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. 2016 Feb 23;8(3):107. doi: 10.3390/nu8030107

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Analysis of inflammation related cytokines and TNF-α downstream signaling pathway. (A) Changes in the mRNA level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the no, vehicle/CCl₄, and GEGR/CCl₄ treated group. The mRNA levels of the TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 genes were examined by RT-PCR using specific primers; (B) Phosphorylation levels of p38 and JNK in liver tissue. To measure the expression levels of each protein, the membranes were incubated with antibodies specific for each protein, as well as β-actin protein from liver lysates. Three mice per group were assayed by western blotting. Values are reported as the means ± SD. a, p < 0.05 compared to the No treatment group; b, p < 0.05 compared to the vehicle/CCl₄ treated group.