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. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48. doi: 10.1043/1524-5012-16.0.9

Abstracts

PMCID: PMC4806441
Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL

Defining and Committing to Physician Professionalism

J Gravdal, P Hyziak, L Kelly, C Simonsen

Background: Problems with professionalism are well documented in the literature and are a concern of hospital and GME leadership. Lapses in professional behavior in medical school have been associated with increased rates of malpractice actions during practice. Physician professionalism is essential to achieving safety, quality, and service for every patient every time. Concerns about resident and attending professionalism have been raised at Advocate Lutheran General Hospital (ALGH) but are inconsistently identified and managed, and little has been done to identify exemplars. Our goal was to investigate the literature and to develop an objective definition of physician professionalism for the ALGH clinical learning environment.

Methods: We conducted a literature review to define physician professionalism and used a fishbone diagram to help identify problems. As a result, we created the ALGH Physician Commitment to Professionalism, a document that attending physicians, residents, and fellows sign at application, reappointment, or annual contract.

Results: The literature on this subject is extensive but not always applicable. The Physician Commitment to Professionalism has been well accepted but has not been in place long enough to evaluate its impact.

Conclusions: Defining explicit expectations for physician professionalism is challenging and ongoing work that can and should be undertaken.

Footnotes

Editor's note: The team at Scott & White conducted an extensive preparation for the CLER visit that they detailed in their poster, and that information is presented in the abstract. As a result of the CLER visit, they selected transitions in care for their NI IV project, and that information is presented in the Work Plan.

Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL

Physician Professionalism: Feed in and Feedback

J Gravdal, P Hyziak, L Kelly, C Simonsen

Background: Physician professionalism is of utmost importance, but measuring professionalism and providing feedback to both problematic and exemplary practitioners have been challenging. Our goal was to develop tools and processes for documenting and providing feedback to physicians about reported behavioral lapses, drifts, and exemplars.

Methods: We created a physician feedback process map that identified the current process and the ideal process. We also developed and piloted 5 feedback letters: 1 for exemplars and 4 for concerns (timeliness of response, documentation, medication error, other).

Results: We discovered that processes existed that could be used for documenting physician professionalism. Understanding and using existing quality management tools were essential to project success. Several education sessions were held, and the feedback letters were piloted in family medicine and internal medicine. With few exceptions, physicians were receptive to the feedback letters.

Conclusions: We have greater clarity about what we mean by “physician professionalism,” as well as an expectation that all physicians are expected to meet standards of professionalism that align with the ALGH Behaviors of Excellence. Physician and department chair education about the feedback process must be ongoing, and the support of the elected medical staff throughout the process is important.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Advocate Lutheran General Hospital

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Akron General Medical Center, Akron, OH

Floor-to-Unit Transfers Within 24 Hours of Admission from the ED

Zachary Robinson, Ankit Anand, Cheryl Goliath, Titus Sheers, Larry Emmelhainz

Background: We are a community hospital with approximately 500 beds, 25,000 annual admissions, and 103,000 ED visits at 4 ED sites. The perception among residents was that a high number of patients were being admitted to a medicine floor from the ED but required transfer to a critical care unit within 24 hours of admission. We investigated this transition-of-care question and attempted to answer whether a change occurred in patient status, whether the status change could have been anticipated, and whether the initial admission unit was appropriate.

Methods: We performed a medical record audit of 5,302 admissions from January 1, 2014 through March 31, 2014 to identify patients who were transferred to an ICU within 24 hours of admission. Twenty-two patients met the criteria. We manually reviewed these medical records to determine admitting diagnosis, reason for transfer, time to transfer, and final patient disposition. Based on this data and our review of the record, we determined whether the initial placement was appropriate and whether any status change could have been anticipated.

Results: No patients died while in the hospital, and 50% were discharged home. The average time to transfer was 11:46 hours. Approximately 27% of transfers were felt to be due to questionable initial placement; however, no clear pattern of cause was identified. Fifty percent of the transfers were due to respiratory decompensation.

Conclusions: Reports from residents of unnecessary transfers within 24 hours from admission seemed to be a somewhat pervasive problem, but our study found the opposite: the number of transfers was much lower than expected. Although 50% of transfers were due to respiratory decompensation, without data on the total number of patients admitted for respiratory diagnoses, it is impossible to quantify the risk. In the future, we would like to explore standardized handoffs such as I-PASS to help admitting teams anticipate possible status changes.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Akron General Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Atlantic Health System–Goryeb Children's Hospital, Morristown, NJ

How Simple Technology Can Improve Physician-to-Physician Patient Handoff

Michael Pollaro, Alan Meltzer, Kiley Alpert

Background: On our institution's pediatric inpatient unit, a number of admissions arrive on the floor without a formal physician-to-physician handoff. Pilot data revealed that handoffs, especially from the pediatric surgical service, were limited. The purpose of our study was to develop a streamlined method of communication between multiple disciplines and the inpatient pediatric admitting resident to increase the handoff rate.

Methods: A team was formed of members from the pediatric and general pediatric surgical services. A new portable telephone was introduced that the admitting pediatric resident carried 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Once the telephone was obtained, verbal and written instructions were provided to all disciplines that admit to the inpatient unit (ie, ED, surgical teams, subspecialists, and outpatient general pediatricians). For a 6-week period, data were collected on the handoff rate for pediatric inpatient admissions. After the initial data collection, results were analyzed, and a second intervention—a feedback session with the general pediatric surgical team—was performed. Data were then collected for an additional 6-week period.

Results: During the first 6 weeks after the telephone procedure was implemented, the percentage of completed handoffs was 96% from the ED, 38% from surgery, and 5% from the subspecialties. In the second 6 weeks, after the second intervention, ED and the subspecialties had 100% admissions with completed handoffs, whereas surgery decreased to 20%. The percentage of handoffs done using the telephone during the first 6 weeks was 60% from the ED, 50% from surgery, and 0% from the subspecialties. After the second intervention, the ED made 100% of handoffs using the phone, the subspecialties had 11% of handoffs with the phone, and surgery had 22% of handoffs with the phone.

Conclusions: The literature has shown the paramount importance of proper physician-to-physician handoff. One hundred percent of ED and subspecialty admissions now have a formal handoff. Streamlining the process and ensuring that admitting residents are easily accessible should encourage more physicians to hand off their patients when transferring or admitting them to the pediatric floor. Our data indicated an improved number of handoffs from the subspecialists, although the use the new telephone was limited, suggesting a halo effect of the project. The surgical teams did not adopt the process. Future steps will seek to engage the surgeons—more specifically the nonemployed surgical subspecialists—in the handoff process.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Atlantic Health System–Goryeb Children's Hospital

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI

Creating a Culture of Quality and Safety at Aurora Health Care

Loras Even, Lilia Sen, Indervir Mundh, Deborah Simpson, Tanya Martinez, Jeffrey A Stearns, Andy Anderson

Background: The aim of this project was to pilot an approach/model that integrates and aligns Aurora Health Care (AHC) priorities (quality and safety), its existing committees/groups (Quality Committee/Council), and metrics with ACGME requirements (CLER, Common Requirements). The Residency Council was engaged in the initiative, and 3 residency programs piloted sustainable, data-driven quality/safety projects.

