Abstract
Objective
Unexpected post-extraction bleeding is often experienced in clinical practice. Therefore, determining the risk of post-extraction bleeding in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy prior to surgery is beneficial. This study aimed to verify whether the HAS-BLED score was useful in predicting post-extraction bleeding in patients taking warfarin.
Design
Retrospective cohort study.
Setting
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University.
Participants
Participants included 258 sequential cases (462 teeth) who had undergone tooth extraction between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012 while continuing warfarin therapy.
Main outcome measure
Post-extraction risk factors for bleeding. The following data were collected as the predicting variables for multivariate logistic analysis: the HAS-BLED score, extraction site, tooth type, stability of teeth, extraction procedure, prothrombin time-international normalised ratio value, platelet count and the use of concomitant antiplatelet agents.
Results
Post-extraction bleeding was noted in 21 (8.1%) of the 258 cases. Haemostasis was achieved with localised haemostatic procedures in all the cases of post-extraction bleeding. The HAS-BLED score was found to be insufficient in predicting post-extraction bleeding (area under the curve=0.548, p=0.867, multivariate analysis). The risk of post-extraction bleeding was approximately three times greater in patients taking concomitant oral antiplatelet agents (risk ratio=2.881, p=0.035, multivariate analysis).
Conclusions
The HAS-BLED score alone could not predict post-extraction bleeding. The concomitant use of oral antiplatelet agents was a risk factor for post-extraction bleeding. No episodes of post-extraction bleeding required more than local measures for haemostasis. However, because this was a retrospective study conducted at a single institution, large-scale prospective cohort studies, which include cases of outpatient tooth extraction, will be necessary in the future.
Keywords: post-extraction bleeding, warfarin, HAS-BLED score, concomitant antiplatelet agents
Strengths and limitations of this study.
This is the first study to investigate the usefulness of the HAS-BLED score for predicting the risk of post-extraction bleeding. We investigated all cases of tooth extraction, including wisdom teeth and impacted tooth extractions.
No previous reports have investigated the effects of each individual tooth extracted, the extraction procedure and the effects of concomitant antiplatelet agents on post-extraction bleeding using statistical analyses, and, therefore, no high level of evidence for these correlations has so far existed.
As this study was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single institution, large-scale prospective cohort studies, including outpatients, are needed in the future.
Introduction
Patients on anticoagulant therapy who are scheduled to undergo tooth extraction are typically advised to continue anticoagulant therapy.1–4 Unexpected post-extraction bleeding is often experienced in clinical practice; however, the development of thromboembolism after tooth extraction because of the discontinuation or reduction of anticoagulant therapy has been reported.5 6 Although fatal adverse events must be prevented, there is the additional risk of bleeding because of invasive treatment in these patients, and sufficient measures must be taken to prevent and limit excessive post-extraction bleeding. In the past, a number of studies have investigated tooth extraction with continued anticoagulant therapy and have reported that the frequency of post-extraction bleeding was in the range 0–26%.7–18 Blinder et al9 and Evans et al10 reported that there were no differences in the incidence of post-extraction bleeding between a group of patients who had discontinued anticoagulant therapy and a group of those who had continued anticoagulant therapy. Even if the uniform consensus were to be performing tooth extraction with continued anticoagulant therapy, the risk of post-extraction bleeding remains. Morimoto et al19 suggested that post-extraction bleeding was strongly affected by local inflammatory conditions. However, there are few reports on the systemic factors contributing to post-extraction bleeding. Recently, the HAS-BLED score20–22 has been used as an index for evaluating the risk of bleeding complications in patients taking anticoagulant therapy. The HAS-BLED score evaluates nine risk factors for bleeding. The European Society of Cardiology guidelines23 state that patients who score three points or higher are at a greater risk of bleeding complications. However, to date, no reports have examined the relationship between post-extraction bleeding and the HAS-BLED score.
Preoperative identification of patients at high risk of post-extraction bleeding could facilitate appropriate preparations prior to performing tooth extraction. Therefore, we examined whether the HAS-BLED score was useful in predicting post-extraction bleeding in patients on warfarin therapy.
Materials and methods
Study design
This was a retrospective cohort study.
Study population and eligibility criteria
The study subjects were included from 258 sequential inpatient cases at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, who underwent tooth extraction between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012, while receiving a maintenance dose of warfarin. As a general rule, we performed inpatient tooth extraction in patients taking warfarin. Concomitant antiplatelet agents were continued at the maintenance dose. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients younger than 20 years of age at the time of hospital admission; (2) the presence of comorbid blood diseases and (3) a prothrombin time-international normalised ratio (PT-INR) level of ≥3.1, as indicated by blood tests performed on the day of the tooth extraction. Patients underwent follow-up examinations for 1 month after discharge. The doctors’ and nurses’ records obtained from the medical examination records were registered in a database along with the results of the clinical tests. When the same patient was hospitalised and underwent tooth extraction more than once during the study period, all instances were included in the analysis.
