Macular thickness and macular volume measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in normal Nepalese eyes

Abstract

Purpose

To record the normative values for macular thickness and macular volume in normal Nepalese eyes.

Methods

In all, 126 eyes of 63 emmetropic subjects (mean age: 21.17±6.76 years; range: 10–37 years) were assessed for macular thickness and macular volume, using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography over 6×6 mm² in the posterior pole. A fast macular thickness protocol was employed. Statistics such as the mean, median, standard deviation, percentiles, and range were used, while a P-value was set at 0.05 to test significance.

Results

Average macular thickness and total macular volume were larger in males compared to females. With each year of increasing age, these variables decreased by 0.556 μm and 0.0156 mm³ for average macular thickness and total macular volume, respectively. The macular thickness was greatest in the inner superior section and lowest at the center of the fovea. The volume was greatest in the outer nasal section and thinnest in the fovea. The central subfield thickness (r=−0.243, P=0.055) and foveal volume (r=0.216, P=0.09) did not correlate with age.

Conclusion

Males and females differ significantly with regard to macular thickness and macular volume measurements. Reports by other studies that the increase in axial length reduced thickness and volume, were negated by this study which found a positive correlation among axial length, thickness, and volume.

Video abstract

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Introduction

A healthy macula offers the most acute vision and is crucial to tasks with high visual demands. Any disorder – a macular hole or macular edema, for instance – reduces visual acuity. The success of the treatment for these conditions is often determined by the presenting thickness and depends on posttreatment thickness. The conventional practice of assessing the macula for its thickness, involving slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography, is less sensitive to subtle changes and is only qualitative,¹ and is not a common practice even in developing countries such as Nepal where a more accurate and sophisticated instrument, optical coherence tomography (OCT), is used. OCT, an optical analog of ultrasound,² is unique on account of its combined features: an objective method of quantitatively determining the macular characteristics,³ ability to produce high resolution and cross-sectional images accurately and precisely,^4,5 and yet purely noninvasive; all of which enable diagnosis, management, and monitoring of patients with retinal diseases.

Decision making while comparing the normative population database information stored in the OCT software with results obtained from the population under examination in Nepal has the probability to be flawed, as we might have different values for the macular variables compared with the normative database in the software, and hence puts the reliability of the test in question. As a unique study, this aims to determine the normal macular thickness and volume measurements in normal Nepalese eyes.

Materials and methods

Subjects

This cross-sectional, quantitative, and hospital-based study comprised 126 eyes of 28 male and 35 female subjects (mean age, 21.17±6.72 years; age range, 10–37 years). They were recruited between February and December 2013 from the Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medicine in Nepal. Ethical clearance approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Institute of Medicine. The study fully adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Before their inclusion, informed verbal consent was sought from the subjects who were 18 years or over and from the parents or attendants when the subjects were under 18 years. Sixty-three subjects (126 eyes) diagnosed as having healthy normal eyes following a complete anterior and posterior segment evaluation and refraction, and not having diseases and conditions (diabetes mellitus; hypertension; transplant; autoimmune disease; high intraocular pressure, ie, greater than 21 mmHg; and refractive error, ie, greater than ±0.25 D spherical equivalent) underwent a fast mode macular scanning with the commercially available spectral domain (SD) OCT (Spectra lis HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Inc., Heidelberg, Germany) immediately after retinoscopy was carried out by an optometrist when the pupils were still dilated (>5 mm diameter). The basic working principles have already been explained in great detail.^6,7 The scan was performed over a 6×6 mm² area in the posterior pole to achieve a high quality image. The subjects were asked to focus on the target. The center point of each scan direction represented minimum foveal thickness (central minimum thickness, or foveola).⁸ A traditional Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid which contains three concentric rings of diameters 1, 3, and 6 mm, and two reticules to divide the macula into nine sections was employed. Scanning results were then analyzed by using the OCT Version 5.6.4 software. Any obscure images and artifacts were not considered. Axial length measurements were taken using an ultrasound A-scan biometer (Axis-II PR; Quantel Medical, Inc., Clermont-Ferrand, France).