Methods: The family medicine project was Medication Reconciliation in Primary Care Clinics and involved a fishbone analysis to identify factors contributing to error, a focus on accurate use of the EMR, creation of a medication reconciliation workflow, training, and pre/post quizzes regarding the EMR and the workflow. The internal medicine project was 30-Day Readmissions and involved selection of a readmission risk tool and a patient perspective questionnaire, creation of a workflow and training materials, training for all team members, and a mid-project survey and medical record audit. The Ob/Gyn project was Operative Checklists in Labor and Delivery and involved the selection of checklists associated with quality care gap; delineation of team member roles and workflow; and training for faculty, residents, and students. The Residency Council was responsible for defining roles related to quality and safety, reviewing IHI modules to identify core requirements for all incoming residents, and recommending that shared noon conferences be structured to require application of quality/safety principles.

Results: All programs completed at least 1 PDSA project cycle, and all teams disseminated their results through posters and presentations. The family medicine project resulted in improved accuracy from all providers' increased awareness of the importance of the medication reconciliation workflow and of having correct medical lists. The internal medicine project increased the awareness of the 30-day readmission issue that led to changes in the discharge process, earlier mobilization of resources for challenging patients, and the increased ability of residents to identify patients at risk. The Ob/Gyn project resulted in a tremendous change in the culture and relationships among labor and delivery caregivers and providers, as well as improved care quality via checklists and smart phrases created to standardize care. The Residency Council established a charter with roles/responsibilities for quality and safety that was approved by the GMEC. The GMEC also approved the Residency Council–recommended requirement that residents and faculty complete 5 IHI modules and agreed to cosponsor a GMEC-wide shared noon conference on hand hygiene.

Conclusions: We demonstrated the impact of a sustainable 2-component model—Residency Council and program-specific NI IV teams—for engaging faculty in quality improvement initiatives aligned with AHC priorities, CLER, and RRC requirements. Next steps were identified for all 3 projects and for the Residency Council to continue to improve the clinical learning environment and ensure high quality and safe care for patients.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Aurora Health Care

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY

A Standardized EHR Handoff Tool for Medicine and Surgery

Edward Bischof, Nataliya Yuklyaeva, Jessica Carlson, David Morrow, Ahmad Chaudhary, David Borgstrom, Ronette Wiley, Melane Mulchy, Scott Cohen, Scott Groom, Bertine McKenna, Oneeb Ahmad, James Dalton

Background: Bassett Medical Center did not have a standardized tool for handoffs in the hospital setting, and administrative and GME leadership were seeking such an instrument. Prior to full deployment of Epic EHR in December 2013, medicine and surgery residents used Word-based handoff tools that were not part of the EHR, not HIPAA compliant, and augmented by a verbal handoff. Our goal was to create a standardized tool for handoffs in the medicine and surgery resident hospital teams.

Methods: In fall 2013, we assembled a steering committee composed of senior administrative leadership in quality improvement/safety, information technology, and medical education to support the development of standardized handoff tools. Workgroups in the residencies created and modified handoff tools using PDSA techniques. Monthly or bimonthly meetings of the steering committee with the residents and program directors provided incentive and administrative support. The medicine residency workgroup created a pre/post implementation survey to assess the value of the handoff tool.

Results: An audit of medical inpatient medical records showed 100% adherence by the medicine residents in the use of the EHR for handoff. Strict adherence to the method prescribed in the program was 65%. This lower rate was likely due to the technical need of moving information from one area of the EHR to another. The percentage of residents who felt that the written handoff was an effective communication device increased from 58% pre-EHR handoff tool to 83% post.

Conclusions: The development of an EHR-based handoff tool at Bassett Medical Center was a successful project that demonstrates the importance of goal alignment and teamwork. Surveys revealed that residents considered handoffs to be more thorough, more accurate, and better organized after implementation of the handoff tool. In addition, the culture is more attuned to transitions of care, and the faculty is beginning to understand that they need to assess resident competency in this area.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Bassett Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX

Resident Training in Code Blue Execution in a Simulation Lab Improves Immediate Post-Code Survival

Bradley Christensen, Adan Mora Jr, Bijas Benjamin, Britton Blough, Jennifer Duewall, Cristie Columbus

Background: Internal medicine residents at teaching institutions often lead emergency resuscitation attempts without formal instruction in the practical elements of leading and executing a code blue in the hospital setting. Simulation training has been shown to improve resident comfort, but a mortality benefit has been established only in the pediatric population.

Methods: We implemented a simulation-based code blue training program with a 3G SimMan involving 21 internal medicine residents who were given lectures about roles/responsibilities and exposed to progressively more challenging code scenarios in which ACLS was implemented. Faculty provided feedback after each session. An internal review of code blue data was conducted comparing code-related outcomes during the 10-month intervention with a 12-month historical control. Primary outcomes were immediate post-code survival and survival to discharge. Secondary outcomes included post-code change to DNR status and post-code withdrawal of life-sustaining care.

Results: Of 287 emergency resuscitation attempts in the 22-month study period, 107 were control codes (8.9 per month) and 180 were intervention codes (16.4 per month). No statistical significance was noted between the groups with respect to age, gender, race, number of night codes, or number of weekend codes. The hospital census was stable during the study period. The Mortality Probability Model II was calculated for every patient. Mean scores were 0.323 (control) and 0.343 (intervention) (P=0.460). Primary analysis showed a trend toward increased immediate post-code survival in the intervention cohort: 72 control (67.3%) vs 128 intervention (71.1%) patients (P=0.496). This trend did not translate to increased survival to discharge: 25 control (23.4%) vs 40 intervention (22.2%) patients (P=0.823). Secondary analysis revealed a significant increase (P=0.013) in the number of patients in whom life-sustaining care was withdrawn after successful resuscitation between the control group (29 patients, 40.3%) and the intervention group (75 patients, 58.6%). No difference was found in the number of patients who changed to DNR code status after successful resuscitation (P=0.594).

Conclusions: Formal simulation-based code training of internal medicine residents may increase immediate post-code survival of adult inpatients. The improvement in our study was not statistically significant, possibly due to insufficient power. No improvement was seen in survival to discharge, although the rates in both groups are in the top decile of national hospitals and may reflect the ceiling for adult resuscitation mortality outcomes. The statistically significant increase in post-code withdrawal of life-sustaining care may reflect increased resident comfort in discussing end-of-life issues with patients' family members. Potential weaknesses of the study include insufficient power, lack of measured resuscitation-centered endpoints, no simulation training of ancillary staff, and observational bias.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Baylor University Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA

Resident Engagement in Quality Through a Resident Quality Council

Aubrey Rauktys, Heather Z Sankey, Satoko Igarashi, Reham Shaaban

Background: House staff officers play a key role in patient care at academic medical centers and have unique insights into problems within a hospital, especially those that have the biggest impact on their daily work. However, resident input may not always be included in policy changes, and as a result, residents may not be engaged in adopting these changes. To engage house officers in quality initiatives, we developed an interprofessional, interdisciplinary Resident Quality Council of 16 house staff officers representing 10 residencies and 3 fellowships. Resident Quality Council members identified a persistent problem with quickly and efficiently identifying the right person to contact for a consult. The Resident Quality Council's inaugural project was to develop a simple, standardized method for obtaining a consultation across specialties.

Methods: The process for obtaining a consultation was separated into parts, and key stakeholders in the pathway were identified. Each Resident Quality Council representative convened with his or her program and outlined the steps to obtain a consultant. The council selected a best practice. The group was then subdivided to investigate specific aspects of the problem. Group 1 contacted stakeholders in the consultation pathway, including residents, unit clerks and secretaries, and hospital operators, to identify their methods of contacting a consulting service. Group 2 developed possible outcome measurement tools and survey options to evaluate the changes implemented.

Results: The interdisciplinary group represented almost all specialties/subspecialties at our institution. We identified an opportunity for improvement that crossed multiple disciplines and affected patients on a daily basis but was not on the institution's radar. A new consult order was developed for internal medicine and Ob/Gyn.

Conclusions: The Resident Quality Council functioned well, and data gathering worked well because of the broad representation and the fact that residents work at the front lines of patient care. Working with the Department of Healthcare Quality (DHQ) in the future will help to align the goals of the hospital system with the projects chosen by the Resident Quality Council. Providing protected time and system resources for residents to engage in meaningful improvement projects will benefit everyone.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Baystate Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI

Promoting Medical Error Reporting by Residents

Sharon Wilson, Jeffrey M Devries

Background: We sought to increase resident/fellow involvement in patient safety and healthcare quality improvement initiatives by identifying and reporting opportunities for improvement. We wanted to enhance residents' attention to quality and safety lapses, whether resulting in patient harm or near misses, and to promote collaboration between GME and patient safety/quality improvement personnel.

Methods: The quality improvement team met with all 40 residency and fellowship programs individually to educate them regarding the patient safety/quality improvement reporting process and incident follow-up. Every resident/fellow in each program was then requested to identify a perceived patient safety concern and complete a patient safety/quality improvement report. Patient safety/quality improvement staff reviewed all submitted reports and provided feedback 1 month later at resident meetings.

Results: Prior to the beginning of the educational sessions in January 2014, only 6 patient safety/quality improvement reports were completed by residents and fellows from January–June 2013, and 8 reports were completed from July–December 2013. However, in the January–June 2014 time frame, 55 reports were completed, and the number increased to 117 in the July–December 2014 time frame. The educational intervention yielded a 12-fold increase in medical error reports submitted by residents.

Conclusions: This project encouraged discussion about medical error reporting and resulted in more involvement by residents in quality committees. Also, in cooperation with the quality improvement team, changes were made to the online patient safety/quality improvement reporting form to include an optional data field identifying the status of the individual submitting the report (resident, nurse, etc) so even when reporting anonymously, residents can be identified as residents.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Beaumont Health System

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC

Certification Program in Patient Safety: Planning and Curriculum Design

Eric Anderson, Lisa Howley, Mary Hall, Cameron Davis, Matthew Hanley, Suzette Caudle, Danelle Higgins, Pamela Beckwith, Elizabeth Diaz

Background: The current and increasingly complex healthcare environment calls for greater attention to the achievement of quality, safe patient care. The best patient outcomes are a result of healthcare team members working collaboratively to make quality and safety a top priority. To help build a culture of safety and educate resident physicians, nurses, and advanced practitioners as engaged agents of change, we designed a 9-month interprofessional curriculum integrated within existing training programs.

Methods: The Carolinas HealthCare System (CHS) Certificate Program in Patient Safety was developed over 18 months. An invitation to join the program was provided to all CHS trainees in GME, nursing, and advanced clinical practice, as well as nursing teammates interested in career advancement in patient safety. Completion requirements included an average of 10 hours per month dedicated to the program, completion of relevant WHO patient safety modules, facilitation of small group teaching sessions, active participation in an interprofessional patient safety training triad patient safety team, and completion of a patient safety improvement plan modeled after an AHRQ case.

Results: Eight participants were recruited for the pilot program: 3 residents (Ob/Gyn, pediatrics, and neurosurgery), 2 nursing students, 2 nurses (a simulation center specialist and a patient safety educator), and an advanced care practitioner (trauma/surgical critical care). Because the program launched in March 2015 as a pilot, results will not be available until late 2015.

Conclusions: We have been inspired by the diversity of the group, the energy of these learners, and their excitement toward the program and becoming experts in patient safety.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Carolinas HealthCare System

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Christiana Care Health System, Newark-Wilmington, DE

Developing a Resident Quality & Safety Council: Integrating Reporting and Improvement Science into Daily Work

Lisa Maxwell, Neil Jasani, Robert Dressler, Loretta Consiglio-Ward, Carol Kerrigan Moore

Background: Christiana Care, a major teaching hospital, provides the clinical learning environment for more than 270 residents/fellows in 13 residency programs. Our vision is that all residents will demonstrate that patient safety is a part of their profession. However, we found that although many residents observe safety events, few personally report them (<1% of all events reported by electronic form). Further, when events are reported, they are communicated through various paths, making it difficult to capture trends and patterns. This reporting data, a safety attitude assessment, and feedback from an ACGME CLER visit formed the basis for our effort to increase resident engagement and participation in patient safety through the creation of a Resident Quality & Safety Council.

Methods: The Resident Quality & Safety Council consists of faculty-resident dyads for all of our residency programs that were nominated by chairs and program directors. The council serves as a vehicle for enhancing communication between hospital committees and clinical departments and provides a forum for teaching safety concepts, discussing/disseminating specific system efforts, developing new initiatives, collaborating across departments, participating in safety activities, reviewing data, and providing feedback and solutions for system-level concerns. The council meets monthly for 1.5 hours with the assignment of between-session activities. Each session typically includes didactics, discussion of events/event reporting, reports of dyad-driven quality and safety activities/findings, and advice or consultation on system-level initiatives. The council reports activities to the system's GMEC and Safety Committee. Key measures of effectiveness included reporting climate data, resident participation in committees/councils, and percent change in self-reported attitudes about patient safety.

Results: In the quarter when the AIAMC NI IV project began (October 1, 2013–December 13, 2013), we had 56 resident-submitted Safety First Learning Reports (SFLRs). In the first quarter of 2014, the number increased to 76 resident-submitted SFLRs. The number of resident-submitted SFLRs dipped to 59 in the second quarter of 2014, but rose to 71 and 82 in the third and fourth quarters of 2014, respectively. The GME log of resident participation in health system forums showed a 75% increase in the number of residents participating in root cause analyses (RCAs) and debriefs in June 2014–February 2015 compared to the June 2013–February 2014 time period. According to the risk management event reporting system, the number of resident-submitted events increased 167% from the first measure of January 2013–December 2013 to the second measure of January 2014–December 2014. Safety attitudes remained relatively the same.

Conclusions: During our study period, we were able to demonstrate more than a 2-fold increase in the total number of resident-submitted SFLRs. Faculty-resident dyad participation not only enabled effective dissemination of quality and safety initiatives within and between programs but also strengthened mentoring relationships.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Christiana Care Health System

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Wayne State University and Crittenton Hospital Medical Center, Rochester Hills, MI

Implementing an Institutional Objective Simulated Handoff Evaluation for Assessing Resident Handoff Skill

L Dillon, T Markova, J Coticchia

Background: Formal education about delivering effective handoffs is a known need for residency programs, and using a standardized process saves time and permits collaboration among programs. To address this need, Wayne State University GME created an institutional intervention on transition-of-care education. After the implementation of the institutional policy, transition-of-care task force members identified a need for monitoring resident handoff quality. For 2012–2013, the task force voted to replicate a 2010 study by Farnan et al by requiring residents to complete an objective simulated handoff evaluation (OSHE).

Methods: The task force developed a standardized template to be used by all programs for written handoffs. Each program designed a case and event that junior residents would hand off to senior residents. A total of 82 residents completed the OSHE for a 91% participation rate. Faculty champions hosted a didactic session on transitions of care, secured resident availability, scored the written handoff, and provided resident feedback. Senior residents scored the verbal handoff and gave feedback.

Results: Survey results indicated resident confidence in picking up a new service significantly increased (t=2.12, [63], P<0.05.), along with improved ability to make contingency plans (t=2.00, [63], P<0.06), to perform a read-back (t=2.08, [63], P<0.05), and to know when to perform a read-back (t=2.78, [63], P<0.01). Written template scores varied by program.

Conclusions: Institutional educational interventions accomplish several objectives simultaneously. Such interventions are a demonstration of GME engagement and permit policy monitoring that does not detract from the educational focus. The OSHE is a simple but effective tool for sampling how faculty and residents deliver handoffs and provides an ongoing opportunity to refine handoff education.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Wayne State University and Crittenton Hospital Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL

Advancing Patient Safety Education Through a Systematic Mortality Learning Program

Victor Herrera, Joseph Portoghese

Background: A need to improve the teaching of patient safety in GME exists. Traditional formats such as lectures have not been effective in engaging residents in a patient safety culture. Case-based and experiential learning have demonstrated the capacity to advance skills and change behaviors.

Methods: We developed a structured curriculum employing case-based exercises and interactive delivery of content using the Florida Hospital Mortality Review Program as a framework. Residents assigned to plan a mortality and morbidity presentation participated in 2 phases of training under faculty supervision, with emphasis on patient safety education and learning of the IHI Global Trigger Tool for Measuring Adverse Events methodology as it relates to mortality reviews.

Results: A structured, evidence-based methodology based on the hospital mortality review program provided an effective framework to teach patient safety. Resident engagement was facilitated by using real morbidity and mortality cases.

Conclusions: Mortality review programs offer an opportunity to train residents on principles of patient safety and high reliability. A clinical triggers methodology that measures and tracks adverse events provides a framework to deliver the content using a case-based and interactive format.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Florida Hospital

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Regions Hospital1/HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research,2 St. Paul, MN

“Good Catch” Safety Event Reporting

Josh Peltier, Julie Cole, Kelly Frisch, Felix Ankel

Background: One of the 6 focus areas of the CLER program is patient safety, specifically patient error reporting. Teaching institutions need to ensure that residents have the opportunity to report errors, unsafe conditions, and near misses and then participate in safety event analysis, action plan development, and follow-up. Unfortunately, early reports from ACGME CLER visits have shown that many institutions fail to engage residents in this process. At the same time, residents may not be aware of why or how to report patient care errors. Even if they are aware, they may be hesitant to report errors for fear of retribution or because of time constraints.

Methods: We created a multidisciplinary work group involving key Regions Hospital leaders in nursing, quality improvement, patient safety, finance, informatics, GME, and residency programs. We integrated an event reporting system into our EMR. We presurveyed residents to obtain baseline levels of awareness, ease, and comfort with safety event reporting. We developed a 14-minute “Good Catch” event reporting video to explain the need to report, how to report, and what happens after errors are reported. The video was distributed to all 6 primary residency and fellowship programs at our institution and to all 17 affiliated programs. We postsurveyed residents after 3 months to assess their understanding of safety event reporting and to quantify how many times they had reported an event.

Results: Seven percent (8 of 112) of residents had reported an unexpected event at our institution prior to implementation compared with almost 13% after. Fifty-nine percent (66 of 112) were unsure if the reporting process was anonymous prior to implementation compared with 23% after. Seven percent of residents still didn't feel comfortable reporting unexpected events compared with 11% prior to implementation. Ninety-three percent of residents felt good about their ability to report an unexpected event after implementation compared with 41% prior. The most common reasons cited for not reporting were not knowing how to report, not wanting to take the time to report, and uncertainty regarding anonymity.

Conclusions: Resident physicians are more likely to report safety events after integration of reporting systems into the EMR and after being educated about why they need to report, how to report, and what happens after they report errors. Short, online instructional videos can be effective tools for educating residents about event reporting.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Regions Hospital/HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ

Process Improvement Training in Resident Education

Meghan I Rattigan, David S Kountz

Background: Patient safety and quality have become the major focus of healthcare, but residents are provided with little or no process improvement training. The ACGME requires residency programs to include patient safety and healthcare quality as 2 of the 6 core competencies, so teaching institutions must develop structured process improvement training programs and incorporate them into the resident educational tract. Standardized tools for measuring the effectiveness of training programs are limited.

Methods: We developed a process improvement curriculum titled “Becoming an Agent of Change.” The training included IHI Open School patient safety and quality improvement modules, 8 classroom sessions during 6 months, team/individual coaching, and group/independent activities to develop process improvement projects. The curriculum was implemented in the Ob/Gyn and pediatrics residency programs. We administered a Quality Assessment and Improvement Curriculum Toolkit 12-question pretest to measure self-perception of 12 core process improvement/quality improvement skills and benchmarked the scores against 2 scoring models: Oyler from the University of Chicago Medical Center and O'Neill from the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. A posttest was administered at the completion of the training program.

Results: Pretest results indicated that Jersey Shore University Medical Center (JSUMC) and Feinberg residents demonstrated similar baseline self-assessments of the 12 core quality improvement skills. JSUMC residents demonstrated a higher comfort level in 11 of 12 skills compared to residents at the University of Chicago. However, JSUMC residents possessed only slight to moderate comfort with quality improvement skills, with the lowest comfort assessed in PDSA methodology. The posttest was administered in April 2015. The results are to be reported in June 2015.

Conclusions: A structured process improvement training program built into resident education increases comfort with process improvement methodology/tools and facilitates awareness and involvement in future process improvement initiatives.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Jersey Shore University Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX

Teaching Process Improvement, Quality, and Patient Safety to Adult Learners in GME

J Fowler, B Estment, T Sanders, L Hadley, A Augustus, R Edwards, A Peddle, Z Merchant

Background: The traditional medical education curriculum provides limited training in quality, performance improvement, and patient safety. When discussing quality and patient safety with new residents, 100% reported they had no prior training in this subject area. Residents were interested in expanding the basic training given during orientation. In the initial needs assessment session done with new residents, the residents reported a desire to participate in projects but stated they would need guidance on the logistics of developing projects and initiatives given their work requirements and time constraints. The overall goal of this project was to teach performance improvement, quality, and patient safety in GME through experiential learning with program directors, faculty, residents, and other professionals on the healthcare team. Our team recognized that a major barrier to moving forward was limited knowledge of standardized process methods among leaders, residents, faculty, and other healthcare team members in the context of interprofessional education and participation.

Methods: The investigative team chose to use a pre/post intervention evaluation method to assess the quality of the 5 types of training and of the trainees' projects. (1) For the abbreviated training, during their orientation, participants attended a 2-hour workshop on quality metrics, the PDSA method, and the importance of this training to long-term performance improvement and patient safety. (2) The Quality and Patient Safety Institute (QPSI) consisted of 2 full days, 90 days apart. Ten focus areas were chosen based on CLER or quality requirements. At the end of the program, each participant was given assignments to complete based on the QPSI sessions. (3) The 1-hour family medicine program-directed sessions were coordinated and given by a member of the quality team during weekly conference time. The Moderate Sedation training (4) and Lean Six Sigma training (5) were covered at various forums. Certificates were awarded for the QPSI, Moderate Sedation, and Lean Six Sigma trainings.

Results: Seventy-four participants attended the abbreviated 2-hour session. All 15 participants attended the first session of the QPSI 2-day training course, and 87% attended the second session. At the 7 program-directed monthly sessions, attendance averaged 51.5% ± 25.7%. The 2-hour Moderate Sedation training had a 77% attendance rate, and the 1-hour Lean Six Sigma white belt training had a 100% attendance rate.

Conclusions: Interdepartmental and interprofessional education is underutilized in the medical education curriculum and healthcare setting. Integrating interprofessional education into GME is necessary to improve healthcare quality and patient safety. This mode of education is core to teaching communication skills and teamwork in the healthcare setting. In alignment with the governing bodies and accrediting agencies, interprofessional and interdepartmental education can assist with removing barriers.

FINAL WORK PLAN – JPS Health Network

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Kaiser Permanente Northern California

Patient Safety, Performance, and Quality Improvement

Alex Dummett, Theresa Azevedo, Michelle Loaiza

Background: We identified that patient safety event reporting was underutilized, so we wanted to create a pathway for better feedback while maintaining anonymity. Our goal was to develop a consistent process for identifying quality and process improvement projects and to share progress.

Methods: After many iterations, we identified and customized a secure yet widely accessible eVisual Board in Microsoft SharePoint. The eVisual Board is a single, shared, scalable platform the residents could use to contribute to, learn about, and disseminate quality and process improvement projects. The eVisual Board was installed in the resident lounge, and we held weekly huddles.

Results: Coupled with frequent short huddles, the eVisual Board improved visibility of resident and facility improvement goals. We successfully solicited many improvement ideas. We improved the communication of institutional goals by strengthening collaboration between residents and quality and process improvement project leaders.

Conclusions: This GME-driven project changed the awareness culture. We heightened resident awareness and engagement to identify quality and process improvement projects and established closer engagement with the quality department. Work still needs to be done to develop a stable standardized technical solution in SharePoint that facility shareholders reference when looking for resident involvement in quality and process improvement. We need to improve the feedback.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Kaiser Permanente Northern California

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Main Line Health System, Wynnewood, PA

Walk the Talk for Patient Safety: Integrating Residents in the Organization's Patient Safety Culture

Joseph A Greco, Jad Sfeir, Allen Dimino, Sharon Iannucci, Judy Spahr

Background: Patient safety training at Main Line Health (MLH) has evolved over time. Error prevention tools now focus on verbal communication tools that enhance best safety behaviors. In addition, the CLER visit highlighted the need for medical residents at MLH to both learn and to become integrated in the culture of patient safety.

Methods: MLH created an event called Walk the Talk for Patient Safety. Residents were invited to staff the booths at the event at our major teaching hospital, Lankenau Medical Center. The error-prevention tools we used included STAR (Stop-Think-Act-Review), SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation), ARCC (Ask a question–make a Request–voice a Concern), Stop the Line, Got your Back, and 3-way repeat-back and read-back. This activity was designed to create visibility for residents as active participants in patient safety leadership while compelling residents to become completely familiar with the language of patient safety and the MLH patient safety structure. Residents were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire to assess knowledge about patient safety and opinions about Walk the Talk for Patient Safety before and after the event.

Results: Staffing the booths provided an opportunity for residents to teach other residents and attendees about error reporting processes and procedures. After implementing Walk the Talk, 88.2% of resident respondents could name 3 error prevention tools used at MLH compared with 62.7% before implementation (P=0.002). Before Walk the Talk, 43.5% of residents (P<0.0001) disagreed with the statement “I feel confident that I know what the MLH error prevention tools are” compared to 8.9% after. The number of residents who strongly agreed that Walk the Talk is a good way to learn about patient safety tools increased from 28% prior to the event to 48.5% after the event (P<0.013).

Conclusions: Taking a leadership role in Walk the Talk for Patient Safety led to increased knowledge of patient safety topics and demonstrated that residents are involved in the patient safety culture of MLH.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Main Line Health System

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Maricopa Integrated Health System, Phoenix, AZ

Institutional Curriculum for Resident Engagement in Quality and Safety

Elizabeth N Ferguson, Michael Grossman, Phyllis Thackrah

Background: Despite monthly publication of quality and safety indicators, including adverse events reported by residents, we found that faculty and residents were ill informed regarding the reporting function. Many adverse events identified by residents were not being reported. We determined that a silo structure was inhibiting our reporting efforts.

Methods: An institutional curriculum was created with a goal of didactic and experiential familiarization. We implemented and tested our theory. We initiated an interactive Jeopardy-type game for testing and validation. We conducted a PDSA cycle with self-reflection post outcomes. We used visual summaries for rapid assessment.

Results: From March 2013–February 2014, residents reported 74 adverse events. From March 2014–February 2015, residents reported 107 adverse events.

Conclusions: Educational processes can be effective if they are designed and tested using residents as a target audience to address knowledge and performance gaps. A careful PDSA rapid cycle with measured outcomes and resident participation can be used to develop an effective institutional curriculum.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Maricopa Integrated Health System

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI

Delivering a Positive Patient Experience: Internal Medicine Residency Provider Pictorial

Matthew D'Costa, Matthew Jansen, Lisa Benson, Lori Remeika, Michael Roherty, Nicole Kumm

Background: Patient satisfaction data from Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys revealed poor performance by internal medicine residents. Two recently published prospective cohort studies showed improvement in provider identification with face sheets or face cards and a trend toward improved patient satisfaction but no statistical significance. We postulated that knowledge of provider names and their roles via team pictorials would improve patient satisfaction scores.

Methods: The internal medicine program coordinator created My Health Care Team pictorials at the first of the month, and internal medicine resident teams distributed the pictorials to patients admitted to their service, ideally within 24 hours of admission. The pictorials are referenced by the patient, nurses, and consultants for coordination of care. A cohort study of internal medicine resident ward team patients was performed. Twenty-five patients were surveyed after 40 chart reviews were performed.

Results: Four of 25 patients reported receiving the pictorials. All 4 (100%) patients reported understanding their care plan, and 2 of 4 (50%) could recall care team names. These patients' average satisfaction score was 5.0. Among the 21 patients who reported they did not receive the pictorials, 19 (90.5%) reported understanding their care plan, and 5 (23.8%) could recall care team names. These patients' average satisfaction score was 4.57.

Conclusions: Creation of a pictorial for provider identification is achievable with the right support system. Team pictorials are well received by patients and other members of the care team. Distribution by ward teams is a major challenge; potential remedies are in the planning stages. Further data collection and patient randomization along with expansion to other departments may provide more insight.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Marshfield Clinic

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Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ

A Hospital Public Health Response to CLER

Beth Baratz, Alex Puma, Joseph Jaeger

Background: Our ACGME CLER site visit revealed issues with patient safety, quality, and health disparities, so a core curriculum team consisting of members of the Office of Academic Affairs and an MPH candidate was formed to develop a public health curriculum for residency programs. Desired outcomes included the identification and reduction of public health–related knowledge gaps.

Methods: A literature search, a needs assessment of program directors and residents, curricular audit, presentation, and peer review were conducted to design a public health curriculum that addresses patient safety, healthcare improvement, error reporting, and health disparities. Success depended upon the approval of the Monmouth Medical Center GMEC.

Results: The “Public Health Curriculum for Graduate Medical Education Program at Monmouth Medical Center” was completed on time and within the project budget. The GMEC approved the curriculum, and the program directors adopted it. The program-specific curriculum was found to be responsive to the needs of 7 residency programs.

Conclusions: Educators and trainees now have access to a complete set of concepts, terms, and activities that make up the public health domain. This access has increased awareness regarding public health, disparities, and inequities and has also led to greater awareness of patient safety and error reporting.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Monmouth Medical Center

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Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA

Implementing a Standardized and Sustainable Resident Sign-Out Process at Ochsner Clinic Foundation: An AIAMC National Initiative IV Project

Jacob Breaux, Roneisha McLendon, Robin Stedman, Navita Gupta, Kelly Shum, Mannan Khan, Elizabeth Ellent, Ronald Amedee, Janice Piazza, Robert Wolterman

Background: Duty-hour restrictions imposed on training physicians have led to increased patient handoffs and the potential for discontinuity in patient care. We identified a significant need to formalize a process for transitions of care between inpatient settings.

