Skip to main content
NCBI home page
NIHPA Author Manuscripts logoLink to NIHPA Author Manuscripts
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Dermatol. 2016 Jan 15;25(3):231–232. doi: 10.1111/exd.12872

Classical and non-classical metabolic transformation of vitamin D in dermal fibroblasts

Andrzej T Slominski 1,2,*, Tae-Kang Kim 1,✉, Wei Li 3, Robert C Tuckey 4
PMCID: PMC4789164  NIHMSID: NIHMS728269  PMID: 26440881

Background

Until recently, it was widely believed that vitamin D3 (D3) was solely activated through the sequential hydroxylations by CYP27A1 or CYP2R1 at C25, and by CYP27B1 at C1 [1, 2]: [D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3]. This dogma has recently been broken by the discovery that CYP11A1 hydroxylates D3 producing 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20(OH)D3, which can undergo further sequential hydroxylations of the side chain without its cleavage ([3-6]s2): [D3→20(OH)D3→(OH)nD3]. CYP11A1 can also hydroxylate D3 at C22 to produce 22(OH)D3. Further hydroxylation of 22(OH)D3 or 20(OH)D3 by CYP11A1 produces 20,22(OH)2D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 [6]: D3 → 20(OH)D3 + 22(OH)D3 → 20,23(OH)2D3 + 20,22(OH)2D3. The main products of this pathway are biologically active and can be further hydroxylated by CYP27B1 (reviewed in [7]). Furthermore, ex-vivo and ex-utero incubations of D3 with fragments of adrenal glands and human placenta, respectively, demonstrate that these CYP11A1-catalyzed pathways of D3 metabolism occur in steroidogenic tissues with 20(OH)D3 being the major metabolite [8].

CYP11A1-dependent metabolism of D3 has also been detected in epithelial cells such as epidermal keratinocytes [8] and colonic Caco-2 cells [7] which have a relatively low expression of this enzyme, and 20(OH)D3 has been detected in the human epidermis [9]. However, it is unknown whether similar metabolism can occur in cells of mesenchymal origin such as dermal fibroblasts.

Questions addressed

Since human dermal fibroblasts do express CYP11A1 [10], we investigated whether they can transform vitamin D3 into novel CYP11A1-dependent hydroxyderivatives with possible 1α-hydroxylation of the major product, 20(OH)D3.

Design

The detailed description is provided in the Supplemental file. Briefly, human dermal fibroblasts from the foreskin of African-American donors, passage #2, at a concentration of 3 × 106 cells/ml, were incubated in the presence of 0, 50 or 500 μM D3 at 37°C for 18 h and the suspension then extracted and processed as described previously [8]. The resulting extracts were directly analysed by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using a Xevo™ G2-S qTOF tandem mass spectrometer and ESI source with separations carried on a Waters Atlantis dC18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) using a methanol in water gradient (Fig. 1). To further confirm the identity of products, extracts were initially separated on long a C18 columns (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) and purified fractions with retention times corresponding to those of appropriate mono- or dihydroxy-vitamins D3 standards were further analyzed on a Waters Acquity™ Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) system (Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a Waters Xevo™ G2-S qTOF MS and an ESI source (see supplemental file).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Dose dependent production of hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites in fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were incubated without D3 (A, D), or with 50 μM (B, E) or 500 μM (C, F) D3. Extracts of samples were directly analysed by LC-MS using a Xevo™ G2-S qTOF tandem mass spectrometer with m/z = 383.3 [M+H-H2O]+ for mono-hydroxyvitamin D3 and m/z = 399.3 [M+H-H2O]+ for di-hydroxyvitamins D3.

Results

Figure 1 shows dose-dependent transformation of D3 to mono- and di-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites for extracts directly analysed hy LC-MS and monitored from the extracted mass at m/z = 383.3 [M+H-H2O]+ for mono-hydroxyvitamin D3 and m/z = 399.3 [M+H-H2O]+ for dihydroxyvitamin D3. Species with RT corresponding to 25(OH)D3, 20(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, as well as for both 20,22(OH)2D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 (20,22/23(OH)2D3) which did not separate under the HPLC conditions used, were detectable at 50 μM substrate and were dramatically higher with 500 μM D3 (Fig. 1A-F). The signal for 22(OH)D3 was buried in the descending shoulder of the peak at RT = 11.6 min (Fig. 1B, C), while that for 1,20(OH)2D3 was in the peak preceding 1,25(OH)2D3 (Fig. 1E, F). Therefore, to confirm that these additional expected products were present, and to further confirm the identity of the other major products, species with RT corresponding to 25(OH)D3, 20(OH)D3 22(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 were separated and collected using a 250 mm C18 columns with an acetonitrile in water gradient. The individual fractions were then analysed by UPC LC-qTOF MS using extracted masses as listed in Fig. 2. These data clearly show the production of the expected mono- and dihydroxy-vitamin D3 metabolites with detectable masses at [M+H]+ and [M+H-H2O]+ for the corresponding D3 derivatives (inserts to Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Identification of mono- and dihydroxy-vitamin D3 metabolites in fibroblasts incubated with 500 μM D3. Hydroxyderivatives in extracts were pre-purified by HPLC on a 250 mm C18 column with an acetonitrile gradient then analysed by UPC LC-QTOF MS. The LC-MS spectra show extracted masses corresponding to ions at m/z = 401.3 [M+H]+ for 22(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3; 383.3 [M+H-H2O]+ for 20(OH)D3; 417.3 [M+H]+ for 1,20(OH)2D3; 399.3 [M+H-H2O]+ for 1,25(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. Inserts show the mass spectra at [M+H]+ and [M+H-H2O]+ recorded for each identified species at the corresponding RT.

