Table 2.

Study design and selected characteristics of cohort studies reporting fractures. Data are mean (SD) or range unless stated. For dietary calcium, milk, and dairy intake, and calcium supplement, “yes” indicates data reported for this variable in article

Author	No in group	% Female	Duration	Age (years)	Dietary calcium intake	Milk intake	Dairy intake	Calcium supplement	No with fracture
									Total	Hip	Vertebra	Forearm
Riggs 198222	72	100	5 y	64	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	107*	—
Holbrook 198823	957	55	14 y	50-79	Yes	—	—	—	—	33	—	—
Wickham 198924	1419	49	15 y	≥65	Yes	—	—	—	—	44	—	—
Paganini-Hill 199125	13 649	NS	7 y	73	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	418	—	—
Looker 199326	2226†	100	14.6 y	50-74	Yes	—	—	—	—	122	—	—
Huang 199627	2513†	100	13.4 y	62 (9)	—	—	Yes	—	—	130	—	—
Cumming 199728	9704	100	6.6 y	72	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	1950	332	389	467
Fujiwara 199729	4573	65	14 y	59 (12)	—	Yes	—	—	—	55	—	—
Meyer 199730	39 787	50	11.4 y	47 (5)	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	213	—	—
Owusu 199731	43 063	0	8 y	54 (10)	Yes‡	Yes	—	Yes‡	—	56	—	201
Mussolino 199832	2879†	0	22 y	61	Yes	—	—	—	—	71	—	—
Munger 199933	32 050	100	3.3 y	61 (4)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	44	—	—
Honkanen 200034	11 798†	100	5 y	52 (3)	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	368
Huopio 200035	3068†	100	3.6 y	53	Yes	—	—	—	257	—	—	—
Kato 200036	6250	100	7.6 y	58	Yes	—	—	—	1025	—	—	193§
Nguyen 200137	1844†	60	7.6 y	70 (7)	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	121
Dargent-Molina 200238	1588	100	3.7 y	81	Yes	—	—	—	—	NS	—	—
Albrand 200339	672	100	5.3 y	59	Yes	—	—		75	—	—	—
Feskanich 200340	72 337	100	18 y	60	Yes	Yes	—	Yes		603	—	—
Michaelsson 200341	60 689†	100	11 y	54	—	Yes	Yes	—	3986	1535	—	—
Melton 200342	225	100	14 y	68	Yes	—	—	—	126	—	—	—
Roy 200343	6575	52	3.8 y	63 (8)	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	224	—
van def Klift 200444	3001	54	6.3 y	66 (7)	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	157	—
Kanis 200545	39 563**	69	3.8 y	64	—	Yes	—	—	2469	413	—	—
Papaioannou 200546	5143	100	3 y	63 (10)	Yes¶	—	—	—	280	—	34	—
Cauley 200747	159 579	100	8 y	63 (7)	Yes¶	—	—	—	23 270	—	—	—
Diez-Perez 200748	5146	100	3 y	72 (5)	Yes	—	—	—	311	49	—	104
Key 200749	34 696	77	5.2 y	47	Yes	—	—	—	1898	—	—	—
Kung 200750	1435	100	5 y	63 (8)	Yes	—	—	—	80	—	—	—
Lewis 200751	5876	0	4.1 y	74	Yes¶	—	—	—	275	—	—	—
Nguyen 200752	924†	100	10 y	69 (6)	Yes	—	—	—	221	24	76	—
Van Geel 200753	2367	100	10 y	62 (7)	Yes	—	—	—	380	—	—	—
Dargent-Molina 200854	36 217	100	8.4 y	56 (6)	Yes	—	—	Yes	2408	—	—	—
Meier 200855	609†	0	5.8 y	73 (6)	Yes	—	—	—	113	27	55	—
Nieves 200856	52 144	100	3.3 y	65	Yes	—	—	—	2205	337	—	—
Koh 200957	63 154	56	7.1 y	56	Yes¶	—	—	Yes	—	968	—	—
Nakamura 200958	75 879	54	10 y	52 (8)	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	364	—
Thomas-John 200959	257	0	3 y	77 (4)	—	—	Yes	Yes	41	—	—	—
Gronskag 201060	4851	100	9.3 y	73	—	Yes	—	—	—	391	—	—
Benetou 201161	29 122	64	8 y	64	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	275	—	—
Nakamura 201162	773	100	5.5 y	75 (4)	Yes	—	—	—	51	—	—	—
Warensjo 201163	61 433†	100	19 y	54	Yes	—	—	—	14 738	3871	—	—
Khan 201264	12 528	NS	13-14 y	45-64	Yes	—	—	—	824	—	—	—
Rouzi 201265	707	100	5.2 y	61 (7)	Yes	—	—	—	138	—	—	—
Feart 201366	1482†	63	8 y	76 (5)	—	Yes	Yes	—	155	57	43	73
Prentice 201367	46 892	100	7.2 y	50-79	—	—	—	Yes	6640	451	—	—
Samieri 201368	1482†	63	8 y	76 (5)	Yes	—	—	Yes	155	—	—	—
Sahni 201369	3212	56	12 y	55 (10)	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	43	—	—
Domiciano 201470	707	64	4.3 y	73 (5)	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	111	—
Sahni 201471	764	NS	11.6 y	77 (5)	—	Yes	—	—	—	97	—	—

NS=not stated, IF=funding by grants from independent funders; Ind=funded by grants from industry and/or run by industry.

*Data are number of vertebral fractures not number of participants with vertebral fractures.

†Reports from same cohort studies. Report with longest duration of follow-up and/or most number of fractures for each association included.

‡Reported total calcium intake divided into dairy and non-dairy intake. Dairy calcium intake treated as dietary intake, and non-dairy intake treated as supplemental calcium intake.

§Data for forearm and hip fracture not reported separately; includes 34 hip fractures.

¶Reported total calcium intake only. Treated as dietary calcium intake because most total calcium intake was from dietary sources.

**Individual patient meta-analysis of six cohort studies.