Abstract
Objective
To assess the knowledge and attitudes of local primary health care physicians in relation to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation.
Methods
We conducted a survey on general practitioners in Singapore by using a self-administered questionnaire that comprised 29 questions.
Results
The response rate was 80%, with 60 of 75 physicians completing the questionnaire. The average age of the respondents was 52 years. Sixty percent of them reported that they knew how to operate an automated external defibrillator (AED), and 38% had attended AED training. Only 36% were willing to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR, and 53% preferred chest compression-only resuscitation (CCR) to standard CPR. We found those aged <50 years were more likely to be trained in basic cardiac life support (BCLS) (P < 0.001) and advanced cardiac life support (P = 0.005) or to have ever attended to a patient with cardiac arrest (P = 0.007). Female physicians tended to agree that all clinics should have AEDs (P = 0.005) and support legislation to make AEDs compulsory in clinics (P < 0.001). We also found that a large proportion of physicians who were trained in BCLS (P = 0.006) were willing to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation.
Conclusion
Most local primary care physicians realize the importance of defibrillation, and the majority prefer CCR to standard CPR.
Keywords: general practitioners, cardiac arrest, resuscitation, defibrillation, attitude, knowledge
Introduction
General practitioners (GPs) can play an important role in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).1,2 OHCA is an international health issue, and the reported survival rates after OHCA vary greatly.3 The ‘chain of survival’ concept4 states that the survival of patients with OHCA can be improved by early access, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), early defibrillation, and early advanced care. Current research indicates that shorter response times,5 early CPR,6,7 and early defibrillation do indeed improve patient survival.8,9 GPs may witness a cardiac arrest in primary health care clinics or during a home visit, and early defibrillation by GPs has been shown to improve the outcomes of OHCA.10 Programs have been created to teach GPs to use defibrillators and actively participate in resuscitation.10
Singapore is a multicultural city-state that has a population of 4.6 million11 and is situated in southeast Asia. The island’s emergency medical services system is primarily a single-tier system that is equipped to provide basic life support and defibrillation with automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Singapore’s primary health care system is composed of both public and private sectors. The public sector comprises 18 government-related polyclinics, with 4–10 doctors in each clinic. In contrast, the private sector consists of mostly single-doctor clinics, with family as well as corporate practices. The survival rate after OHCA in Singapore has been reported to be 2.0%.12
Although several studies have been conducted on public knowledge regarding and attitudes towards CPR and defibrillation,13–15 very little is known about physicians’ attitudes towards resuscitation. We conducted a self-reported survey to assess the experience, knowledge, and attitudes of local primary health care doctors towards resuscitation. On the basis of the knowledge obtained, we hope to propose a program to encourage the active participation of GPs in the management of OHCA.
Methods
We conducted an ‘opportunistic’ survey of primary healthcare doctors working in both the private and public sectors. This survey was conducted in conjunction with a symposium organized for GPs on ‘Common Pitfalls When Dealing with Medical Emergencies in Family Practice’. The survey questionnaire consisted of 29 questions and was self-administered (Appendix 1). This questionnaire had been designed by the study team and had been validated in a pilot study. It was divided into four sections: demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and chest compression-only resuscitation (CCR) versus CPR.
Besides questions on the background characteristics of the doctors, the respondents were also asked if they had attended to any patient with cardiac arrest and if they had access to a defibrillator in their area of practice.
In the knowledge section, respondents were asked to answer a series of five questions regarding defibrillation. Respondents were also asked if they had attended any training on AEDs and whether they knew how to operate an AED.
The attitudes section determined the following: (1) whether or not the respondents would use an AED, if available, to treat a patient with cardiac arrest; (2) the respondents’ confidence level in using AEDs; (3) whether the respondents agreed that all primary health care clinics should be equipped with AEDs; (4) whether they would support legislation to make AEDs compulsory equipment in all clinics; and (5) whether they would consider buying AEDs and at what cost.
In the last section (CCR vs CPR), respondents were asked if they were willing to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR and which method of resuscitation they preferred, CCR or standard CPR.
