Table 4.
Risk of bias and clinical usefulness*
| Study | Bias† | Usefulness† | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study participation | Study attrition | Prognostic factor selection | Prognostic factor measurement | Outcome measurement | Analysis | Reporting of model performance | Clinical utility | Clinical usability | |
| Bartholemew et al (2004) | Low | ? | ? | ? | Low | Low | High | Yes | No |
| Chen et al (2014) | Low | ? | ? | ? | Low | Low | High | Yes | No |
| Fu et al (2012) | Low | ? | High | Low | Low | Low | High | No | Yes |
| Ghani et al (2009) | Low | ? | ? | ? | Low | Low | High | No | No |
| Gao et al (2014) | Low | ? | ? | ? | Low | Low | Low | Yes | No |
| Gurm et al (2013) | Low | ? | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Yes | Yes |
| Liu et al (2015) | Low | ? | High | High | Low | Low | High | Yes | No |
| Maioli et al (2010) | Low | ? | ? | ? | Low | Low | High | Yes | No |
| Marenzi et al (2004) | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | High | Yes | No |
| Mehran et al (2004) | Low | ? | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Yes | Yes |
| Tziakas et al (2013) | Low | ? | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Yes | No |
| Victor et al (2014) | Low | ? | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | No | Yes |
*Adapted from references 15 and 16 (web appendix provides more details).
†Bias evaluated as low risk, high risk, or unknown (?) risk; clinical usefulness evaluated as yes or no. Two authors (ZH and SAS) evaluated the studies on these criteria independently. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus.