Involvement of the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure in mice

Damien Lanfray; Alexandre Caron; Marie-Claude Roy; Mathieu Laplante; Fabrice Morin; Jérôme Leprince; Marie-Christine Tonon; Denis Richard

doi:10.7554/eLife.11742

. 2016 Feb 15;5:e11742. doi: 10.7554/eLife.11742

Involvement of the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure in mice

Damien Lanfray ^1,^*, Alexandre Caron ¹, Marie-Claude Roy ¹, Mathieu Laplante ¹, Fabrice Morin ^2,³, Jérôme Leprince ^2,³, Marie-Christine Tonon ^2,³, Denis Richard ^1,^*

Editor: Richard D Palmiter⁴

PMCID: PMC4821795 PMID: 26880548

Abstract

Acyl-CoA binding domain-containing 7 (Acbd7) is a paralog gene of the diazepam-binding inhibitor/Acyl-CoA binding protein in which single nucleotide polymorphism has recently been associated with obesity in humans. In this report, we provide converging evidence indicating that a splice variant isoform of the Acbd7 mRNA is expressed and translated by some POMC and GABAergic-neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). We have demonstrated that the ARC ACBD7 isoform was produced and processed into a bioactive peptide referred to as nonadecaneuropeptide (NDN) in response to catabolic signals. We have characterized NDN as a potent anorexigenic signal acting through an uncharacterized endozepine G protein-coupled receptor and subsequently via the melanocortin system. Our results suggest that ACBD7-producing neurons participate in the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that ACBD7-producing neurons are involved in the hypothalamic control exerted on food intake and energy expenditure by the leptin-melanocortin pathway.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.001

Research Organism: Mouse

eLife digest

Obesity is an increasingly common problem worldwide. To treat it effectively, we must understand how the body controls how much food a person consumes and how much energy they expend. The hypothalamus is one region of the brain that plays a critical role in regulating this energy balance. Some of the neurons in the hypothalamus can change their activity when they detect satiety hormones including the leptin, which is produced by fat cells and suppresses appetite. However, it is not clear exactly how the neurons respond to leptin and other energy-related signals.

Recent studies have linked the gene that encodes a protein called ACBD7 with obesity, and showed that it is one of the genes that is overexpressed in neurons that are sensitive to leptin. Now, Lanfray et al. have discovered a population of neurons that produce a new variant of the protein in the hypothalamus of mice. When this protein variant matures, it can be cut down to form a small protein-like molecule called NDN. Further experiments showed that leptin stimulates the production of both the new ABCD7 variant and NDN.

Lanfray et al. then injected mice that had been denied food for a several hours with NDN. The injected mice ate less than untreated mice, and burn more energy.

NDN appears to form part of the signaling pathway through which leptin signals to the hypothalamus to control appetite. In the future, creating mice in which the activity of the gene that encodes ACBD7 can be easily disrupted could help to reveal more about how the hypothalamus helps to control energy balance.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.002

Introduction

The understanding of the complex brain controls of food intake and energy expenditure is essential to unravel the causes of excess fat deposition and to envision effective strategies to prevent or reverse obesity. The control of food intake and energy expenditure, hence the regulation of energy balance, is assured by interconnected neurons of various brain regions, which include the hypothalamus (Morton et al., 2006, Schwartz et al., 2000, Richard, 2015). Among all the hypothalamic nuclei, the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which hosts proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) / neuropeptide (NPY) - producing neurons, has emerged as a prominent structure in the control of both food intake and energy expenditure (Krashes et al., 2013, Mayer and Belsham, 2009, Luquet et al., 2005, Gropp et al., 2005). POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons are major constituents of the melanocortin system, which is recognized to genuinely govern energy balance regulation (Adan et al., 2006, Butler, 2006, Cone, 2006, De Jonghe et al., 2011, Ellacott and Cone, 2006, Xu et al., 2011). POMC neurons release α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which induces hypophagic and thermogenic effects, mainly through the stimulation of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) (Adan et al., 2006, Butler, 2006, Cone, 2006). AgRP has been described as an inverse (Chai et al., 2003, Haskell-Luevano and Monck, 2001) or biased (Buch et al., 2009) agonist of this receptor. In this context, the understanding of the mechanisms whereby the melanocortin regulate energy homeostasis is critical to unravel the “physiopathology” of obesity.