Tooth extraction procedure
Each patient's primary physician was consulted preoperatively regarding the general medical status and the use of anticoagulants. When acute symptoms, such as periodontal abscesses, apical periodontitis, or pericoronitis, were present around the tooth to be extracted, antibiotics were administered for at least 3 days and anti-inflammation procedures, such as incision and drainage, were performed as necessary. During the tooth extraction, ECG, blood pressure, pulse rate and percutaneous oxygen saturation levels were monitored. For local anaesthesia, 1.8–3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine containing 1/80 000 units of epinephrine was administered. Tooth extraction was performed with minimal invasion. When multiple teeth were indicated for extraction and comprised within 1/3 of the jaw area, all the teeth were extracted in one procedure. When the teeth comprised over 1/3 of the total jaw area, multiple teeth were extracted in one procedure if the procedure was expected to take <30 min, while at the same time considering the age of the patient and any comorbid diseases. After extraction, curettage of inflammatory granulation tissue around the wound border was performed, a haemostatic gelatine sponge was inserted into the socket (Spongel, Astellas Pharma Inc) and suturing was performed to reduce the size of the wound border. The patient was requested to bite down on a piece of absorbent cotton for 20 min after completion of the tooth extraction, in order to achieve pressure haemostasis. At 30 min after the tooth extraction, the patient was examined to confirm that the bleeding had stopped. After extraction, patients were instructed to avoid strong or frequent gargling and to rest as much as possible. Post-extraction meals were comprised of rice gruel. In patients with a high risk of developing infective endocarditis,24 intravenous antibiotics were administered before surgery and oral antibiotics were administered for 3 days after the tooth extraction. For patients with heart disease on anticoagulant therapy who did not require infectious endocarditis prophylaxis, oral antibiotics were administered for 3 days following tooth extraction. Five doses of analgesics, which comprised loxoprofen sodium or acetaminophen, were prescribed as medication when pain was experienced.
Post-extraction bleeding
Patients who had bleeding but in whom haemostatic procedures were not deemed necessary were instructed to get adequate rest and refrain from excessive gargling. Regular follow-up examinations were performed. If patients had mild bleeding and oozing, they were requested to bite down for 20 min on a piece of gauze or absorbent cotton placed on the tooth extraction wound in order to achieve pressure haemostasis. These patients who did not require medical treatment for post-extraction bleeding were categorised into the non-post-extraction bleeding group.
Patients who had bleeding on examination after the tooth extraction and who underwent some form of medical haemostatic procedure were categorised into the post-extraction bleeding group. The haemostatic procedures that were performed in accordance with the decision of the examining oral surgeon are described below. In cases of moderate to severe bleeding that were difficult to resolve using primary haemostasis alone, the local dental anaesthetic, epinephrine, which has vasoconstrictive effects, was infiltrated at a dose of 1.0–1.8 mL around the tooth extraction wound. Pressure was then applied to the wound by asking the patient to bite down on a piece of gauze or absorbent cotton. When it was determined that the bleeding could not be sufficiently halted by pressure haemostasis alone, the area was additionally filled with local haemostatic agents or additional suturing of the wound was performed as necessary. For cases of repeated bleeding or prolonged exudative bleeding after haemostatic procedures, a haemostatic splint was fabricated to cover the wound. This was fitted after applying a cavity lining with a periodontal pack or denture-based tissue conditioner.
Bleeding risk factors for tooth extraction
The details of extracted teeth, surgical procedure, bleeding tendency and the use of concomitant antiplatelet agents were investigated as possible factors affecting post-extraction bleeding. Details regarding the extracted teeth, extraction site (maxilla/mandible), type of teeth (incisor/premolar/molar/wisdom) and stability of teeth were examined. Teeth exhibiting alveolar bone resorption of at least 2/3 of the tooth root length, as determined by preoperative X-rays, or teeth found to have clinical grade III instability, were defined as having poor stability. The surgical procedure was classified into simple extraction and surgical extraction. For surgical extraction, the strategy followed was to make an incision into the gingiva, detach and turn over the muco-periosteal flap, and extract the tooth after cutting off the alveolar bone or root separation. All other extractions were defined as simple extractions. With respect to the bleeding tendency, the PT-INR value and platelet count were examined.
HAS-BLED score
The HAS-BLED score was evaluated according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines23 (table 1), and is described below. Patients with a systolic blood pressure of ≥160 mm Hg, which was measured on arrival at the hospital, were categorised as having ‘hypertension’. Patients were categorised as having ‘abnormal renal or liver function’ based on the following conditions: (1) patients receiving haemodialysis or those who had undergone a kidney transplant; (2) patients with a serum creatinine level of ≥2.26 mg/dL in the most recent blood test; (3) patients exhibiting chronic liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis, and bilirubin levels of at least two times the normal upper limit; and (4) patients with at least three times the normal upper limit of either alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase levels. Patients were categorised as having ‘stroke’ or ‘bleeding’ based on the information obtained from the medical interviews on admission to the hospital. ‘Labile INRs’ were described as unstable/high INRs or poor time in therapeutic range (eg, <60%). Patients who were ≥65 years of age at the time of tooth extraction were categorised as ‘elderly’. Patients with long-term administration of antiplatelet agents or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or patients with alcohol dependency were categorised into a ‘drug and alcohol’ group. One point was allocated for each of these categories with a possible full score of nine points.