Central subfield thickness (CST), also known as foveal thickness, was defined as the average thickness of the macula in the central 1 mm ETDRS grid.^9,10 Average macular thickness was defined as the mean of thicknesses in nine sections.¹¹ Macular volume was defined as the sum of all volumes of all nine sections. The grid is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The ETDRS plot of macular topography containing variables and statistics for nine sections represented in the alphanumeric form in which the alphabets C, I, and O, respectively, define the central macula, inner macula, and outer macula, and each number uniquely defines one of the remaining eight sections.

Statistical analysis

All data were entered into EpiData v3.1 (The EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark) and, then for analysis, were exported to SPSS version 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The Shapiro–Wilk test (P>0.05) was used to test the normality of the distribution.^12,13 A Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (for approximately normally distributed data) and Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis test (for skewed data) were used to generate P-values between groups. A regression model was used to assess any correlation between 1) age and axial length, 2) age and macular thickness, 3) age and macular volume, 4) axial length and macular thickness, 5) axial length and macular volume, and 6) macular thickness and macular volume.

Results

The results were obtained from 126 eyes of 63 subjects. The age distribution of participants as shown in Table 1 was based on Sturges’ formula and followed an approximately normal distribution curve (P=0.194 and 0.333 for males and females, respectively). The measures of central tendency involved the mean and/or the median, depending on the distribution of data. The statistics of the macular thickness section-wise are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 1.

Age distribution of participants

Age, years	N	Percentage
10–14	10	15.9
14–18	8	12.7
18–22	19	30.2
22–26	10	15.9
26–30	8	12.7
30–34	6	9.5
34–38	2	3.2
Total	63	100

Notes: Mean, 21.17±6.72 years; 95% CI, 19.48–22.87; range: 10–37 years.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; N, number.

Table 2.

Macular thickness measurements (μm) (right eyes, n=63)

Variables (data distribution sex-wise)	Mean ± SD (range)	5th percentile	Median	95th percentile
Average macular thickness M* (P=0.077); F** (P=0.007)	305.60±12.45 (284–329.11)	286.11	303.22	327.78
Central subfield thickness M** (P=0.006); F** (P=0.002)	247.71±19.92 (206–287)	212	244	278
Central minimum thickness M** (P=0.017); F* (P=0.322)	203.62±12.98 (180–231)	181	201	226
Central maximum thickness M** (P=0.027); F* (P=0.181)	303.30±22.98 (258–346)	262	303	335
Inner temporal thickness M* (P=0.054); F** (P=0.005)	324.71±16.27 (299–355)	301	323	353
Inner superior thickness M* (P=0.240); F** (P=0.003)	335.81±15.71 (311–372)	314	332	366
Inner nasal thickness M** (P=0.003); F** (P=0.033)	333.98±18.32 (297–371)	310	331	364
Inner inferior thickness M** (P=0.025); F** (P=0.023)	333.84±15.10 (305–363)	312	334	359
Outer temporal thickness M* (P=0.06); F** (P=0.002)	280.83±10.78 (266–303)	266	280	301
Outer superior thickness M* (P=0.055); F** (P=0.049)	296.48±9.38 (280–316)	281	296	314
Outer nasal thickness M** (P=0.036); F* (P=0.145)	313.90±13.18 (276–341)	298	315	334
Outer inferior thickness M** (P=0.003); F** (P=0.007)	283.16±10.43 (269–309)	269	282	305

Notes: M^*, Gaussian distribution in males; M^**, non-Gaussian distribution in males; F^*, Gaussian distribution in females; F^**, non-Gaussian distribution in females.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3.

Macular thickness measurements (mm) (left eyes, n=63)

Variables (data distribution sex-wise)	Mean ± SD (range)	5th percentile	Median	95th percentile
Average macular thickness M* (P=0.107); F* (P=0.092)	306.18±11.87 (286.11–328.44)	287	305.67	328.22
Central subfield thickness M** (P=0.002); F* (P=0.463)	249.32±21.98 (206–286)	216	251	284
Central minimum thickness M** (P=0.002); F* (P=0.154)	204.13±12.99 (180–233)	184	201	228
Central maximum thickness M** (P=0.002); F** (P=0.048)	303.92±25.98 (258–344)	260	298	344
Inner temporal thickness M** (P=0.008); F* (P=0.217)	323.81±14.50 (299–350)	299	322	346
Inner superior thickness M** (P=0.039); F** (P=0.009)	337.46±14.89 (315–368)	316	336	366
Inner nasal thickness M** (P=0.039); F** (P=0.031)	333.92±18.18 (281–367)	310	332	362
Inner inferior thickness M* (P=0.313); F* (P=0.407)	334.46±16.29 (299–367)	312	333	366
Outer temporal thickness M** (P=0.046); F* (P=0.343)	280.24±10.48 (257–301)	266	277	299
Outer superior thickness M** (P=0.010); F* (P=0.228)	296.46±9.29 (270–315)	281	295	314
Outer nasal thickness M* (P=0.289); F* (P=0.058)	316.33±11.22 (298–341)	299	317	337
Outer inferior thickness M* (P=0.101); F** (P=0.002)	283.60±10.43 (268–304)	270	283	302

Notes: M^*, Gaussian distribution in males; M^**, non-Gaussian distribution in males; F^*, Gaussian distribution in females; F^**, non-Gaussian distribution in females.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

The average macular thickness was higher in males than in females (U=334, P=0.031, right eyes; t (61) =2.094, P=0.04, left eyes) (Tables 4 and 5). Using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, we observed that the right and the left eyes differed significantly over inner temporal thickness (P=0.007), inner superior thickness (P=0.019), and outer nasal thickness (P=0.001).

Table 4.

Statistics of the macular measurements, for right eyes of all subjects, with subdivision into males and females

Variables (overall data distribution)	Measures of central tendency (μm)				P-value
	Male		Female
	Mean ± SD	Median	Mean ± SD	Median
Average macular thickness** (P=0.019)	309.25±12.02	310.94	302.69±12.18	298.89	0.031
Central subfield thickness* (P=0.156)	256.07±20.81	255.50	241.03±16.63	243	0.015
Central minimum thickness* (P=0.135)	207.86±13	206	200.23±12.10	201	0.043
Central maximum thickness* (P=0.116)	313.43±23.68	317.50	295.20±19.13	297	0.001
Inner temporal thickness** (P=0.005)	331.14±15.96	336	319.57±14.80	319	0.012
Inner superior thickness** (P=0.037)	339.71±15.31	342	332.69±15.53	330	0.043
Inner nasal thickness* (P=0.074)	339±17.80	346	329.97±17.97	327	0.086
Inner inferior thickness* (P=0.064)	339.14±13.12	342	329.60±15.40	324	0.01
Outer temporal thickness** (P=0.005)	282.71±10.02	282	282.50±11.25	276	0.108
Outer superior thickness* (P=0.103)	297±9.21	297	296.06±9.64	293	0.398
Outer nasal thickness** (P=0.036)	315.43±9.53	317	312.69±15.54	307	0.430
Outer inferior thickness** (P=0.003)	283±9.54	283	283.29±11.22	279	0.956

Notes:

^*Gaussian distribution;

^**non-Gaussian distribution; P (level of significance) to show difference between males and females.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 5.

Statistics of the macular measurements, for left eyes of all subjects, with subdivision into males and females

Variables (overall data distribution)	Measures of central tendency (μm)				P-value
	Male		Female
	Mean ± SD	Median	Mean ± SD	Median
Average macular thickness* (P=0.066)	309.59±11.45	310.50	303.45±11.64	302	0.04
Central subfield thickness** (P=0.015)	256.93±22.40	253	243.23±19.93	245	0.022
Central minimum thickness* (P=0.279)	208.71±11.73	205	200.46±12.93	201	0.025
Central maximum thickness** (P=0.005)	312.64±26.80	309.50	296.94±23.40	296	0.009
Inner temporal thickness* (P=0.595)	328.57±14.09	334.50	320±13.85	320	0.019
Inner superior thickness** (P=0.015)	341.93±14.89	346.50	333.89±14.10	329	0.022
Inner nasal thickness* (P=0.050)	338.57±15.76	342	330.20±19.33	330	0.076
Inner inferior thickness* (P=0.321)	339.36±16.16	339	330.54±15.52	330	0.032
Outer temporal thickness* (P=0.101)	281.93±9.50	279	278.89±11.16	277	0.244
Outer superior thickness** (P=0.008)	295.79±10.58	295	297±8.23	297	0.813
Outer nasal thickness* (P=0.064)	318.14±10.23	319	314.89±11.90	311	0.256
Outer inferior thickness** (P=0.005)	285.07±9.05	284	282.43±11.41	277	0.305