Methods: We distributed surveys to residents and faculty to assess current perceptions and practices surrounding transitions of care. We met with program directors and residents from multiple specialties to review the importance of sign-out standardization and our goals at the institutional level. We designed a written sign-out template, using elements from the pneumonic ANTICipate. We programmed the written document within the EMR, and we piloted it as a standardized and up-to-date sign-out tool accessible via computers and iPads. We defined a verbal sign-out modeled after the pneumonic I-PASS, developed at Boston Children's Hospital. We printed tables for both the written and verbal handoff processes on note cards and distributed them to all staff and residents. We held interactive didactic sessions introducing the documents and training participants in their use. We facilitated feedback and discussion surrounding specialty-specific requirements and considerations for the handoff process. We repeated the survey to quantify improvement; we plan a later survey to evaluate sustainability. We identified stakeholders to ensure sustainability of the project and continued improvement.

Results: Repeat survey results were obtained from 45 faculty members and 63 residents representing multiple specialties. Comparing the initial results to the repeat survey, there remained variability in process perception. Seventy-two percent of faculty reported at least once identifying a patient safety issue occurring as a result of the handoff process consistent with the initial survey results. Faculty reporting supervision of the handoff process increased from 82% to 86%. In the initial survey, 80% of residents reported sometimes or never receiving feedback on their handoffs, and that number decreased to 70% in the repeat survey. The percentage of residents reporting the use of a standardized process for handoffs also increased.

Conclusions: Results indicate a modest increase in feedback with respect to and supervision of handoffs. As we progress with systemwide implementation, we plan to incorporate objective metrics such as numbers of laboratory tests ordered by residents, changes in hospital length of stay, and medication occurrences because these parameters will complement subjective data from observer evaluations and survey results.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Ochsner Clinic Foundation

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH

Find It, Fix It: Engaging Residents and the C-Suite in Quality Improvement

Sara Sukalich, Miriam Chan; on behalf of the Find It, Fix It Planning Committee

Background: The ACGME CLER program calls for residents to participate in quality improvement/patient safety initiatives. However, our institutional quality improvement/patient safety initiatives rarely involved trainees and there was little education/participation in quality improvement/patient safety at the GME level. This gap highlighted an opportunity for engaging residents and the C-suite in a shared quality improvement initiative.

Methods: A planning committee that included residents, faculty members, GME staff, nursing, the vice president of Medical Affairs, and the vice president of Quality was formed in October 2013. The Find It, Fix It quality improvement project was developed using a Kaizen process board approach and kicked off in February 2014. Residents were encouraged to submit idea cards when they identified opportunities for improvement. The C-suite, GME staff, and faculty met weekly to review the central board and help residents fine tune their ideas and facilitate the projects. After residents learned quality improvement in a hands-on fashion by working through PDSA cycles, a survey of knowledge and attitudes based on the Continuous Quality Improvement Questionnaire and Quality Improvement Knowledge Application Tool pretest was administered to academic year 2013–2014 trainees preproject (2/2014), at 4 months (6/2014), and at 12 months (2/2015) and also to incoming academic year 2014–2015 interns (6/2014) and at 7 months (2/2015). Overall metrics and metrics for the individual residency programs were tracked, including the number of idea cards submitted, the number of projects started, the number of projects completed, types of projects, and the number of residents involved.

Results: A total of 124 ideas were submitted by 72 residents, and 71 projects were initiated. Of those 71 projects, 36 were quality improvement/patient safety and patient focused. Thirty-two projects were completed: 10 projects led to improvement in patient care quality, 18 projects led to equipment/storage improvement, 1 project led to improvement in education/training, and 3 projects were accepted for national presentations (as of 2/2015). A total of 97, 106, and 125 residents completed the presurvey, the survey at 4 months, and the 12-month postsurvey, respectively. In the 12 months prior to the project, 40% of residents were involved in at least one quality improvement project, while 87% were involved during the first 12 months of the initiative. A total of 45 residents completed all 3 surveys. Knowledge of quality improvement improved, and lack of knowledge was felt to be less of a barrier. However, interest in quality improvement decreased from baseline to postsurvey, and measures of attitude toward quality improvement did not improve.

Conclusions: Find It, Fix It was a successful initiative to engage residents and the C-suite in quality improvement. The Kaizen approach allowed widespread exposure to and involvement in quality improvement. Sustainability of this large project will require significant time and effort for faculty. A GME-led quality initiative can spur culture change around quality improvement within residency programs and create opportunities to showcase medical education at the institutional and organizational level.

FINAL WORK PLAN – OhioHealth Riverside Methodist Hospital

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Orlando Health, Orlando, FL

Hand Hygiene Compliance at Orlando Health

Malisa Agard, Martha Toms, Caroline Nguyen-Min, Kwabena Ayesu

Background: Proper hand hygiene can help reduce healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs). HAIs prolong hospital stay, increase the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials, and result in additional financial burden and excess deaths. The director of Infection Prevention and Control at Orlando Health showed that only 72% of individuals entering a Clostridium difficile isolation room wore gowns, and only 45% of them washed their hands after exiting the room. These startling numbers made the need improve the overall hand hygiene compliance rate self-evident.

Methods: We performed a baseline analysis of hand hygiene among internal medicine physicians and residents. We developed succinct PowerPoint presentations lasting no longer than 5 minutes to teach about hand hygiene importance and techniques that we administered to residents in the internal medicine residency program. We then reevaluated hand hygiene compliance within the internal medicine program, including attending physicians, residents, and medical students.

Results: Baseline results showed that 80% of hand-washing opportunities were missed; attending physicians performed proper hand hygiene 8% of the time, and residents (interns and seniors) performed proper hand hygiene 12% of the time. Postintervention, the enter room/exit room hand-washing rates improved: internal medicine attending physicians, 81%/100%; seniors, 93%/100%; interns, 100%/100%; medical students, 100%/100%; and fellows, 88%/83%. Compliance among PGY 2–3 residents (seniors) showed improvement compared to their 4% rate reported in the baseline analysis.

Conclusion: Hand hygiene is the single most effective measure to prevent HAIs. Our study revealed that compliance improved after education with succinct PowerPoint presentations to promote awareness and hand-washing demonstrations. Although compliance has improved, the patient must be included in the practice to optimize safety.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Orlando Health

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Orlando Health, Orlando, FL

Quality Improvement – A Humbling Experience Triggering Change in Resident Education Revisited

Malisa Agard, Martha Toms, Caroline Nguyen-Min, Kwabena Ayesu

Background: Quality improvement has become an essential part of all aspects of clinical medicine. After the Institute of Medicine's landmark To Err Is Human report in 1999, many institutions, including Orlando Health, incorporated quality improvement into their GME curriculum. We implemented the IHI Open School training modules as a core training curriculum for residents. After more than 1 year of training, a reassessment of residents' quality improvement knowledge was deemed prudent.

Methods: We conducted a literature survey to identify available questionnaires and created a baseline questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to residents of internal medicine, and IHI quality improvement training was provided. A maintenance questionnaire was administered, and the posttest assessment was compared with maintenance results.