Table 1.
HAS-BLED bleeding risk score
| Risk factor |
Clinical characteristics | |
|---|---|---|
| H | Hypertension | Uncontrolled, >160 mm Hg systolic |
| A | Abnomal renal and liver function (1 point each) | Presence of chronic dialysis, renal transplantation or serum creatinine ≧200 μmol/L |
| Chronic hepatic disease (eg, cirrhosis), bilirubin >2× upper limit of normal | ||
| AST/ALT/ALP >3× upper limit of normal | ||
| S | Stroke | Previous history |
| B | Bleeding | Bleeding history or predisposition |
| L | Labile INRs | Unstable/high INRs or poor time in therapeutic range (eg, <60%) |
| E | Elderly | >65 years |
| D | Drugs or alcohol (1 point each) | Concomitant antiplatelet agents and NSAIDs |
| Alcohol excess | ||
Criteria from the European Society of Cardiology23 were used.
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Selection of representative teeth
Of the sequential cases in this study, some patients had duplicate tooth extractions at different time periods; however, the age of the patient, PT-INR values and the tooth extraction site were different for each extraction. In cases of extraction of multiple teeth in the same patient, each period was treated as independent data with the representative tooth following the procedure. The most posterior tooth was selected as the representative tooth, and in cases of multiple posterior teeth, the upper tooth or the tooth showing the best stability was selected.
Statistical analyses
Statistical analysis involved processing the data of the patient with the representative tooth. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were applied to analyse the bleeding risk factors for the tooth extraction data with the presence/absence of post-extraction bleeding as the response variable and the bleeding risk factor as the explanatory variable. Two variable values were used to describe the tooth extraction site (maxilla/mandible), four variable values were used to describe the type of teeth (incisor/premolar/molar/wisdom), two variable values were used to describe the stability of teeth (good/poor) and two variable values were used to describe the surgical procedure (simple/surgical extraction). For the PT-INR value and platelet count, the actual measured values were analysed as continuous variables, and the HAS-BLED score was used in the analysis as both a continuous and a nominal variable. Concomitant antiplatelet agents were evaluated as two variable values (yes/no). During logistic analysis, we calculated the risk ratio (RR), 95% CI and p value. The RR was calculated as the ratio of ‘maxilla’ to ‘mandible’ for the site, the tooth type within the anterior teeth for the type of teeth, ‘good’ to ‘poor’ for the condition of the periodontium and from ‘surgical’ to ‘simple’ for the surgical procedure. The RR for the HAS-BLED score was calculated for each level. For concomitant antiplatelet agents, the RR of ‘yes’ to ‘no’ was calculated. In the multivariate analysis, RRs were combined to create post-extraction bleeding analysis models. For each model, we plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and calculated the area under the curve (AUC) in addition to the p value and 95% CI for the C-statistical model overall. Many screening tools have used a C-statistical value of ≥0.70. We used the C-statistic for comparisons between each model. Model 1 was constructed from the extracted tooth state, surgical procedure and bleeding tendency. Model 2 was constructed from the HAS-BLED score only. Model 3 was constructed by adding the HAS-BLED score to model 1. Model 4 was constructed by adding concomitant antiplatelet agents as an explanatory variable to model 1. Data were analysed with the use of JMP Pro V.11 software (2014 SAS Institute Inc, USA) with a two-tailed α level of 0.05.
Results
A total of 462 extracted teeth in 258 patients (males: 157, females: 101) were analysed. Post-extraction bleeding was observed in 21 patients (8.1%). Haemostasis with a localised haemostatic procedure was performed in all the cases of post-extraction bleeding and no patients died from haemorrhage.
Patient characteristics
Post-extraction bleeding was noted in 21 patients (males: 14, females: 7; mean age: 63.4±13.2 years). Table 2 shows the underlying diseases for which anticoagulant therapy was prescribed. The mean warfarin dosage was 3.9±1.4 mg, and the median (25th centile, 75th centile) PT-INR was 2.1 (1.8, 2.5). The mean platelet count was 16.8±5.3×104/µL. Eleven patients were taking only warfarin, and 10 patients were taking an antiplatelet agent in addition to warfarin. Aspirin was administered as the antiplatelet agent in all cases.
Table 2.