Notes:

^*Gaussian distribution;

^**non-Gaussian distribution; P (level of significance) to show difference between males and females.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Only total macular volume (P=0.007), inner superior volume (P=0.000), and outer nasal volume (P=0.007) were different between the right and the left eyes. Also, intersex variability in the left eyes was observed to be the same as that of the right eyes for macular volume measurements (Tables 6 and 7).

Table 6.

Macular volume measurements (mm³) (right eyes, n=63)

Variables (data distribution sex-wise)	Mean ± SD (range)	5th percentile	Median	95th percentile
Total macular volume M* (P=0.156); F** (P=0.005)	8.49±0.31 (8.01–9.16)	8.05	8.40	9.07
Central subfield volume M** (P=0.006); F** (P=0.002)	0.196±0.016 (0.16–0.23)	0.17	0.19	0.22
Inner temporal volume M** (P=0.027); F** (P=0.002)	0.51±0.025 (0.47–0.56)	0.47	0.51	0.55
Inner superior volume M* (P=0.073); F** (P=0.003)	0.527±0.024 (0.49–0.58)	0.49	0.52	0.57
Inner nasal volume M** (P=0.003); F** (P=0.01)	0.524±0.028 (0.47–0.58)	0.49	0.52	0.57
Inner inferior volume M** (P=0.008); F** (P=0.045)	0.524±0.023 (0.48–0.57)	0.49	0.52	0.56
Outer temporal volume M* (P=0.063); F** (P=0.002)	1.49±0.058 (1.41–1.62)	1.41	1.48	1.59
Outer superior volume M** (P=0.038); F* (P=0.05)	1.572±0.05 (1.49–1.68)	1.49	1.57	1.66
Outer nasal volume M** (P=0.021); F* (P=0.190)	1.664±0.07 (1.47–1.81)	1.58	1.67	1.77
Outer inferior volume M* (P=0.003); F** (P=0.004)	1.50±0.054 (1.42–1.64)	1.43	1.49	1.61

Notes: M^*, Gaussian distribution in males; M^**, non-Gaussian distribution in males; F^*, Gaussian distribution in females; F^**, non-Gaussian distribution in females.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 7.

Statistics of the macular volume measurements, for right eyes of all subjects, with subdivision into males and females

Variables (overall data distribution)	Measures of central tendency (mm3)				P-value
	Male		Female
	Mean ± SD	Median	Mean ± SD	Median
Total macular volume** (P=0.012)	8.531±0.314	8.595	8.449±0.315	8.37	0.332
Central subfield volume** (P=0.005)	0.203±0.017	0.20	0.19±0.012	0.19	0.005
Inner temporal volume** (P=0.001)	0.520±0.025	0.53	0.502±0.023	0.50	0.007
Inner superior volume** (P=0.010)	0.532±0.024	0.535	0.523±0.024	0.52	0.088
Inner nasal volume* (P=0.010)	0.5337±0.028	0.545	0.517±0.027	0.51	0.038
Inner inferior volume** (P=0.037)	0.532±0.021	0.535	0.518±0.023	0.51	0.014
Outer temporal volume** (P=0.006)	1.50±0.054	1.50	1.482±0.061	1.47	0.117
Outer superior volume* (P=0.065)	1.576±0.05	1.58	1.569±0.051	1.55	0.338
Outer nasal volume* (P=0.054)	1.673±0.051	1.68	1.658±0.081	1.63	0.445
Outer inferior volume** (P=0.004)	1.50±0.051	1.50	1.50±0.058	1.48	0.890

Notes:

^*Gaussian distribution;

^**non-Gaussian distribution; P (level of significance) to show difference between males and females.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Unless otherwise stated, the values will pertain to right eyes only. Upon comparing three axial length groups (22.05–22.70 mm, 22.70–23.19 mm, and 23.19–24.44 mm), the average macular thickness (Kruskal–Wallis test, P=0.202) (Figure 2) and macular volume measurements (Kruskal–Wallis test, P=0.543) were not statistically different.

Figure 2.

The box-and-whisker’s plots showing distribution of average macular thickness by the axial length group.

Average macular thickness and macular volume correlated with each other (r=0.944, P=0.000). Average macular thickness (r=−0.30, P=0.017) and macular volume (r=−0.335, P=0.007) negatively correlated with age (Figures 3 and 4). Macular thickness and macular volume decreased by 0.556 μm and 0.0156 mm³, respectively, for each year of increasing age. Age significantly correlated with central minimum thickness (r=−0.342, P=0.006). However, CST and foveal volume (r=0.216, P=0.09) did not significantly correlate with age (r=−0.243, P=0.055). Macular thickness and volume increased with axial length; however, not all sections had a significant correlation. Nevertheless, the correlation study showed that the average macular thickness (r=0.254, P=0.044), CST (r=0.363, P=0.003), and foveal volume (r=0.387, P=0.002) increased with axial length. Total macular volume did not correlate with axial length (r=0.178, P=0.163).

Figure 3.

Scatterplot of average macular thickness versus age.

Figure 4.

Scatterplot of total macular volume versus age.

The upper limits of the average macular thickness and CST never overshot 330 and 287 μm, respectively. The thinnest region was within the central section and measured only 180 μm, while the thickest region was the inner superior section, which measured as high as 372 μm. The nasal sections were thicker than the temporal sections. The outer sections were significantly relatively thin compared with inner sections. For both the right and left eyes, the central maximum thickness carried the smallest P-value to show the difference in thickness between males and females. Except for the inner nasal volume in the inner macula, and the outer nasal volume and outer inferior volume in the outer macula, all other volumes decreased significantly with age. Figure 5 is the OCT report of two eyes of one of our subjects.

Figure 5.

The optical coherence tomography report of the maculae of right and left eyes.

Abbreviations: OD, oculus dexter (right eye); OS, oculus sinister (left eye); ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study.

Discussion

Used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for vitreomacular disorders, SD-OCT on account of increased scan resolution and reliability, is becoming increasingly useful. Unlike time domain-OCT (TD-OCT) with an axial resolution of ~10 μm, SD has an increased axial resolution of ~5 μm. More information on axial resolution and image acquisition protocols of various commercially available OCT instruments can be found elsewhere.¹⁴ The increase in resolution, which is a cutting-edge technology, makes possible the visualization of even imperceptible pathologic changes and helps with much better clinical use.

Similar previous study results^{10,11,14–20} involved either SD-OCT or TD-OCT or both in healthy eyes with refractive error.

This study is unique because 1) it involved only healthy emmetropic eyes undergoing SD-OCT (Spectralis HRA + OCT, Heidelberg Engineering Inc.) and 2) it is of a maiden kind. We cannot therefore claim to accurately compare the findings from similar studies with those from the current study. One of the reasons for discrepancy is the difference in the domain. TD-OCT marks the inner–outer segment interface as the posterior retinal boundary, while SD-OCT generally marks the retinal pigment epithelium as the posterior surface. In light of this, TD-OCT underestimates the thickness and volume measurements by 50–60 μm.²¹ In the same vein, the type of SD-OCT used in this study uses the Bruch’s membrane as the posterior boundary, and hence there is an additional increased 20 μm thickness compared to SD-OCT in general.^15,16 Other sources of discrepancy include, but are not limited to, ethnicity variation and scan (radial versus linear). This, therefore, calls for exercising caution while comparing the data obtained from different studies.

We tabulated data of right and left eyes because we cannot deny that anatomical differences may exist between two eyes, and we believe normative data of right and left eyes separately help in comparing corresponding eyes. In addition, this study serves as a pool of data for the Nepalese population, which will be used for comparison with findings from future studies to be conducted in Nepal and abroad.

This study is in line with an earlier study¹⁷ that reported 1) a significant correlation between age and minimum foveal thickness and 2) no significant correlation between age and CST. CST bears no correlation with age.¹⁸ On the contrary, studies^22,23 reported a relationship of CST with age. The finding from a study²² that foveola does not thin with age is countered by our study while the same study had a finding of parafoveal attenuation consistent with ours.

Similar to previous studies,^{11,19,24–27} the average macular thickness was significantly greater in males compared to females. In contrast, studies^9,15 reported no difference in retinal thickness between males and females. The fact that thickness and volume measurements were almost always greater for males than for females could be explained by the smaller, thinner physique of females. Further studies are required of the Nepalese eyes to demonstrate differences, if any, in ocular biometry between male and female eyes. Average macular thickness observed in this study was different from other studies, with measurements ranging from 258 to 300 μm reported by studies.^10,18,28 Based on studies,15,19,20,26,27,29–31 our understanding is that ethnicity has an effect on macular thickness, for we have observed higher values for almost every macular region. We side with Chauhan and Marshall³² on the effect of much darker pigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium on the light signal, which is rendered attenuated, leading to reduced retinal thickness in African Americans.

In line with one study,¹¹ where the male foveae measured significantly thicker than the female foveae, our study findings are consistent with previous findings that inner regions are thicker than outer ones, which are thicker than CST. Nevertheless, there is a debate over which of the inner four sections measures thickest. Studies^33,34 reported maximal thickness in the superior and inferior regions, which could be attributed to the papillomacular bundle course along these regions. However, recent reports remain divided. Some reports^10,11,16,17 mentioned the inner nasal section as the thickest region, which is in keeping with the dense ganglion nerve fiber layer in the nasal section. Quite the opposite, reports^20,35–37 and our study showed that the inner superior region was the thickest of all. Just as a study¹⁷ had reported, the intersex difference in thickness in the outer regions and inner nasal region was not observed, while a significant difference was observed in relation to the rest of the regions. This could indicate that the sex-wise variation occurs predominantly more toward the center of the macula. This variation of thickness between males and females may account for a female preponderance in macular hole.^38,39 The study⁴⁰ done in Nepal also reported a female preponderance. CST obtained in our study differs By ~3 to 31 μm from that obtained in the literature^11,16,37 which used SD-OCT, whereas CST was thicker by ~35 to 60 μm upon comparing this study and the literature,^10,17,20,37 which used TD-OCT. Our study therefore reports larger values for almost all nine sections compared to other studies with the exception of one study,¹¹ which reports a value less by 3.68 μm.

Minimum foveolar thickness was not statistically different between males and females, and the range of mean minimum foveolar thicknesses spanned from 149 to 182 μm.^10,17,20,37 However, our study reports a larger value and an intersex difference.

The studies^11,16 that reported smaller macular thickness in all nine regions in comparison with our study had mean total macular volumes of 9.95±0.49 mm³ and 10.01±0.6 mm³, respectively. In addition, one study²⁴ that reported all nine thinner regions except the fovea which was thicker had a mean total macular volume of 9.74±0.71 mm³. Interestingly enough, the macular volume in our study was smaller. Nevertheless, this statistics was larger than other studies.^17,19 Reports^11,17,24 that males had greater macular volume compared to females are consistent with our study. All inner sections, except for the inner superior section, differed between males and females.¹⁷ The same observation was observed in this study. Our study and a previous study¹⁷ agreed that outer nasal volume is greatest and foveal volume is lowest. The increase in axial length was associated with decreased retinal thickness and volume.³⁶ In contrast, we observed an increase in thickness and volume. Such an observation could be limited to emmetropes only and once ametropia occurs, our understanding of the relationship of axial length with thickness and volume may not apply. We therefore hypothesize that some other retinal changes might follow, which can bring about anatomical changes.

We recruited participants from an age group of 10–37 years because in children under ten, biometry and OCT measurements were difficult to obtain as the children remained uncooperative, while in participants over 40, cataract (however mild it may be), undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, and systemic hypertension could be present. A small sample size should not deter us from interpreting and generalizing our findings because OCT is a highly reliable and reproducible sophisticated technology. Nonetheless, a small sample size, the OCT model, and acquisition protocol may have given rise to discrepancy. This study does not take into account healthy eyes with refractive error. Even so, this study will be enormously useful for it is unique.

Conclusion

By providing a pool of normative data of the macular measurements, this study will help differentiate a healthy macula from a diseased one, and assist with diagnosis, monitoring, and management of macular diseases, and aid similar studies in the future.