Dec 21;12(24):9287–9298. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Perlmann T., Wrange O. Specific glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA reconstituted in a nucleosome. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3073–3079. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03172.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Piña B., Brüggemeier U., Beato M. Nucleosome positioning modulates accessibility of regulatory proteins to the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Cell. 1990 Mar 9;60(5):719–731. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90087-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Selleck S. B., Majors J. Photofootprinting in vivo detects transcription-dependent changes in yeast TATA boxes. Nature. 1987 Jan 8;325(7000):173–177. doi: 10.1038/325173a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Shimada H., Fukasawa T. Controlled transcription of the yeast regulatory gene GAL80. Gene. 1985;39(1):1–9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90100-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Torchia T. E., Hamilton R. W., Cano C. L., Hopper J. E. Disruption of regulatory gene GAL80 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effects on carbon-controlled regulation of the galactose/melibiose pathway genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;4(8):1521–1527. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.8.1521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. West R. W., Jr, Yocum R. R., Ptashne M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region: location and function of the upstream activating sequence UASG. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;4(11):2467–2478. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.11.2467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Wu C. The 5' ends of Drosophila heat shock genes in chromatin are hypersensitive to DNase I. Nature. 1980 Aug 28;286(5776):854–860. doi: 10.1038/286854a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. van Holde K. E., Lohr D. E., Robert C. What happens to nucleosomes during transcription? J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 15;267(5):2837–2840. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES