Extended Data Table 1.

Measures of prevalence of rule violations, economic and institutional variables, as well as cultural background of our subject pools 

Data are country-level averages. Detailed descriptions, data sources, and references are in the Supplementary Information. Control of Corruption is a standard measure of corruption; higher values indicate more corruption. Shadow Economy is measured in percent of the size of a country’s GDP. Political Rights measures the fairness of electoral processes, political pluralism and participation, and the functioning of government; higher scores indicate higher level of political rights. Prevalence of Rule Violations is our self-constructed indicator based on a principal component analysis of Control of Corruption, Shadow Economy, and Political Rights. Government Effectiveness measures the quality of public service, independence from political pressure and policy implementation; higher values indicate higher effectiveness. Constraint on Executive measures the institutionalised limitations on the arbitrary use of power by the executive; higher values indicate better control. GDP per capita (average of 1990 to 2000) is measured in US-$ 1’000 (PPP)). Individualism measures how important the individual is relative to the collective; higher values indicate higher individualism. Traditional vs. secular-rational values measures the importance of values such as respect for authorities; higher scores indicate more secular values. Survival vs self-expression values measure the importance of values surrounding physical and economic security; lower scores indicate survival values are relatively more important than self-expression values. World mean and sample mean are the respective averages of country means.

	Indicators of rule violations				Institutional and economic indicators			Cultural Indicators
	Control of Corruption	Shadow Economy	Political rights	Prevalence of Rule Violations	Constraint on Executive	Government Effectiveness	GDP per capita	Individualism	Traditional vs secular-rational values	Survival vs. self- expression values
Austria	2.1	10	40	−3.1	7.0	2.0	23.3	55	0.3	1.4
China	−0.4	13	3	0.2	3.0	−0.1	1.5	20	0.8	−1.2
Colombia	−0.2	38	23	0.3	6.4	−0.3	5.3	13	−1.9	0.6
Czech R.	0.4	19	37	−1.5	7.0	0.6	14.1	58	1.2	0.4
Georgia	−0.6	66	19	2.0	5.0	−0.7	1.8	n.a.	−0.0	−1.3
Germany	1.9	16	38	−2.6	7.0	1.9	22.1	67	1.3	0.7
Guatemala	−0.7	51	22	1.2	4.4	−0.5	3.4	6	−1.7	−0.2
Indonesia	−1.0	19	26	−0.1	2.8	−0.3	2.1	14	−0.5	−0.8
Italy	0.5	27	38	−1.2	7.0	0.8	20.7	76	0.1	0.6
Kenya	−0.8	35	18	0.8	3.0	−0.5	1.1	25	n.a.	n.a.
Lithuania	0.3	32	38	−0.9	7.0	0.1	8.2	60	1.0	−1.0
Malaysia	0.4	31	17	−0.1	4.5	1.1	7.2	26	−0.7	0.1
Morocco	−0.2	35	17	0.5	2.8	−0.0	2.3	46	−1.3	−1.0
Netherlands	2.1	13	40	−2.9	7.0	2.1	23.7	80	0.7	1.4
Poland	0.4	28	37	−1.1	6.4	0.6	7.6	60	−0.8	−0.1
Slovakia	0.3	18	36	−1.4	6.4	0.6	9.7	52	0.7	−0.4
South Africa	0.3	28	36	−1.0	7.0	0.7	6.0	65	−1.1	−0.1
Spain	1.4	22	39	−2.0	7.0	1.8	17.6	51	0.1	0.5
Sweden	2.2	19	40	−2.8	7.0	2.0	21.1	71	1.9	2.4
Tanzania	−0.8	57	22	1.6	3.0	−0.4	0.7	25	−1.8	−0.2
Turkey	−0.2	32	24	0.0	7.0	0.0	6.8	37	−0.9	−0.3
U. Kingdom	2.1	13	40	−2.9	7.0	1.9	20.2	89	0.1	1.7
Vietnam	−0.5	15	2	0.5	3.0	−0.4	1.0	20	−0.3	−0.3
Sample Mean	0.4	28	28	−0.7	5.5	0.5	9.9	46	−0.1	0.1
World Mean	0.0	33	24	0.0	4.5	−0.0	7.8	39	−0.3	0.0
World Min	−1.8	9	−2	−3.1	1.0	−2.3	0.3	6	−2.1	−1.7
World Max	2.5	68	44	2.8	7.0	2.2	41.7	91	2.0	2.3
World N	199	161	192	159	161	196	183	102	94	94