Evidence has accumulated in recent years, which suggests that endozepines (EZs) could play a role in the regulation of energy balance. EZs are described as glial endogenous peptides (Tonon et al., 1990), which are derived from the diazepam-binding inhibitor/Acyl-CoA binding protein (Dbi/Acbp) gene (Mogensen et al., 1987, Ferrero et al., 1984, Corda et al., 1984), and which include DBI/ACBP itself, the triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN) and the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN). EZs were initially characterized for their ability to displace benzodiazepines from their binding sites (i.e. the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA_A-R) and the translocator protein (TSPO) (Ferrero et al., 1984, Slobodyansky et al., 1989). Recently, ODN emerged as endogenous modulator of the brain melanocortin signalling pathway and as a potential actor in the hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis (Lanfray et al., 2013), by acting via an uncharacterized G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) (do Rego et al., 2007). Further supporting the role of Dbi/Acbp products in energy balance, a study conducted in humans by Comuzzie and collaborators (Comuzzie et al., 2012), indicates that DBI/ACBP single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with obesity, supporting the relevance of the DBI/ACBP production in energy homeostasis. Interestingly, Comuzzie and collaborators (Comuzzie et al., 2012) also identified a SNP in a well-conserved paralog gene of the DBI/ACBP, referred as Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 (ACBD7), as associated to obesity in humans (Comuzzie et al., 2012), suggesting that ACBD7 could be involved in energy homeostasis through encoding products related to EZs.

The present study aimed at investigating the role of Acbd7 in energy homeostasis in mice. We hypothesised a role for Acbd7 and its encoded products in the control of energy intake and energy expenditure through modulating the networks genuinely involved in energy homeostasis, including the leptin-melanocortin circuit.

Results

Acbd7 mRNA sequence and hypothalamic expression of ACBD7

In silico analysis indicates that the Acbd7 gene is a well-conserved paralog gene of the Dbi/Acbp (Figure 1—figure supplement 1a,b), that could also lead to the production of bioactive fragments in several vertebrate species, including human and rodent (Figure 1—figure supplement 1a,b,c). We first verified the sequence of Acbd7 mRNA in the murine brain and demonstrated a prevalent sequence (Figure 1a) that differs from that already described (Acbd7-001) in the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_030063.2). The observed splice variant contained 3 additional nucleotides at the splice junction of exons 2 and 3, (Figure 1a), thereby predicting the insertion of a single glycine between the Ile⁴³ and Ala⁴⁴ of the originally expected 88-amino acid-encoded ACBD7-001 protein (herewith referred as ACBD7₈₈—Figure 1—figure supplement 1d) and the production of a 89-amino acid-containing protein isoform (herewith referred as ACBD7₈₉).

Using in situ hybridization (ISH), we demonstrated the presence of Acbd7 mRNA, in several brain nuclei, including the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) (Figure 1b), ARC (Figure 1c), piriform cortex, nucleus accumbens, median preoptic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, medial amygdala, and hippocampus (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Significant hybridization signal was observed in the ARC and PVH (Figure 1b,c). No labelling was observed when the Acbd7 cDNA specific sense riboprobe was used (data not shown), confirming the specificity of the Acbd7 riboprobe.

