LGMD phenotype due to a new gene and dysferlinopathy investigated by next-generation sequencing

In this issue of Neurology® Genetics, Endo et al.¹ report 3 cases of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) phenotype with mental retardation or hyperCKemia found by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to have a variant in the POMGNT2 gene, which has so far been recognized only as causing congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD).

The glycosyl transferases participate in α-dystroglycan glycosylation and form α-dystroglycan-dystrophin complex. The deficiency in many glycosyl transferases causes both CMD and LGMD phenotypes. In this particular transferase, there was only a report of a severe Walker-Warburg syndrome described by Manzini et al.² It is notable that onset was early in these new LGMD cases, occurring in the first years in 2 cases, with low IQ, resolved developmental delay, and walking ability.

This issue also reports the use of NGS by Izumi et al.³ in a series of LGMD/distal myopathies, both with a phenotype of dysferlinopathy (i.e., teenage-to-adult–onset myopathy, with high creatine kinase and no cardiac abnormalities) and in previously diagnosed persons in whom dysferlin gene mutations have been already identified by the single-strand conformation polymorphism method. This NGS screening resulted in the identification of 12 new dysferlinopathy cases and 9 cases with calpain-3 gene mutations.

The only limitation of this NGS screening is the lack of validation on messenger RNA (mRNA) because muscle samples were not available due to the great East Japan earthquake.

The term LGMD defines a progressive weakness with onset in the proximal limb-girdle muscles, with age at onset of symptoms varying from early childhood (not congenital) to late adulthood. The progression of muscle weakness is usually symmetrical and variable among individuals and genetic type. The term LGMD, used to molecularly classify the disease, is, however, inappropriate for many patients when it is used to describe the clinical severity. Indeed, these disorders present a wide spectrum of muscle involvement and wasting, spanning from very severe forms, such as those with childhood onset and rapid progression, to relatively benign forms with late onset.

The clinical phenotypes due to mutation in the LGMD genes include severe childhood-onset forms, distal and proximal myopathies, pseudometabolic myopathies, eosinophilic myositis, and hyperCKemia. Furthermore, patients with a clinically typical LGMD phenotype might carry mutations in the gene encoding emerin, which usually cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) phenotype. Because there is a spectrum of phenotypes under the same genetic entity and a wide genetic heterogeneity under the same phenotype, it is crucial to identify suitable selection criteria to be used when screening patients for the proteins and genes responsible for LGMD.

As LGMD is relatively rare in most populations, other more likely diagnoses need to be excluded. Among these, dystrophinopathies (Duchenne dystrophy, Becker dystrophy, and female carriers of Duchenne dystrophy) are the most relevant, and these diagnoses can be ruled out based on dystrophin protein testing and/or DNA mutation analysis in the dystrophin gene. Another diagnosis that can usually be resolved by DNA analysis is facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD): about 8% of patients with a diagnosis of LGMD may actually have FSHD, and the misdiagnosis can occur in families with autosomal dominant inheritance, especially when both pelvic and shoulder girdles are involved and facial weakness is minimal. Molecular investigation to exclude FSHD is worthwhile, especially in patients with a positive family history. EDMD, which is characterized by the triad of joint contractures of early onset, slowly progressive muscle weakness, and cardiac involvement, may be due to mutations in the emerin gene (X-linked) or in the lamin A/C gene (autosomal dominant, allelic with LGMD1B). Additional differential diagnoses may be inflammatory myopathies, myofibrillar myopathies, and metabolic myopathies, which can also be excluded on the basis of muscle histopathology. Muscle imaging (CT scan and MRI) may be helpful to characterize the severity and the pattern and distribution of muscle wasting. The milder the symptoms, the more difficult the diagnosis.

The new NGS technique yields considerable advancement and allows the diagnosis of LGMD and hyperCKemia, making it a powerful technique for practitioners. However, its cost-effectiveness has yet to be demonstrated, because in the case of known genes such as dysferlin, if muscle is available, it is preferable to perform dysferlin Western blotting, which is specific in all cases in which a severe protein defect is detected.⁴ In fact, the recent American Academy of Neurology guidelines for LGMD suggest the use of NGS as a last resort.⁵

Moreover, in dysferlinopathy, one does not need muscle tissue because the dysferlin protein can also be studied in monocytes by Western blotting, followed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis of the gene. Therefore, here again, analysis of dysferlin mRNA can be helpful for distinguishing symptomatic heterozygotes from affected patients.⁶

STUDY FUNDING

No targeted funding reported.

DISCLOSURE

C. Angelini has served on scientific advisory boards for Neuromuscular Disorders, Neurological Sciences, Current Opinion of Neurology, Neurology, and Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders; has received funding for travel and/or speaker honoraria from Genzyme European Register; has served on the editorial boards of Neuromuscular Disorders, Neurological Sciences, Current Opinion of Neurology, Neurology, and Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders; and has received research support from Genzyme, Telethon, and the Association Francaise contre les Myopathies. Go to Neurology.org/ng for full disclosure forms.