Patient characteristics
| Post-extraction bleeding group N=21 |
Non post-extraction bleeding group N=237 |
p Value | Significant difference | χ2 value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | Number of patients | ||||
| Age (mean±SD) | 63.4±13.2 | 66.6±13.7 | 0.294† | ||
| Gender (male/female) | 14/7 | 143/94 | 0.646‡ | 0.32 | |
| Primary disease | |||||
| Post heart valve Prosthesis implantation |
17 | 120 | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 | 76 | |||
| Cerebral infarction | 2 | 13 | |||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 1 | 9 | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 0 | 23 | |||
| Deep vein thrombosis | 0 | 11 | |||
| Arteriosclerosis obliterans | 0 | 3 | |||
| Intracardiac thrombus | 0 | 2 | |||
| Anticoagulation | |||||
| Warfarin dose (mg) (mean±SD) | 3.9±1.4 | 3.2±1.3 | 0.024† | * | |
| PT-INR value (mean (25% centile, 75% centile)) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.3) | 0.330§ | ||
| Platelet count (×104/µL) | 16.8±5.3 | 18.2±5.8 | 0.298† | ||
| Concomitant antiplatelet agents | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 63 | 0.073‡ | 4.21 | |
| Aspirin | 10 | 52 | |||
| Ticlopidine | 0 | 8 | |||
| Ethyl icosapentate | 0 | 6 | |||
| Cilostazol | 0 | 2 | |||
| Limaprost | 0 | 1 | |||
| Dipyridamole | 0 | 1 | |||
Multiple factors possible for underlying disease; all seven patients using two types of antiplatelet agents were included in the non-post-extraction bleeding group.
*p<0.05.
†Student t test.
‡Fisher's exact test.
§Mann-Whitney U test.
The non-post-extraction bleeding group included 237 patients (males: 143, females: 94; mean age: 66.6±13.7 years). The underlying diseases for which anticoagulant therapy was prescribed are shown in table 2. The mean warfarin dosage was 3.2±1.3 mg. The median (25th centile, 75th centile) PT-INR was 2.0 (1.8, 2.3). The mean platelet count was 18.2±5.8×104/µL. A total of 174 patients were taking only warfarin, and 63 patients were taking warfarin and an antiplatelet agent. Table 2 shows a breakdown of the antiplatelet agents. Seven patients who were taking two types of antiplatelet agents were all categorised into the non-post-extraction bleeding group. Between the two groups, a statistically significant difference was noted for the warfarin dosage; however, no significant difference was noted for PT-INR. In addition, no significant differences were noted for age, sex, platelet count and concomitant antiplatelet agent use.
Details of the extracted tooth
In the post-extraction bleeding group, the maxilla was the tooth extraction site in 14 cases and the mandible was the site in 7 cases. For the non-post-extraction bleeding group, the maxilla was the tooth extraction site in 122 cases and the mandible was the site in 115 cases. No significant differences were noted between the two groups (p=0.254, Fisher's exact test; table 3).
Table 3.
Details of extracted teeth
| Post-extraction bleeding group N=21 |
Non-post-extraction bleeding group N=237 |
p Value | Significant difference | χ2 value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients or mean±SD | Number of patients or mean±SD | ||||
| Extraction site | |||||
| Maxilla | 14 | 122 | 0.254† | 1.79 | |
| Mandible | 7 | 115 | |||
| Tooth type | |||||
| Incisor | 1 | 36 | 0.039† | * | 8.70 |
| Premolar | 2 | 65 | |||
| Molar | 9 | 89 | |||
| Wisdom | 9 | 47 | |||
| Stability of teeth | |||||
| Good | 17 | 158 | 0.227† | 1.80 | |
| Poor | 4 | 79 | |||
| Extraction procedure | |||||
| Simple | 17 | 165 | 0.328† | 1.19 | |
| Surgical | 4 | 72 | |||
| Number of teeth extracted in operation | 1.7±0.6 | 1.8±1.1 | 0.576‡ | ||
| One tooth | 8 | 125 | 0.188† | 9.12 | |
| Two teeth | 12 | 65 | |||
| Three teeth | 1 | 24 | |||
| Four teeth | 0 | 18 | |||
| Five teeth | 0 | 3 | |||
| Six teeth | 0 | 1 | |||
| Seven teeth | 0 | 1 | |||
*p<0.05.
†Fisher's exact test.
‡Student t test.
Results for tooth type
The numbers of incisor, premolar, molar and wisdom teeth were 1, 2, 9 and 9, respectively, for the post-extraction bleeding group, and 36, 65, 89 and 47, respectively, for the non-post-extraction bleeding group. A statistically significant difference was noted between the two groups (p=0.039, Fisher's exact test; table 3).
In the post-extraction bleeding group, 17 cases showed good stability of teeth, whereas 4 cases showed poor stability. In the non-post-extraction bleeding group, 158 cases showed good stability, whereas 79 cases showed poor stability. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two groups (p=0.227, Fisher's exact test; table 3).
Extraction procedure
In the post-extraction bleeding group, the selected extraction procedure was simple extraction in 17 cases and surgical extraction in 4 cases. In the non-post-extraction bleeding group, the selected extraction procedure was simple extraction in 165 cases and surgical extraction in 72 cases. No significant differences were noted between the two groups (p=0.328, Fisher's exact test; table 3).
