Abstract
Several domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein have been identified that are involved in HIV-1-mediated membrane fusion. One domain that is involved in membrane fusion is the hydrophobic amino terminus of the HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. Here we show that a polar substitution at gp41 amino acid 2 (the 41.2 mutation) results in an envelope glycoprotein that dominantly interferes with both syncytium formation and infection mediated by the wild-type HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. The interference by the 41.2 mutant is not a result of aberrant envelope glycoprotein synthesis, processing, or transport. The 41.2 mutant elicits a dominant interfering effect even in the presence of excess wild-type glycoprotein, suggesting that a higher-order envelope glycoprotein complex is involved in membrane fusion. These results shed light on the process by which the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins induce membrane fusion reactions and present a possible approach to anti-HIV therapy.
Full text
PDF![70](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7356/48177/c9df6b1d86d1/pnas01075-0086.png)
![71](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7356/48177/8f720c4e4659/pnas01075-0087.png)
![72](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7356/48177/2023a15a5df0/pnas01075-0088.png)
![73](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7356/48177/d3a349b5e180/pnas01075-0089.png)
![74](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7356/48177/eb6c6149f711/pnas01075-0090.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adachi A., Gendelman H. E., Koenig S., Folks T., Willey R., Rabson A., Martin M. A. Production of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus in human and nonhuman cells transfected with an infectious molecular clone. J Virol. 1986 Aug;59(2):284–291. doi: 10.1128/jvi.59.2.284-291.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bentz J., Ellens H., Alford D. An architecture for the fusion site of influenza hemagglutinin. FEBS Lett. 1990 Dec 10;276(1-2):1–5. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80492-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cullen B. R. Use of eukaryotic expression technology in the functional analysis of cloned genes. Methods Enzymol. 1987;152:684–704. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)52074-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Doms R. W., Helenius A. Quaternary structure of influenza virus hemagglutinin after acid treatment. J Virol. 1986 Dec;60(3):833–839. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.3.833-839.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Earl P. L., Doms R. W., Moss B. Oligomeric structure of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jan;87(2):648–652. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.2.648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellens H., Bentz J., Mason D., Zhang F., White J. M. Fusion of influenza hemagglutinin-expressing fibroblasts with glycophorin-bearing liposomes: role of hemagglutinin surface density. Biochemistry. 1990 Oct 16;29(41):9697–9707. doi: 10.1021/bi00493a027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freed E. O., Myers D. J., Risser R. Characterization of the fusion domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp41. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jun;87(12):4650–4654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4650. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freed E. O., Myers D. J., Risser R. Identification of the principal neutralizing determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 as a fusion domain. J Virol. 1991 Jan;65(1):190–194. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.190-194.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freed E. O., Myers D. J., Risser R. Mutational analysis of the cleavage sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein precursor gp160. J Virol. 1989 Nov;63(11):4670–4675. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4670-4675.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Freed E. O., Risser R. The role of envelope glycoprotein processing in murine leukemia virus infection. J Virol. 1987 Sep;61(9):2852–2856. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.9.2852-2856.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green M., Ishino M., Loewenstein P. M. Mutational analysis of HIV-1 Tat minimal domain peptides: identification of trans-dominant mutants that suppress HIV-LTR-driven gene expression. Cell. 1989 Jul 14;58(1):215–223. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90417-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hahn B. H., Shaw G. M., Taylor M. E., Redfield R. R., Markham P. D., Salahuddin S. Z., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C., Parks E. S., Parks W. P. Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS. Science. 1986 Jun 20;232(4757):1548–1553. doi: 10.1126/science.3012778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lifson J. D., Feinberg M. B., Reyes G. R., Rabin L., Banapour B., Chakrabarti S., Moss B., Wong-Staal F., Steimer K. S., Engleman E. G. Induction of CD4-dependent cell fusion by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope glycoprotein. Nature. 1986 Oct 23;323(6090):725–728. doi: 10.1038/323725a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lim K., Chae C. B. A simple assay for DNA transfection by incubation of the cells in culture dishes with substrates for beta-galactosidase. Biotechniques. 1989 Jun;7(6):576–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maddon P. J., Dalgleish A. G., McDougal J. S., Clapham P. R., Weiss R. A., Axel R. The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain. Cell. 1986 Nov 7;47(3):333–348. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90590-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Malim M. H., Böhnlein S., Hauber J., Cullen B. R. Functional dissection of the HIV-1 Rev trans-activator--derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of Rev function. Cell. 1989 Jul 14;58(1):205–214. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90416-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morris S. J., Sarkar D. P., White J. M., Blumenthal R. Kinetics of pH-dependent fusion between 3T3 fibroblasts expressing influenza hemagglutinin and red blood cells. Measurement by dequenching of fluorescence. J Biol Chem. 1989 Mar 5;264(7):3972–3978. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pinter A., Honnen W. J., Tilley S. A., Bona C., Zaghouani H., Gorny M. K., Zolla-Pazner S. Oligomeric structure of gp41, the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 1989 Jun;63(6):2674–2679. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.6.2674-2679.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schawaller M., Smith G. E., Skehel J. J., Wiley D. C. Studies with crosslinking reagents on the oligomeric structure of the env glycoprotein of HIV. Virology. 1989 Sep;172(1):367–369. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90142-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schneider J., Kaaden O., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S., Hunsmann G. Shedding and interspecies type sero-reactivity of the envelope glycopolypeptide gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol. 1986 Nov;67(Pt 11):2533–2538. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-11-2533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Campbell K., Haseltine W. A. Role of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity. 1986 Jul 31-Aug 6Nature. 322(6078):470–474. doi: 10.1038/322470a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stegmann T., White J. M., Helenius A. Intermediates in influenza induced membrane fusion. EMBO J. 1990 Dec;9(13):4231–4241. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07871.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stein B. S., Gowda S. D., Lifson J. D., Penhallow R. C., Bensch K. G., Engleman E. G. pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane. Cell. 1987 Jun 5;49(5):659–668. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90542-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trono D., Feinberg M. B., Baltimore D. HIV-1 Gag mutants can dominantly interfere with the replication of the wild-type virus. Cell. 1989 Oct 6;59(1):113–120. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90874-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White J. M. Viral and cellular membrane fusion proteins. Annu Rev Physiol. 1990;52:675–697. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.003331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitt M. A., Zagouras P., Crise B., Rose J. K. A fusion-defective mutant of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. J Virol. 1990 Oct;64(10):4907–4913. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4907-4913.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]