We also demonstrated that hypothalamic cells could translate the Acbd7 mRNA into ACBD7₈₉ and to process it into a 19-amino-acid fragment (ACBD7_89 (34-52)) that we named nonadecaneuropeptide (NDN). Western blot experiments, using immuno-purified ACBD7 specific antibody, revealed the presence in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of a single band of 10 kDa, (Figure 1d), confirming that ACBD7 was endogenously produced in the MBH. In order to establish the ability of hypothalamic cells to process ACBD7₈₉ into NDN, we performed multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) investigations. This protocol performed on mice MBH extracts, using synthetic NDN as control (Figure 1e), indicated that endogenous NDN was found in the hypothalamic lysates (Figure 1f), thus confirming that the ACBD7₈₉ isoform is produced but also processed in the mouse brain.

Immunohistochemical analysis performed using the ACBD7-specific antibody revealed that ACBD7 labelling was not observed without colchicine or 3-methyladenin (3-MA) pre-treatment (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). Double immunostaining performed on brain sections of colchicine-treated mice revealed that ACBD7 was not stained in glial cells (GFAP) in the MBH (Figure 1g,h). We also observed that ACBD7 was stained in some ARC POMC neurons (Figure 1i,j) and some vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) positive neurons (Figure 1m,n) in 3-MA-treated mice, indicating that ACBD7 is predominantly produced by neurons in the MBH. However, investigation performed on colchicine-treated mice revealed no apparent ACBD7 staining in NPY neurons (Figure 1k,l).

Since ACBD7₈₉ appeared produced and processed by neurons of the ARC, whose involvement in energy homeostasis has been acknowledged, we investigated whether the whole body energy variations could affect the Acbd7 mRNA levels as well as the production of ACBD7 and its maturation into NDN. We observed that 18 hr of fasting was sufficient to reduce Acbd7 mRNA levels in the ARC of control mice by about 50%, whereas refeeding (2h) restored Acbd7 expression (Figure 1o). Notably, no effect of fasting or even refeeding challenge was observed on Acbd7 mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (Figure 1p). Additionally, western blot analysis performed on MBH extract using fasted mice as controls, indicated that refeeding (6h) increased the protein levels of ACBD7 by about 3 times (Figure 1q,r), suggesting that both Acbd7 mRNA and ACBD7 protein levels in the ARC correlated with the body energy status. Thereafter, we assessed by MRM-MS the impact of refeeding challenge on the maturation of ACBD7₈₉ into NDN, within the MBH. Consistently with our previous results, the MBH levels of NDN increased 2 fold after 2 hr of refeeding (Figure 1s), suggesting that production of ACBD7₈₉ and its processing into NDN was influenced by the energy status.

Effects of NDN on food intake and energy expenditure

To address the impact of ACBD7 maturation products on feeding behaviour, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of graded doses of NDN on food intake and compared it with that of the ACBD7₈₈-derived peptide ACBD7_88 (34-51). We also tested the effect of the C-terminal octapeptide of NDN, i.e. the NDN_(12-19) (ACBD7_89 (45-52)). The injections were done in fasted mice. We observed that all injected compounds led to anorexigenic effects that were seen as early as 30 min after injection. However, dose/response experiments indicate that the optimal concentrations to cause hypophagia differed for each peptide (Figure 2d). Indeed, a potent inhibition of food intake was observed in mice administrated with 10 ng (5.1 10^–12 mol) of NDN (Figure 2a), while this effect was only achieved when 100 ng (5.3 10^–11 mol) of the ACBD7_{88 (34-51)} fragment were icv-injected (Figure 2b). Consistently, NDN_(12-19), the common C-terminal octapeptide of ACBD7_88 (34-51) and NDN was efficient for doses as low as 5 ng (5.6 10^–12 mol) (Figure 2c), suggesting that the biological activity of the ACBD7-derived peptides is ensured by this well-conserved fragment. Furthermore, we observed that the anorexigenic effect induced by NDN_(12-19) was not present 24 hr after the icv injection (Figure 2d). Interestingly, comparison of the efficiency of each peptide, 3 hr after injection, revealed that NDN as well as NDN_(12-19) are both 10 times more potent than ACBD7_88 (34-51), in reducing food intake by 50% (Figure 2d). We also monitored the energy expenditure after acute NDN (10 ng) icv injection in fasted mice. NDN increased the energy expenditure in mice (Figure 2e,f), while increasing the O₂ consumption (Figure 2g) and CO₂ production (Figure 2h), without affecting the respiratory quotient (Figure 2i) or the physical activity pattern (Figure 2j), over 6 hr following the icv injection. Consistently with those results, experiments performed on fasted mice also revealed that acute icv injection of NDN (10 ng) led to significant increase in the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) mRNA level in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), 4 hr after treatment (Figure 2k), thus suggesting that NDN might stimulate thermogenesis in mice.