Number of teeth extracted per operation
The number of teeth extracted per operation was 1.7±0.6 in the post-extraction bleeding group and 1.8±1.1 in the non-post-extraction bleeding group. There were no cases of multiple extractions of four or more teeth in the post-extraction bleeding group. No significant difference was noted between the two groups with respect to the number of teeth extracted per operation (p=0.576, Student t test; table 3).
HAS-BLED score
The highest HAS-BLED score obtained was three points. The mean score was 1.3±0.9 in the post-extraction bleeding group and 1.2±0.8 in the non-post-extraction bleeding group. No statistically significant difference was noted between the two groups (p=0.467, Student t test; table 4).
Table 4.
HAS-BLED score
| Post-extraction bleeding group N=21 |
Non-post-extraction bleeding group N=237 |
p Value | Significant difference | χ2 value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD or number of patients | Mean±SD or number of patients |
||||
| HAS-BLED score | 1.3±0.9 | 1.2±0.8 | 0.467* | ||
| 0 | 3 | 41 | 0.804† | 0.75 | |
| 1 | 10 | 127 | |||
| 2 | 6 | 52 | |||
| 3 | 2 | 17 | |||
| 4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 5 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 6 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 7 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 8 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 9 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Risk factor | |||||
| H | 1 | 3 | |||
| A | 1 | 11 | |||
| S | 2 | 38 | |||
| B | 0 | 5 | |||
| L | 0 | 0 | |||
| E | 13 | 161 | |||
| D | 11 | 63 | |||
*, Student t test.
†, Fisher's exact test.
Statistical examination
Univariate analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between the wisdom teeth and incisors (RR=8.894, p=0.027) and between concomitant antiplatelet agents (yes/no) (RR=2.511, p=0.500). RR was ≤1 for the surgical procedure and platelet count. No statistically significant difference was noted between a HAS-BLED score of ≥3 and a HAS-BLED score of ≤2 (RR=1.362, p=0.7033; table 5).
Table 5.
Univariate analysis of bleeding risk factor in teeth extraction
| 95% CI |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk ratio | Lower | Upper | p Value | Significant difference | |
| Extraction site | |||||
| Maxilla/mandible | 1.885 | 0.756 | 5.128 | 0.177 | |
| Tooth type | |||||
| Premolar/incisor | 1.108 | 0.103 | 24.300 | 0.934 | |
| Molar/incisor | 3.640 | 0.649 | 68.346 | 0.160 | |
| Wisdom/incisor | 6.894 | 1.213 | 130.039 | 0.027 | * |
| Stability of teeth | |||||
| Good/poor | 2.125 | 0.756 | 7.572 | 0.161 | |
| Extraction procedure | |||||
| Surgical/simple | 0.539 | 0.151 | 1.518 | 0.256 | |
| PT-INR value | 1.782 | 0.597 | 5.387 | 0.300 | |
| Platelet count(×104/µL) | 0.959 | 0.887 | 1.037 | 0.296 | |
| HAS-BLED score | |||||
| 1/0 | 1.076 | 0.312 | 4.968 | 0.914 | |
| 2/0 | 1.577 | 0.391 | 7.825 | 0.529 | |
| 3/0 | 1.608 | 0.199 | 10.551 | 0.626 | |
| 2/1 | 1.465 | 0.477 | 4.157 | 0.487 | |
| 3/1 | 1.494 | 0.218 | 6.305 | 0.636 | |
| 3/2 | 1.020 | 0.140 | 4.922 | 0.982 | |
| 3/<2 | 1.362 | 0.206 | 5.255 | 0.703 | |
| Concomitant antiplatelet agents use | |||||
| Yes/no | 2.511 | 1.001 | 6.238 | 0.050 | * |
Criteria from the European Society of Cardiology23 were used.
*p<0.05.
No statistically significant differences were noted within multivariate analysis for any of the parameters in model 1, 2 or 3. In model 4, a statistically significant difference was noted for antiplatelet agents (yes) in the non-post-extraction bleeding group (RR=2.881, p=0.035; table 6). The AUCs for models 1, 3 and 4 were 0.7, with a statistically significant difference noted only in model 4. The AUC for model 2 was the lowest at 0.5, and a statistically significant difference was noted between models 2 and 3 (p=0.004; table 7).
Table 6.