Results: The posttest passing rates by department after completion of the IHI quality improvement training were 64.3% for internal medicine, 52.6% for emergency medicine, 78.9% for pediatrics, 100% for Ob/Gyn, 64.7% for surgery, 100% for pathology, and 88.9% for orthopedics. The maintenance test passing rates by department were 30% for internal medicine, 33% for emergency medicine, 10% for pediatrics, 17% for Ob/Gyn, 50% for surgery, 25% for pathology, and 36% for orthopedics.

Conclusion: The maintenance questionnaire results forced us to reevaluate the effectiveness of our core curriculum and whether the lack of retention requires ongoing quality improvement training.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Orlando Health

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

OSF Saint Francis Medical Center and University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL

Rates of Medical Errors and Adverse Events in a Medical ICU Following Implementation of a Standardized Computerized Handoff System

Crystal Davis-Coan, Kristin Crawford, Teresa Lynch, Rachael Davis, Tim Miller, Thomas J Santoro

Background: The current process in the adult ICU does not include a controlled environment or a consistent process for delivering handoffs or standardized time. This project evaluated the effectiveness of and staff satisfaction with resident handoffs at baseline and then performed a reevaluation after the I-PASS handoff system was integrated with Epic in the OSF Saint Francis Medical Center (SFMC) adult ICU.

Methods: We provided a controlled and quiet environment for handoffs, an integrated handoff tool (I-PASS plus Epic), and a robust educational bundle with simulation/role playing, didactics, and small group work. There is a monthly rotation of residents in the adult ICU. We observed handoffs, completed the intervention education, and observed handoffs again (verbally and electronically). The intervention consisted of a 3–4 hour training seminar consisting of a standardized didactic component, sample videos of appropriate and inappropriate handoffs, and interactive simulation training on proper handoffs and event reporting, followed by a debriefing period. Staff and providers completed a daily nursing or resident survey for unreported events, good catches, and near misses. These survey responses were compared to the electronic event reporting system for transparency.

Results: We have data for discussion but lack the depth needed to show significance in the intervention month to month. No significant change in the depth of handoff was seen although we found more transparency of the handoff process in the adult ICU.

Conclusions: We brought awareness and increased communication about failure points in the process, and this project brought strong leadership commitment to the handoff. Adding good catch to the resident survey was a quick win so the focus was not negative. Standardizing the monthly calendar in advance in terms of timing of education and observations requires more work.

FINAL WORK PLAN – OSF Saint Francis Medical Center and University of Illinois College of Medicine

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA

Improving Resident Education of Patient Safety: A Campuswide Initiative

L Calongne, M Musso, R Vath, K Rhynes, S Hosea, M Bolton, A Dunbar, T Caffery, S Mantzor, L Rabalais, B Miller, A Johnson, L Tynes

Background: Residency programs at our institution were implementing patient safety curricula in a variety of ways but rarely communicated with one another. The objective of this project was to develop and implement a campuswide, standardized learning experience to enhance residents' knowledge of patient safety.

Methods: In phase 1, coinvestigators from 5 residency programs brainstormed a standardized learning experience. The working group determined that using text message reminders to facilitate patient safety discussions on hospital-based rounds would be a novel and accessible means of engaging faculty and residents. Participating faculty were provided with a training video that modeled how to incorporate patient safety discussions on rounds. Phase 2 was a pilot study that began in spring 2014. During a 2-month period, participating faculty received weekly text reminders to discuss patient safety on rounds. Residents on hospital-based rotations participated in the safety rounds initiative, and residents on alternative rotations served as a control group.

Results: We observed increases in resident perceptions of the culture of quality and patient safety at our institution as a result of our initiative, particularly in the communication and event reporting sections of the modified AHRQ survey (administered pre/post pilot). Ninety-five percent of faculty who completed the follow-up survey reported that they were continuing to incorporate patient safety discussions on rounds after the pilot phase.

Conclusions: We believe this standardized learning experience led to an increased sense of ownership of quality and patient safety on the part of our physician learners and teachers, as evidenced by significant movement in residents' perceptions and reporting activity. Additionally, our experience in NI IV brought faculty and residents out of departmental silos and engaged them to work with quality leaders at the hospital to improve patient safety outcomes. This collaborative momentum yielded an additional outcome: the creation of a quality and patient safety fellowship beginning in academic year 2015.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Saint Francis Care Medical Center, Hartford, CT

A Research Simulation with Ob/Gyn Residents to Assess Current Language Service Practices

Brian Riley, Lawrence Young, Marcus McKinney, Jeri Hepworth, Elizabeth Sipusic, Amanda Wilson, Ashley Negrini

Background: Saint Francis Care has a commitment to the highest levels of quality and safety, with emphasis on the critical domains of communication, teamwork, transition in care, medication use, and minimally invasive procedures. Health equity is a board-level priority, and effective communication, including appropriate language services, is an equity and safety concern. Enhancing access to appropriate language services is a systemwide initiative, led by the Curtis D. Robinson Center for Health Equity, a Saint Francis institute. As part of that effort, an education, simulation, and evaluation activity with Ob/Gyn residents served as an initial demonstration for systemwide implementation.

Methods: The specific target was to enhance the use of the Martti video remote interpreter device to improve the services for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). Fifteen Ob/Gyn residents participated in a pretest session, an educational session, and a simulation activity in which 5 residents worked with a patient with LEP and accessed language services. The remaining 10 residents served as observers, participated in a discussion assessing the activity and current hospital medical standards, and provided recommendations for other training focused on language services. Following the discussion, a posttest about the Martti video remote interpreter device was administered.

Results: A total of 5/5 residents used the Martti video remote interpreter device within 1 minute of a patient encounter; 2/5 residents accurately reached the diagnosis; 3/5 residents continued interaction with patient throughout the encounter; and 2/5 residents checked to see whether there were questions regarding the diagnosis. No residents accurately described the Martti process using the translation service. A total of 3/5 residents described Martti prior to having the translator present; 7/15 residents improved their scores from preassessment to postassessment; and 6/15 scores remained the same.

Conclusions: Issues with language and communication between physicians and patients have been identified as potential barriers to providing equitable care. Our project increased awareness about the importance of language services in our hospital.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Saint Francis Care Medical Center

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX

CLER: One Institution's Experience and the Importance of Integrating the C-Suite in Graduate Medical Education

Ravi Kallur, Marguerite Peters, Hania Wehbe–Janek

Background: With CLER, the entire institution is held accountable, including the C-suite, quality and safety personnel, and the nursing staff. Plans were made to tackle the anticipated CLER visit as an opportunity rather than an accreditation visit. This approach required a team effort consisting of house staff, program coordinators, program directors, faculty members, safety and quality staff, and the C-suite to work collaboratively with the DIO.

Methods: We created handouts for house staff, program directors, faculty, the C-suite, and nursing staff, and we developed a badge holder insert with descriptions of the 6 focus areas: patient safety, professionalism, fatigue management/duty hours, quality improvement, transitions in care, and supervision. Meetings included the CLER advisory group consisting of house staff, coordinators, program directors, faculty, and GME staff. We prepared presentations to nursing executives, the chair caucus, the GMEC board of directors, and the Academic Operations Council. Updates were shared at GMEC meetings.

Results: Excellent team representation contributed to dissemination of information to all concerned. We received timely support and input from the board of directors and C-suite. Program directors, faculty, and house staff led each of the groups in disseminating information and coordinating the team for the actual site visit. We observed a coherent, enthusiastic, and common platform response during the site visit—a proactive approach rather than a reactive one.