Discussion

In this study we show for the first time that human dermal fibroblasts can transform D3, not only to 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 (classical metabolites), but also to the newly discovered CYP11A1-dependent hydroxyderivatives of vitamin D3 including 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3 and 1,20(OH)2D3. These novel metabolic transformations are consistent with our previous detection of CYP11A1 enzyme in human dermal fibroblasts [10]. Of note, there are similar levels of production of 1,25(OH)2D3 vs 20,22/23(OH)2D3 but higher production of 20(OH)D3 vs 25(OH)D3 (Fig 1) which is consistent with greater metabolism of D3 by CYP11A1 than by the classical pathway [D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3] in tissues or cells expressing CYP11A1 [6, 8]. These findings allow to propose a novel scheme of vitamin D3 hydroxylations in dermal fibroblasts that includes both generation of 25(OH)D3 by 25-hydroxylase with subsequent 1α-hydroxylation, and generation of 20(OH)D3 or 22(OH)D3 by CYP11A1 followed by hydroxylation to 20,22(OH)2D3 or 20,23(OH)2D3. 20(OH)D3 can also be 1α-hydroxylated by CYP27B1 (supplemental scheme 1).

These findings are potentially of great biological significance, since novel CYP11A1-generated secosteroids can regulate the functions of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts ([7], s5, s6, s11). Their generation in dermal fibroblast suggests an intra-or para-crine mechanism of action in the dermal compartment with possible effects on adnexal structures or immune cells. This extended panel of classical and novel vitamin D3 hydroxyderivatives we have documented may offer an explanation for the pleiotropic effects of vitamin D in the skin so far assigned to only one molecule, 1,25(OH)2D3.

In summary, we report for the first time that human dermal fibroblasts, in addition, to producing classical 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, can metabolize D3 to novel CYP11A1-derived mon-and dihydroxymetabolites, of which the major product, 20(OH)D3, can be further 1α-hydroxylated to 1,20(OH)2D3.

Supplementary Material

Supp Scheme S1

Acknowledgments

Funding

This work was supported by the grants from the National Institutes of Health (2R01AR052190-A6, R21AR066505-01A1 and 1R01AR056666-01A2) to AS.

Footnotes

Author contribution

TK performed the experiments, analyzed the data and contributed to writing the manuscript; AS designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript; WL and RCT provided materials and contributed to the analysis of the data and writing of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Supplemental file

Additional supporting information including Scheme, Materials and Methods and references are in the supplemental file.

References

  • 1.Bikle DD. Vitamin D: an ancient hormone. Experimental Dermatology. 2011;20(1):7–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01202.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Holick MF. Vitamin D: A millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88(2):296–307. doi: 10.1002/jcb.10338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Guryev O, et al. A pathway for the metabolism of vitamin D3: unique hydroxylated metabolites formed during catalysis with cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(25):14754–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2336107100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Slominski A, et al. The cytochrome P450scc system opens an alternate pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism. FEBS J. 2005;272(16):4080–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04819.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Tuckey RC, et al. Pathways and products for the metabolism of vitamin D3 by cytochrome P450scc. FEBS J. 2008;275(10):2585–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06406.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Slominski AT, et al. Novel activities of CYP11A1 and their potential physiological significance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;151:25–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Slominski AT, et al. The role of CYP11A1 in the production of vitamin D metabolites and their role in the regulation of epidermal functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144PA:28–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Slominski AT, et al. In vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D(3) metabolism initiated by P450scc and modified by CYP27B1. FASEB J. 2012;26(9):3901–15. doi: 10.1096/fj.12-208975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Slominski AT, et al. Novel non-calcemic secosteroids that are produced by human epidermal keratinocytes protect against solar radiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;148(0):52–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.014. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Slominski A, et al. A novel pathway for sequential transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and expression of the P450scc system in mammalian skin. Eur J Biochem. 2004;271(21):4178–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04356.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supp Scheme S1
NIHMS728269-supplement-Supp_Scheme_S1.docx (126KB, docx)

RESOURCES