Multivariate analysis of post-extraction bleeding
| 95% CI |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk ratio | Lower | Upper | p Value | Significant difference | |
| Model 1 | |||||
| Extraction site | |||||
| Maxilla/mandible | 1.855 | 0.700 | 5.286 | 0.216 | |
| Tooth type | |||||
| Premolar/incisor | 1.118 | 0.102 | 24.727 | 0.928 | |
| Molar/incisor | 3.468 | 0.594 | 65.974 | 0.188 | |
| Wisdom/incisor | 5.228 | 0.850 | 101.628 | 0.078 | |
| Stability of teeth | |||||
| Good/poor | 1.790 | 0.551 | 6.994 | 0.344 | |
| Extraction procedure | |||||
| Surgical/simple | 0.624 | 0.166 | 1.915 | 0.425 | |
| PT-INR value | 2.078 | 0.681 | 6.606 | 0.204 | |
| Platelet count (×104/μL) | 0.970 | 0.892 | 1.053 | 0.461 | |
| HAS-BLED score | |||||
| 1/0 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2/0 | – | – | – | – | |
| 3/0 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2/1 | – | – | – | – | |
| 3/1 | – | – | – | – | |
| 3/2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Concomitant antiplatelet agents use | |||||
| Yes/no | – | – | – | – | |
| Model 2 | |||||
| Extraction site | |||||
| Maxilla/mandible | – | – | – | – | |
| Tooth type | |||||
| Premolar/incisor | – | – | – | – | |
| Molar/incisor | – | – | – | – | |
| Wisdom/incisor | – | – | – | – | |
| Stability of teeth | |||||
| Good/poor | – | – | – | – | |
| Extraction procedure | |||||
| Surgical/simple | – | – | – | – | |
| PT-INR value | – | – | – | – | |
| Platelet count (×104/μL) | – | – | – | – | |
| HAS-BLED score | |||||
| 1/0 | 1.076 | 0.312 | 4.968 | 0.914 | |
| 2/0 | 1.577 | 0.391 | 7.825 | 0.529 | |
| 3/0 | 1.608 | 0.199 | 10.551 | 0.626 | |
| 2/1 | 1.465 | 0.477 | 4.157 | 0.487 | |
| 3/1 | 1.494 | 0.218 | 6.305 | 0.636 | |
| 3/2 | 1.020 | 0.140 | 4.922 | 0.982 | |
| Concomitant antiplatelet agents use | |||||
| Yes/no | – | – | – | – | |
| Model 3 | |||||
| Extraction site | |||||
| Maxilla/mandible | 1.914 | 0.716 | 5.494 | 0.198 | |
| Tooth type | |||||
| Premolar/incisor | 1.045 | 0.095 | 23.222 | 0.972 | |
| Molar/incisor | 3.388 | 0.579 | 64.544 | 0.199 | |
| Wisdom/incisor | 5.380 | 0.860 | 105.301 | 0.075 | |
| Stability of teeth | |||||
| Good/poor | 1.961 | 0.588 | 7.893 | 0.283 | |
| Extraction procedure | |||||
| Surgical/simple | 0.674 | 0.177 | 2.125 | 0.515 | |
| PT-INR value | 2.288 | 0.727 | 7.543 | 0.162 | |
| Platelet count (×104/μL) | 0.968 | 0.889 | 1.053 | 0.443 | |
| HAS-BLED score | |||||
| 1/0 | 1.197 | 0.325 | 5.777 | 0.798 | |
| 2/0 | 2.271 | 0.515 | 12.242 | 0.284 | |
| 3/0 | 2.338 | 0.269 | 16.989 | 0.410 | |
| 2/1 | 1.897 | 0.580 | 5.871 | 0.279 | |
| 3/1 | 1.954 | 0.266 | 9.403 | 0.463 | |
| 3/2 | 1.030 | 0.130 | 5.605 | 0.975 | |
| Concomitant antiplatelet agents use | |||||
| Yes/no | – | – | – | – | |
| Model 4 | |||||
| Extraction site | |||||
| Maxilla/mandible | 1.936 | 0.722 | 5.585 | 0.192 | |
| Tooth type | |||||
| Premolar/incisor | 1.159 | 0.104 | 25.901 | 0.906 | |
| Molar/incisor | 3.730 | 0.630 | 71.468 | 0.164 | |
| Wisdom/incisor | 5.113 | 0.804 | 100.719 | 0.804 | |
| Stability of teeth | |||||
| Good/poor | 1.916 | 0.568 | 7.780 | 0.304 | |
| Extraction procedure | |||||
| Surgical/simple | 0.670 | 0.175 | 2.117 | 0.509 | |
| PT-INR value | 2.687 | 0.831 | 9.349 | 0.107 | |
| Platelet count (×104/μL) | 0.970 | 0.894 | 1.052 | 0.465 | |
| HAS-BLED score | |||||
| 1/0 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2/0 | – | – | – | – | |
| 3/0 | – | – | – | – | |
| 2/1 | – | – | – | – | |
| 3/1 | – | – | – | – | |
| 3/2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Concomitant antiplatelet agents use | |||||
| Yes/no | 2.881 | 1.079 | 7.740 | 0.035 | * |
Criteria from the European Society of Cardiology23 were used.
*p<0.05.
Table 7.