Figure 2. — (a–c) Effects of icv injection of graded doses of NDN (a), ACBD7_88 (34-51) (b), and NDN_(12-19) C-terminal fragment (c) on cumulative food intake in 18 hr-fasted mice. Mice were injected in the right ventricle with the indicated substance, diluted in aCSF as vehicle, and had access to food 20 min later (n=5, 6). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison Bonferroni test: *p< 0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. (d) Comparison of the efficiency of each compound in terms of inhibiting food intake 3 hr after icv injection. (e,f) Effects of icv injection of NDN (10 ng) on energy expenditure in 18 hr-fasted mice. Energy expenditure as represented by area under the curve (AUC) between 12 and 18 hr (e; grey area; n=8). (g–j) Effects of icv injection of NDN (10 ng) on the O₂ consumption (g; VO₂), the production of CO₂ (h; VCO₂), the respiratory quotient (i; RQ) and the locomotor activity (j) during the first 6 hr following icv injection (n=8). (k) iBAT Ucp1 mRNA levels 4 hr after icv injection of NDN (10 ng) (n=7). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Unpaired Student’s t test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

**DOI:** http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.013

Figure 2—source data 1. Impact of icv injection of NDN on food intake.
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Figure 2—source data 2. Impact of icv injection of ACBD7_88(34-51) on food intake.
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Figure 2—source data 3. Impact of icv injection of NDN_(12-19) on food intake.
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Figure 2—source data 4. Impact of icv injection of NDN on energy expenditure.
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Figure 2—source data 5. Impact of icv injection of NDN on iBAT *Ucp-1* mRNA levels.
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Role of the EZ receptors in the anorexigenic effect of NDN

Given the aforementioned effect of central injection of NDN on the food intake behavior, we sought to determine the nature of the receptor relaying these effects. With regard to the sequence proximity between ODN and NDN, we next evaluated whether known EZ receptors could relay the anorexigenic effect of the NDN. Experiments performed in fasted mice have indicated that i.p. injections of flumazenil (10 mg/kg—GABA_A-R benzodiazepine binding site antagonist) (Figure 3a) and PK11195 (10 mg/kg—TSPO antagonist) (Figure 3b), were unable to blunt the anorexigenic effects of NDN, suggesting that the effect of NDN might not be relayed by classical benzodiazepines/EZ receptors. In contrast, our experiments indicated that icv injection of the cyclo_1-8[DLeu⁵]ODN_(11-18) (LV-1075; 100 ng), an antagonist of the EZ GPCR (Leprince et al., 2001), was capable of blocking the anorexigenic effect induced by the central injection of NDN (10 ng) (Figure 3c), suggesting that the anorexigenic effect of NDN was relayed by the uncharacterized EZ GPCR.

Figure 3. — Mice fasted for 18 hr received a single intraperitoneal injection of flumazenil (a; 10 mg/kg) or PK-11195 (b; 10 mg/kg) diluted in 0.9% NaCl solution, 20 min before icv injection of NDN (10 ng) or vehicle. Mice had access to food 20 min after injection and cumulative food intake was measured during the indicated periods (n=6). (c) Mice fasted for 18 hr were given icv injections of the endozepine metabotropic receptor antagonist cyclo_1-8[DLeu⁵]ODN_(11-18) (LV-1075; 100 ng) and NDN (10 ng) (n=6). Mice had access to food 20 min after icv injection and cumulative food intake was measured at the indicated periods. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison Bonferroni test:*p< 0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