Descriptive statistics with frequency tables were computed using SPSS software (v. 17.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To determine the association between the demographics of the study population and their knowledge and attitude, continuous variables and multinomial variables were recoded into two groups according to the following standard cut-off points. Age groups were created according to the median age (‘below 50 years’ and ‘50 years and above’); the level of confidence in using AEDs was grouped as ‘below and equal to score 5′ and ‘above 5′; specialist training was re-categorized into ‘family medicine’ and ‘other’, and the type of practice, into ‘family practice’ and ‘other’. A contingency coefficient which indicated the level of association, such as the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the P-values for Fisher’s exact test (because the sample size was small) were calculated. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results
We issued a total of 75 forms to all the attendees of the symposium. Of these, 60 responded, giving a response rate of 80%. The demographic characteristics of the respondents are shown in Table 1. The average age of the respondents was 52 years, and 43% of them were male. The mean duration for which the physicians had been in practice was 28 years. Further, 29% had a valid basic cardiac life support (BCLS) certificate, and 21% had a valid advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) certificate. We found that 27% of the respondents had defibrillators in their clinics.
Table 1.
Characteristics of respondents
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Mean age (SD) (n = 59) | 52 (10.9) |
| Male | 73% (43/59) |
| Race | |
| Chinese | 92% (54/59) |
| Indian | 3% (2/59) |
| Others | 5% (3/59) |
| Mean years of practice (SD) (n = 59) | 27.9 (10.6) |
| Specialist training | |
| Family medicine | 55% (33/60) |
| Internal medicine | 3% (2/60) |
| Nil | 42% (25/60) |
| Type of practice | |
| Family | 86% (52/60) |
| Company | 12% (7/60) |
| Industrial | 2% (1/60) |
| Trained in BCLS | 6% (36/60) |
| Valid BCLS certificate | 29% (10/34) |
| Trained in ACLS | 32% (19/60) |
| Valid ACLS certificate | 21% (4/19) |
| Ever attended patients with cardiac arrest | 63% (38/60) |
| No. of cardiac arrest cases attended | |
| 1 | 18% (7/38) |
| 2 | 21% (8/38) |
| 3 | 5% (2/38) |
| 4 | 3% (1/38) |
| 5 | 5% (2/38) |
| ≥10 | 13% (5/38) |
| Unknown | 34% (13/38) |
| Has an AED in clinic | 27% (16/59) |
| Used clinic’s AED on cardiac arrest patient (%) (n = 16) | 6% (1/16) |
Abbreviations: ACLS, advance cardiac life support; AED, automated external defibrillator; BCLS, basic cardiac life support; SD, standard deviation.
With regard to the knowledge about defibrillation, only 37% of the respondents correctly answered all five questions on defibrillation (Table 2). We found that 92% correctly identified defibrillation as one of the most important interventions in cardiac arrest. Sixty percent reported that they knew how to operate an AED, and 38% had attended training on AEDs. However, only 42% of the respondents knew what ‘AED’ stood for.
Table 2.
Respondents’ knowledge in defibrillation
| Knowledge | % (n) |
|---|---|
| Obtained correct answer to the following questions: | |
| Q1. What does the abbreviation ‘A’ in “AED” represent? | 67% (40/60) |
| Q2. What does the abbreviation ‘E’ in “AED” represent? | 50% (30/60) |
| Q3. What does the abbreviation ‘D’ in “AED” represent? | 93% (56/60) |
| Q4. AED operator is not required to interpret ECG rhythm | 85% (51/60) |
| Q5. Defibrillation is the most important intervention in cardiac arrest | 92% (55/60) |
| Total score (full score = five questions answered correctly): | |
| 1 | 2% (1/60) |
| 2 | 10% (6/60) |
| 3 | 25% (15/60) |
| 4 | 27% (16/60) |
| 5 | 37% (22/60) |
| Know how to operate AED | 60% (36/60) |
| Attended AED training | 38% (23/60) |
Abbreviations: AED, automated external defibrillator; ECG, electrocardiogram.
The responses to questions regarding attitudes towards resuscitation are shown in Table 3. Of the respondents, 93% reported that if an AED were available, they would use it to treat cardiac arrest. Forty-six percent were willing to purchase an AED, and 62% agreed that all clinics should have defibrillators. However, only 36% would support legislation to make defibrillators compulsory in clinics. The confidence levels of the respondents in using AEDs are shown in Figure 1.
Table 3.
Respondents’ attitudes towards defibrillation
| Attitudes | |
|---|---|
| Willing to use AED to attend to cardiac arrest patient if it is available | 93% (53/57) |
| Reasons for not using AED: | |
| Don’t know what an AED is | 0 |
| Don’t know how to use AED | 100% (4/4) |
| Fear of legal liability | 0 |
| Not confident | 0 |
| Willing to purchase AED | 46% (26/56) |
| Willing to pay: | |
| <$1,000 (<US dollar 695)a | 44% (10/23) |
| $1,000–2,999 (US dollar 695–2,078)a | 30% (7/23) |
| $3,000–4,999 (US dollar 2,080–3,465)a | 22% (5/23) |
| >$5,000 (>US dollar 3,465)a | 4% (1/23) |
| Not willing to purchase AED because: | |
| Expensive | 69% (20/29) |
| Not useful | 0 |
| Difficult to maintain | 3% (1/29) |
| Unsure how to use | 3% (1/29) |
| Others | 24% (7/29) |
| Would be encouraged to purchase AED if: | |
| Reasonable price | 89% (48/54) |
| Easy to use | 32% (17/54) |
| Easy to maintain | 30% (16/54) |
| Others | 4% (2/54) |
| Willing to attend AED course at own expense | 52% (28/54) |
| Agreed that all clinics should have AED | 62% (34/55) |
| Would support legislation to make AED compulsory equipment in all clinics | 36% (20/56) |
| Would support/participate in community CPR/AED project | 75% (38/51) |
Note:
Amount in Singapore dollars.
Abbreviations: AED, automated external defibrillator; CPR, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Figure 1.
Level of confidence in operating an automated external defibrillator (AED).
As shown in Table 4, only 36% would perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR, and 53% preferred CCR to standard CPR. The reasons given for preferring CCR were that (1) CCR was, in the respondents’ opinion, as effective as CPR (77% agreed), (2) easier to learn (35% agreed), and (3) the respondents were unwilling to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation (31% agreed).
Table 4.
Comparison between chest compression-only resuscitation and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation
| CCR vs. CPR | |
|---|---|
| Would perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR | 36% (21/60) |
| Preferred method of resuscitation | |
| CCR | 53% (27/51) |
| CPR | 47% (24/51) |
| Preferred CCR because: | |
| As effective as CPR | 77% (20/26) |
| Easier to learn | 35% (9/26) |
| Unwilling to do mouth-to-mouth | 31% (8/26) |
| Preferred CPR because: | |
| More effective | 70% (16/23) |
| Confident of CPR technique | 9% (2/23) |
| Recommended by National | 39% (9/23) |
| Resuscitation Council |
Abbreviations: CCR, chest compression-only resuscitation; CPR, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
The associations between the demographics of the study population and their knowledge and attitudes are summarized in Tables 5 and 6.
Table 5.
Results from cross-table (contingency coefficient, P-value of Fisher’s exact test)
| Age* | Gender | |
|---|---|---|
| Trained in BCLS | 0.517, <0.001 | 0.096, 0.556 |
| Valid BCLS certificate | 0.234, 0.225 | 0.105, 0.692 |
| Trained in ACLS | 0.361, 0.005 | 0.069, 0.755 |
| Valid ACLS certificate | 0.258, 0.530 | 0.073, 1.000 |
| Specialist training (family medicine vs internal medicine/general surgery/others) | 0.183, 0.195 | 0.201, 0.147 |
| Type of practice (family vs company/industrial) | 0.188, 0.254 | 0.392, 0.003 |
| Ever attended cardiac arrest cases | 0.342, 0.007 | 0.158, 0.241 |
| Know to operate AED | 0.083, 0.601 | 0.116, 0.552 |
| Level of confidence in using AED | 0.035, 1.000 | 0.090, 0.547 |
| Willing to buy AED | 0.269, 0.058 | 0.252, 0.071 |
| Willing to use AED if available | 0.020, 1.000 | 0.173, 0.315 |
| Agreed that all clinics should have AED | 0.021, 1.000 | 0.360, 0.005 |
| Would support legislation to make AED compulsory in all clinics | 0.183, 0.262 | 0.486, <0.001 |
| Would support/participate in community CPR/AED project | 0.102, 0.529 | 0.081, 0.730 |
| Obtained total score | 0.083, 0.596 | 0.076, 0.763 |
| Would perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR | 0.179, 0.266 | 0.050, 0.767 |
| Preferred method of resuscitation (CCR vs CPR) | 0.125, 0.407 | 0.025, 1.000 |
Note:
Comparison between age group <50 years and age group ≥50 years.
Abbreviations: ACLS, advance cardiac life support; AED, automated external defibrillator; BCLS, basic cardiac life support; CCR, chest compression-only resuscitation; CPR, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Table 6.
Results from cross-table (Contingency coefficient, P-value of Fisher’s exact test)
| Trained in BCLS | Valid BCLS certificate | Trained in ACLS | Valid ACLS certificate | Type of practice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of confidence in using AED | 0.131, 0.382 | 0.272, 0.141 | 0.005, 1.000 | 0.126, 1.000 | 0.208, 0.232 |
| Willing to buy AED | 0.055, 0.785 | 0.273, 0.141 | 0.089, 0.578 | 0.225, 0.582 | 0.228, 0.127 |
| Agreed that all clinics should have AED | 0.049, 0.779 | 0.253, 0.245 | 0.175, 0.248 | 0.015, 1.000 | 0.111, 0.696 |
| Would support legislation | 0.038, 0.781 | 0.419, 0.016 | 0.095, 0.561 | 0.325, 0.262 | 0.317, 0.019 |
| Would perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR | 0.345, 0.006 | 0.038, 1.000 | 0.160, 0.254 | 0.225, 0.582 | 0.093, 0.698 |
| Preferred method of resuscitation | 0.120, 0.558 | 0.266, 0.220 | 0.243, 0.136 | 0.119, 1.000 | 0.146, 0.425 |
Abbreviations: ACLS, advance cardiac life support; AED, automated external defibrillator; BCLS, basic cardiac life support; CPR, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
We found that the responses to the items ‘trained in BCLS,’ ‘trained in ACLS,’ and ‘ever attended to patients with cardiac arrest’ significantly differed with age. We found that 90% of those aged less than 50 years were trained in BCLS, whereas only 31% of those aged 50 years or more had undergone BCLS training (contingency coefficient = 0.517, P < 0.001). Further, 50% of the doctors who were aged <50 years were ACLS certified vs 32.2% of the doctors who were aged ≥50 years (contingency coefficient = 0.361, P = 0.005). Finally, 80% of the doctors in the younger group had attended to a patient with cardiac arrest vs 44.8% in the older group (contingency coefficient = 0.342, P = 0.007).
The responses to the questions ‘Do you agree that all clinics should have an AED?’ (P = 0.005) and ‘Would you support legislation to make AEDs compulsory in all clinics?’ (P < 0.001) significantly differed with gender. The female GPs tended to agree that all clinics should have an AED (93% women vs 50% men; contingency coefficient = 0.360, P = 0.005). Similarly, more women than men (80% women vs 20% men; contingency coefficient = 0.486, P < 0.001) said that they would support legislation to make AEDs compulsory in all clinics. In addition, fewer women (63% women vs 95% men; contingency coefficient = 0.392, P = 0.003) practiced in a family medicine setting rather than a company or an industrial setting.
Fifty percent of those trained in BCLS and 14% of those not trained in BCLS (contingency coefficient = 0.345, P = 0.006) were willing to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation.
Further, 70% of those with a valid BCLS certificate and 22% of those without a valid BCLS certificate said that they would support legislation to make AEDs compulsory in all clinics (contingency coefficient = 0.419, P = 0.016). Similarly, 70% of the GPs who practiced family medicine and 30% of those who practiced in other settings (contingency coefficient = 0.317, P = 0.019) said that they would support the above legislation.
Discussion
This study was an opportunistic survey on resuscitation in the primary health care setting. We found that most primary care physicians realized the importance of defibrillation. However, only 27% had defibrillators in their clinics, and 38% had attended training on AEDs. The commonest reason for not purchasing an AED was the perception that it was expensive (65%). Further, only 36% of the GPs said they would perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation during CPR, and 53% preferred CCR to standard CPR.
We found that those aged <50 years were more likely to be trained in BCLS (P < 0.001) or ACLS (P = 0.005) and to have ever attended to a patient with cardiac arrest (P = 0.007). This finding might be related to the introduction of BCLS training for medical students in the 1980s and ACLS for residents in the 1990s. We also found that a large proportion of doctors who were trained in BCLS (P = 0.006) were willing to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation. It is not surprising that BCLS or ACLS training did not have any effect on the respondents’ confidence in handling an AED because in Singapore, AED training was only recently incorporated into BCLS training.
The female respondents tended to agree that all clinics should have AEDs (P = 0.005) and to support legislation to make AEDs compulsory (P < 0.001). This is an interesting finding that we cannot fully explain.
GPs play an important role in managing OHCA. In a previous study, we found that the incidence of cardiac arrest in primary health care facilities in Singapore was 1.12 per 100,000 people per year, and these arrests constituted 6.0% of all OHCAs in the country.16 GPs may witness an arrest in their clinic or during a house call, or they may be called upon to attend to a patient with cardiac arrest.1 Thus, it is possible for GPs to initiate CPR, defibrillation, or advanced life support before ambulance crews arrive and thereby improve the patient’s chances of survival.10,17
The majority of GPs in Singapore work in a private practice, in a ‘for profit’ setting. Only 10% of primary health care providers in the country work in a public, subsidized care setting. This might explain the gap in the respondents’ attitudes towards defibrillation and the low take-up of defibrillators by GPs. Current local regulations require all clinics to be equipped with drugs required for resuscitation (eg, epinephrine and atropine). However, there is currently no specification regarding defibrillators or airway equipment (eg, bag-valve mask devices). We found that cost and lack of confidence in using AEDs were the main reasons why GPs did not have defibrillators in their clinics. With the advent of low-cost defibrillators (less than $3000 Singapore dollars, approximately $2,070 US dollars), this barrier can possibly be overcome. The invention of AEDs has also simplified the technique of external defibrillation.18 These devices have been shown to be accurate and effective,19 and even nonmedical personnel can be successfully trained to use them.20,21 We propose that legislation to make defibrillators mandatory clinic equipment, similar to emergency drugs, be introduced. We believe that with education and voluntary programs to subsidize purchase costs, more primary care physicians will support this move.
Recently, CCR without ventilations has been proposed as an alternative to standard CPR for bystanders.22 Proponents of CCR argue that it overcomes bystander reluctance to perform mouth-to-mouth ventilations23–31 and is simpler to teach,32–34 especially when giving instructions to an untrained bystander over the telephone.35–38 It may also result in fewer interruptions to chest compressions.39–42 Our study seems to indicate that the majority of GPs prefer CCR to standard CPR.
The limitations of this study include the small sample size and possible lack of a representative sample, which is attributable to the sampling method. Because this was an opportunistic survey, a systematic bias may have been introduced owing to the inherent interest of the physicians who attended the symposium in emergency medicine. However, it must be noted that defibrillation and CPR were not the focus of the symposium.
We intend to follow up this study with a national, population-based survey to determine the knowledge and attitudes of the public in relation to CPR and defibrillation. This survey will be linked to the national census process and will include a substudy on the knowledge and attitudes of medical practitioners.
Conclusion
In this study, we found that the majority of primary care physicians in Singapore realize the importance of defibrillation. Further, most physicians prefer CCR to standard CPR. This information will be useful in planning subsequent educational activities to encourage CPR and defibrillation by GPs.
Appendix 1
General practitioners’ attitudes and knowledge towards defibrillation
Dear Colleagues,
Of the approximately 15 000 deaths that occur in Singapore every year, about 25% will be from a cardiac cause, of which, some 12%–16% will occur suddenly, outside of a hospital. The purpose of this survey is to find out your opinions regarding certain aspect of managing an out of hospital cardiac arrest. We hope to partner with you to save more of these patients in the future.
Dr Marcus Ong
Consultant, Director of Research and Senior Medical Scientist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital
Footnotes
Disclosures
This paper was presented at the Society for Emergency Medicine in Singapore 10th Annual Scientific Meeting, Singapore in February 2009 and at the Singapore General Hospital 18th Annual Scientific Meeting, Singapore in April 2009. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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