Comparison of the model
| 95% CI |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area under the curve | Lower | Upper | p Value | Significant difference | |
| Model 1 | 0.738 | 0.630 | 0.824 | 0.083 | |
| Model 2 | 0.548 | 0.425 | 0.666 | 0.867 | |
| Model 3 | 0.745 | 0.632 | 0.832 | 0.148 | |
| Model 4 | 0.763 | 0.650 | 0.847 | 0.031 | * |
| Model 1 vs 3 | 0.727 | ||||
| Model 1 vs 4 | 0.441 | ||||
| Model 2 vs 3 | 0.004 | * | |||
| Model 3 vs 4 | 0.398 | ||||
*p<0.05.
Discussion
Our investigation of 258 tooth extraction patients indicated that post-extraction bleeding occurred in 21 patients (8%), in 39 of the total 462 extracted teeth (8%). In all the cases of post-extraction bleeding, haemostasis was possible with localised haemostatic procedures. The HAS-BLED score alone could not predict post-extraction bleeding. On considering all the risk factors for post-extraction bleeding statistically, concomitant antiplatelet agent use was a risk factor. It has been reported that the incidence of bleeding in an anticoagulation group was the same (approximately 6–7%) as in an anticoagulation withdrawal group.25 The post-extraction bleeding in this study was in accordance with this report.
Many cases of tooth extraction that have been performed while continuing anticoagulant therapy have been reported.1 7–18 26 27 However, in the clinical setting, it is not uncommon to encounter post-extraction bleeding during tooth extraction in cases with an optimal INR value range. In a multicentre large-scale study, Iwabuchi et al28 reported that the risk factors for post-extraction bleeding in patients taking warfarin were age, PT-INR and inflammation at the extraction site. To date, although many reports did not include cases of surgical extraction, such as the extraction of wisdom teeth and impacted teeth, these types of surgical extraction are often performed in the clinical setting. Therefore, this study targeted cases that were managed in the optimal treatment range and concurrently investigated all cases of tooth extraction, including the extraction of wisdom teeth, impacted teeth and multiple teeth.
Various methods of haemostasis have been reported for cases of tooth extraction performed while continuing warfarin therapy. These include pressure haemostasis alone, wound suturing and the application of local haemostatic agents.2 29–31 To implement haemostasis, we placed a haemostatic gelatine sponge in the extraction socket and routinely conducted pressure haemostasis using absorbent cotton with suturing of the wound. Patients were examined 30 min after tooth extraction to confirm whether the bleeding had stopped. Haemostasis was determined to have been sufficient in all cases. As all patients underwent tooth extraction on an inpatient basis, the patient could rapidly be examined by an oral surgeon or a nurse and could receive early diagnosis and appropriate treatment if post-extraction bleeding was suspected. However, although the patients were examined, many did not require haemostatic treatment. Of the patients who exhibited post-extraction bleeding, no systemic haemostatic treatment, such as blood transfusion, was required in any of the cases.
The HAS-BLED score is used in cardiology to evaluate the risk of haemorrhage in patients with adequate anticoagulation. It would be highly significant if the HAS-BLED score could be used to predict the risk of post-extraction bleeding, and, therefore, we evaluated its use in this study. We found that the highest HAS-BLED score was three points. A score of 1 point was the most commonly achieved score among the 137 patients (53%). The commonest risk factor was age (174 patients; 67%). No significant difference was noted for the mean HAS-BLED score between the post-extraction bleeding and non-post-extraction bleeding groups. The European Society of Cardiology has proposed that a HAS-BLED score ≥3 indicates a high risk of haemorrhagic complications. In the cases of post-extraction bleeding, we compared patients with a HAS-BLED score of three or higher with those having a score of 2 or lower but did not detect any statistically significant difference (univariate analysis; RR=1.362, p=0.703). Multivariate analysis indicated that there was little risk associated with the score increasing by one (table 6). The AUC for the HAS-BLED score alone (model 2) was 0.55, which was the lowest for all of the models that we constructed. In model 3, to which the details of extracted teeth were added to the HAS-BLED score, AUC was 0.745, suggesting that this model is useful for predicting post-extraction bleeding. However, a statistically significant difference was noted for model 2 vs 3 (p=0.004), indicating that the HAS-BLED score alone was insufficient for predicting post-extraction bleeding.
As bleeding risk factors for tooth extraction, investigation of the conditions of the individual teeth extracted indicated that the post-extraction bleeding risk was five to six times higher for wisdom teeth compared with that for anterior teeth. The extraction site and stability had little effect. Although no differences were observed for the number of teeth extracted in one treatment, there were no cases of multiple extractions of four or more teeth in the post-extraction bleeding group. Although we predicted that surgical extraction was a risk factor for post-extraction bleeding, the results indicated that surgical extraction hardly had any effect on post-extraction bleeding (RR=0.539, p=0.256).
Effects of warfarin can be possibly affected by the interactions between meals and medicine, and by the general state of the patient. Therefore, in this study, to accurately determine the anticoagulation state directly before tooth extraction, all blood tests were performed before breakfast on the tooth extraction day, or the first tooth extraction day if tooth extraction was planned on consecutive days. Although post-extraction bleeding cases were receiving high doses of warfarin, no difference was observed in PT-INR values. There were no cases classified as having labile INRs. Accordingly, the PT-INR value was investigated using actual measured values as the continuous variable. There were no statistically significant differences noted for PT-INR values by either univariate or multivariate analyses (p≥0.1), suggesting that the PT-INR value had little effect on post-extraction bleeding in patients on anticoagulant therapy while being managed within the optimal treatment range.