**DOI:** http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.019

Figure 3—source data 1. Impact of flumazenil treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.
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Figure 3—source data 2. Impact of PK-11195 treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.
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Figure 3—source data 3. Impact of LV-1075 treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.
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Role of the MC4R in the anorexigenic effect of NDN

We also investigated the nature of the hypothalamic pathway relaying the anorexigenic effect of NDN in mice. Previous investigations performed in rodents, using the non-selective antagonist of the MC3/4 receptors, namely SHU-9119 (Lanfray et al., 2013), indicated that the anorexigenic effect of the ODN was relayed by the activation of the melanocortin system (Lanfray et al., 2013). In that respect, we next evaluated the impact of NDN on the hypothalamic levels of Pomc, Npy and Agrp mRNAs. We observed that icv injection of NDN in fasted mice induced an increase in Pomc mRNA levels (Figure 4a,b,c) but failed to affect the mRNA levels of Agrp (Figure 4d,e,f) and Npy (Figure 4g,h,i), suggesting that NDN was able to directly activate POMC but not AgRP/NPY neurons. Converging evidence indicating that the MC4R is the prominent melanocortin receptor in the hypothalamic regulation of whole body energy homeostasis (Butler and Cone, 2002, Seeley et al., 2004, Butler, 2006, Ellacott and Cone, 2006, Richard, 2015), led us to evaluate the potential involvement of the MC4R signalling pathway in the effect of NDN. We observed that the anorexigenic effect induced by the icv injection of NDN (Figure 4j) was blocked by the injection of the MC4R-specific antagonist (HS024—100 ng). Consistently, our investigations also revealed that the icv injection of NDN failed to induce anorexigenic effects in MC4R knock-out mice (Figure 4k), further confirming the involvement of the melanocortin system and more specifically the MC4R as a relay in the anorexigenic effect of NDN. Additionally, investigation performed using mice hypothalamic explants revealed that NDN increases the release of the POMC-derived peptide, α-MSH, by 50% times after 45 min of treatment (Figure 4l). We also investigated the impact of intra-MBH injection of NDN on food intake. We observed that NDN injection in the MBH led to a significant reduction in food intake for the first 5 hr following the central administration (Figure 4m), suggesting that the anorexigenic effect of NDN is relayed by the activation of POMC neurons.

Figure 4. — (a–i) *In situ* hybridization analysis of *Pomc* mRNA levels in the mediobasal hypothalamic sections. Hypothalamic *Pomc* (a,b,c)*, AgRP* (d,e,f) and *Npy* (g,h,i) mRNA levels from 18 hr-food deprived mice icv-injected with aCSF (a,d,g) or NDN (b,e,h; 100 ng) 2 hr before sacrifice. (c,f,i) Relative quantification performed in the ARC. Data were compared to aCSF injected mice as control (n=6, 7). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Unpaired Student’s t test: *p<0.05. (j) Mice fasted for 18 hr received icv injection of an MC4R-specific antagonist (HS024; 100 ng) alone or with NDN (10 ng) diluted in aCSF (n=5, 6). (k) *Mc4r* knock-out or wild type mice fasted for 18 hr were icv injected with NDN (10 ng). Mice had access to food 20 min after icv injection and cumulative food intake was measured at the indicated period (n=6). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison Bonferroni test: *p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. (l) Hypothalamic explants were preincubated in aCSF alone followed by an incubation with or without NDN (2 µg/ml). α-MSH released during incubation was normalized to the amount released during the preincubation period (n=5). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Unpaired t test: *p<0.05; NS, not statistically different. (m) Mice fasted for 18 hr were bilaterally injected in the MBH with NDN (1 ng). Mice had access to food 20 min after injection and cumulative food intake was measured at the indicated period (n=5). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison Bonferroni test: *p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

