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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2016 Jan 20;59(4):659–667. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3862-7

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Inter-organ communication pathways influencing beta cell function. The figure depicts the current understanding of principal inter-tissue signalling pathways that modulate GSIS from pancreatic beta cells. Signals modulate beta cell function in both positive (arrows) and negative (double bars) directions. The individual pathways are described in the main text. α, alpha cell; β, beta cell; Glu-OCN, Glu-OCN, undercarboxlated osteocalcin