There has been no fixed consensus regarding the concomitant use of warfarin and antiplatelet agents because some reports have indicated that these increase the risk of post-extraction bleeding,1 32 whereas other reports have suggested that antiplatelet agents have little effect.16 19 In this study, the incidence of post-extraction bleeding was 13.7% with concomitant antiplatelet drugs and 5.9% with warfarin alone. Both the univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the use of concomitant antiplatelet agents was a significant factor affecting post-extraction bleeding. It has been reported that the concomitant use of two antiplatelet agents significantly increases the frequency of intracranial haemorrhaging.33 Furthermore, a prospective observational study of haemorrhagic complications in Japanese cerebral infarction patients34 found that compared with patients taking only one antiplatelet agent, those taking two or three antiplatelet agents along with warfarin clearly exhibited higher annual onset rates of intracranial haemorrhaging. These results suggest that concomitant antiplatelet agents are a risk factor for post-extraction bleeding.
The limitations of the present study include the fact that the data were obtained only at a single facility and that outpatients were not included in the participants we investigated. In our facility, there were many patients with cardiovascular diseases, particularly postoperative valve replacement patients at approximately 50%. Furthermore, because patients with a PT-INR of ≥3.1 during the blood testing performed on the day of tooth extraction were excluded, the current study included patients whose anticoagulant therapy was well managed. Therefore, our participants were not exactly representative of generalised cases of tooth extraction patients taking warfarin. Moreover, because this was a retrospective study, we believe that a large-scale, prospective, cohort study, including outpatient tooth extraction cases, needs to be conducted in the future.
Moreover, we could not examine drug interaction effects because our participants included patients who received intravenous antibacterial agents and patients who received oral antibacterial agents. Warfarin has a number of drug interactions. Holbrook et al35 stated that anti-infective agents, lipid-lowering drugs, NSAIDs, including COX-2 selective NSAIDs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, amiodarone, omeprazole, fluorouracil and cimetidine enhance the anticoagulation effects of warfarin. It has been suggested that changing to alternative drugs that have a smaller interactive effect with warfarin should be considered. However, some reports have stated that, in most stable anticoagulant therapy patients, exposure to antibacterial agents did not cause clinical problems;36 furthermore, other reports have found that NSAIDs and antibacterial agents often increased warfarin effects only in cases of long-term administration.18 We also believe that the short-term or low-dose administration of NSAIDs or antibacterial agents does not cause any prolongation of clinically problematic PT-INR.
Of the models that we created in this study, model 4 exhibited the highest predictive ability for post-extraction bleeding (AUC=0.76, p=0.0309). However, because there were no significant differences observed between model 1 or 3 versus model 4, we were unable to construct an optimal model for predicting post-extraction bleeding. To increase model precision, it may be beneficial to add other factors, such as the surgeon's skill (eg, years of experience or time required for one tooth extraction), which were not included in our current investigation. Furthermore, the addition of all extraction data from outpatients to the analysis set is necessary to conduct a multilevel analysis.
Finally, all the patients who had post-extraction bleeding achieved haemostasis with localised haemostatic procedures, and no systemic haemostatic treatment was required. There was no case that warranted extended hospitalisation because of post-extraction bleeding. In agreement with our results, Wahl et al25 stated that bleeding complications requiring more than local haemostatic measures after dental surgery were exceedingly rare. To avoid the onset of fatal thromboembolism,6 there is no need to pause or interrupt warfarin therapy for tooth extraction. A special environment for the post-extraction bleeding procedure is not necessary. If the conditions are adequately prepared, we believe that tooth extraction in a patient on warfarin therapy is possible in a private office.
Conclusions
We investigated post-extraction bleeding for all types of tooth extractions, including impacted teeth, in patients taking warfarin. Minor post-extraction bleeding was observed in 8% of patients; however, no patients required more than local measures for haemostasis.
The HAS-BLED score alone could not predict post-extraction bleeding in patients taking warfarin.
The use of concomitant antiplatelet agents was a risk factor for post-extraction bleeding. More care must be taken regarding post-extraction bleeding in cases undergoing concomitant use of antiplatelet drugs than in those on warfarin alone.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend our gratitude and thanks to the professors at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Tokyo Women's Medical University, who offered their kind cooperation during this study.
Footnotes
Contributors: TA and TK were involved in the planning of the study concept and design. TK wrote the draft of the manuscript. KH and TK were involved in the statistical analysis. TA and TK reviewed and revised the manuscript. TK and KH take complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethics approval: The study was approved by the ethical review board of the Tokyo Women's Medical University (approval number: 3079).
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
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