Conclusions: Our project paved the way for developing better relationships with house staff and understanding institutional goals, policies, and quality and safety projects. It will be very useful and critical for the success of the GME programs.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Scott & White Healthcare

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Scottsdale Lincoln Health Network, Scottsdale, AZ

CAUTI Prevention Through Education, Continuum of Care, and Systemwide Buy-In

Greg Alaestante, M Moe Bell, Charles “Chip” Finch

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates were very high, especially in the Scottsdale Health Network Osborn campus ICU. With the aim to decrease CAUTIs, we collaborated with a systemwide CAUTI taskforce and created a resident quality champion position for GME.

Methods: We presented a multidisciplinary CME forum on CAUTI, implemented daily management plans to track catheter use, implemented a urine retention protocol, instituted ED education, and created EMR prompts requiring physicians to enter the reason for a urinary catheter when ordered and to ask physicians if a urinary catheter could be removed or to list the indication for continued use.

Results: The total number of CAUTIs at 3 campuses was reduced from 70 to 52 between 2012 and 2014, and the total number of Foley days was reduced from >16,000 to <13,000 between 2012 and 2014.

Conclusions: As a project team that focused on patient safety and decreasing mortality and morbidity, we were successful. Our hope to completely eliminate CAUTIs in our system was not met. However, many key initiatives will continue and should lead to further reduction in CAUTIs in future years. A multidisciplinary, multifaceted approach with resident involvement is feasible and had a positive impact in our system. The resident quality champion position will continue, as will efforts to reduce CAUTIs.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Scottsdale Lincoln Health Network

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

TriHealth, Cincinnati, OH

Improving Patient Safety Event Reporting Among Residents and Teaching Faculty

Michelle Louis, Lala Hussain, David Dhanraj, Bilal Khan, Steven Jung, Wendy Quiles, Mark Broering, Kevin Schrand, Lindsey Crawford, Lori Klarquist, Lorraine Stephens, Alexander Saba, Michael Marcotte, Becky Williams

Background: A June 2012 site visit report from the ACGME CLER revealed residents' and physicians' lack of awareness and understanding of the hospital's system for reporting patient safety concerns in 3 areas: (1) what constitutes a reportable patient safety event, (2) who responsible for reporting, and (3) the current reporting system.

Methods: We conducted a quality improvement study consisting of an educational program (intervention) focusing on the importance of event reporting and a pre/post educational survey to measure attitudes, knowledge, and self-reported behaviors. Following the implementation of a new patient safety event reporting system, we compared the reported events with baseline data to determine improvement in reporting. Subjects included residents and teaching faculty from the internal medicine/family medicine, general surgery, Ob/Gyn-urogynecology, and vascular surgery GME programs.

Results: Among 105 residents, the response rate was 56%–92% for the preintervention survey and 68%–100% for the postintervention survey. Among 78 teaching faculty, the response rate was 43%–67% for the preintervention survey and 33%–92% for the postintervention survey. The majority of respondents agreed that as a healthcare provider, they will be responsible for a medical error at some point, and to improve patient safety, serious events should be reported to hospital administration. Of all respondents, 62% did not have medical error report training in their medical schools; 71% had never used the online error event reporting system in our healthcare organization; 33% indicated that they did not receive education/training on how to disclose medical errors to hospital administration, and 76% indicated that they will likely report medical errors. Most important, the number of reported patient safety events increased. The preintervention average was 1.5 events, while the postintervention average was 4.6 events.

Conclusions: Immediately after the intervention, we achieved an approximately 5-fold increase in the number of reported events by residents and teaching faculty. The educational intervention improved knowledge of which incidents or errors to report. Also, after the intervention, in 3 of the 4 residency programs, more residents responded that they would report an error even if their colleagues or attending physicians disagreed.

FINAL WORK PLAN – TriHealth

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT

Aligning Resident Quality Improvement Activities with Institutional Strategic Goals

Alan J Smith

Background: As a result of our CLER visit, we determined that an unacceptable percentage of our residents understood the hospital's priorities for quality improvement, were engaged with hospital leadership in advancing the hospital's quality strategy, had linked their quality projects with hospital goals, were engaged in interprofessional quality improvement teams, understood quality improvement terminology and methods, and had access to organized systems for collecting and analyzing data for quality improvement. Consequently, the purpose of our project was to develop action plans for addressing these opportunities for improvement.

Methods: A GME Value Council was established under the GMEC to oversee and coordinate alignment and integration of resident quality improvement projects with the hospital's goals and priorities; provide expertise and resources for residents in developing and implementing their projects; develop a quality improvement curriculum and educational experiences for residents; and promote resident participation in interprofessional quality improvement teams within the hospital system. Members of the GME Value Council included the DIO, GMEC chair, chief medical officer, chief quality officer, program directors, residents, and a value engineer.

Results: The project is still in progress.

Conclusions: We believe that integration of resident quality improvement activities and the hospital's strategic quality improvement goals with GME Value Council oversight and support will enhance the residents' clinical learning environment while engaging them as active contributors in creating and implementing the institution's strategic plan for quality.

FINAL WORK PLAN – University of Utah Health Sciences Center

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Continued

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Ochsner J. 2016 Spring;16(Spec AIAMC Iss):9–48.

Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA

The “Silent” Disparity - Health Literacy: Enhancing Provider Awareness

JS Liberman, AK Shenoy, L Sullenberger, G Abshire, B Owens

Background: Health literacy is an essential concept in patient-centered medical care. It represents the combination of literacy skills and the ability to understand, process, and engage in healthcare to further one's own health and provide a sense of patient autonomy. Deficiency in this skill is a common problem, and the Institute of Medicine estimates that half the adult population in the United States, approximately 90 million people, have difficulty understanding and acting upon health information. The impact of poor health literacy is striking. Lower health literacy levels are associated with a nearly 2-fold increase in mortality. Patients with limited health literacy often have difficulty with treatment adherence and are likely to misinterpret instructions such as medication labels. This, in turn, leads to progression of disease, subsequent hospitalizations, poor health outcomes, and increased costs. We investigated the incidence of limited health literacy in a subset of the Virginia Mason Medical Center patient population in one of our primary care clinics.

Methods: Members of the healthcare team (attending physicians, residents, and nurse practitioners) were assessed for their ability to accurately identify patients with deficiencies in health literacy. We selected the Rapid Assessment of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM-R) as our literacy assessment tool. Designated medical team members administered REALM-R surveys to patients. They were scored and kept anonymous and confidential. Providers were then asked 2 questions: (1) have you met this patient before? and (2) does this patient have a problem with health literacy? Answers provided by healthcare providers were then compared to the objective data provided by the REALM-R survey to assess provider identification of health literacy deficiencies. A multidisciplinary team was assembled to develop an educational intervention/curriculum using the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation) model and based on previously published literacy interventions. Videos highlighting individual stories from patients who experienced an inability to understand their own healthcare were created and made available through a website devoted to addressing the topic of health literacy.

Results: Preliminary data collection with the REALM-R tool was done in a general internal medicine outpatient clinic. Participating providers included physicians and nurses in an integrated care management team. Following survey administration, we determined that 20% of patients with health literacy deficits were identified correctly by their providers.

Conclusions: Our provider teams have difficulty consistently identifying patients with health literacy deficiencies, and this difficulty is consistent with national trends. Rather than focus on identifying patients at risk, we are examining the benefit of assuming that every patient may be at risk for health literacy and target communication to alleviate and address this issue. We are disseminating tools that improve provider communication, and our measure will be determining if provider perception of the scope of the problem has changed.

FINAL WORK PLAN – Virginia Mason Medical Center

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Articles from The Ochsner Journal are provided here courtesy of Ochsner Clinic Foundation

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