**DOI:** http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.023

Figure 4—source data 1. Impact of NDN on the hypothalamic *Pomc*, *AgRP,* and *Npy* mRNA levels.
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Figure 4—source data 2. Impact of HS024 treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.
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Figure 4—source data 3. Impact of NDN on food intake in MC4R-KO mice.
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Figure 4—source data 4. Impact of NDN on α-MSH release by hypothalamic explants.
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Figure 4—source data 5. Impact of intra-MBH injection of NDN on food intake.
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Involvement of ACBD7₈₉ and NDN in the hypothalamic leptin-signalling pathway

A recent report indicated that Acbd7 mRNA levels were enriched in hypothalamic cells expressing the leptin receptor (Allison et al., 2015). In that regard, we investigated whether NDN could contribute to the hypothalamic leptin signalling. We examined ACBD7 and NDN levels in the hypothalamus of fasted mice icv-injected with leptin (2 µg) using both Western blot and MS-MRM. We observed that the hypothalamic level of ACBD7 was increased more than 3 times (Figure 5a and b) while levels of NDN were increased by around 50% (Figure 5c) only 2 hr after the icv injection, suggesting that both ACBD7 and NDN levels are dynamically regulated by the leptin in the ARC. We observed that the anorexigenic effect induced by the icv injection of leptin was partially blunted by the co-injection of the LV-1075 (1000 ng; Figure 5d), while it was totally abolished by the co-injection of HS024 (100 ng; Figure 5d) alone or with LV-1075 (1000 ng; Figure 5d). Interestingly, co-injection of HS024 and LV-1075 was not associated with any additional effects on leptin induced inhibition of food intake (Figure 5d). Altogether, these results suggest that the endogenous EZ GPCR signalling, specifically its activation by NDN, is a part of the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway that acts via the melanocortin signalling pathway. Finally, we investigated the impact of chronic injections of either NDN or LV-1075 on the food intake and body weight of mice (Figure 5e,f). We observed that NDN induced a transient inhibition of food intake after two days of treatment (Figure 5e), while a consistent reduction in body weight could be seen until the end of the treatment (Figure 5f). Consistently, we also observed a significant increase in both food intake (Figure 5e) and body weight (Figure 5f) in the mice injected daily with LV-1075 after two days of treatment.

Figure 5. — (a,b) Western blot analysis of hypothalamic protein lysates from 18 hr-fasted mice icv-injected with aCSF (control) or leptin (Leptin; 2 µg) 2 hr before sacrifice, performed using ACBD7 and β-actin specific antibodies. Quantification of relative ACBD7 protein levels performed using β-actin signal as loading control (n=4). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Unpaired Student’s t test: ***p<0.001. (c) MRM-MS relative quantification of NDN levels in MBH explants harvested from 18 hr-fasted mice and icv-injected with aCSF, or with leptin (Leptin, 2 µg), 2 hr before sacrifice. Relative quantity was determined using exogenous peptide as an internal control (n=3). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Unpaired Student’s t test: *p<0.05. (d) *Ad libitum*-fed mice received icv injection of leptin (2 µg) with or without the endozepine metabotropic receptor antagonist cyclo_1-8[DLeu⁵]ODN_(11-18) (LV-1075; 1 µg) and/or the MC4R antagonist HS024 (100 ng), 2 hr before the beginning of the dark period, and food intake was measured after 4 hr (n=6). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison Bonferroni test using aCSF injected mice as control ***p<0.001; *p<0.05, or leptin injected mice as control # p<0.05, ### p<0.001. (e,f) Effect of two daily injections of NDN (100 ng/day) and LV-0175 (1 µg/day) on food intake (e) and body weight (f). Mice were injected each day at ZT2 and ZT10. Daily food intake (e) and body weight (f) were measured each day at ZT2 for 5 days (n=6). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc multiple comparison Bonferroni test: *p< 0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

**DOI:** http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.029

Figure 5—source data 1. Impact of leptin treatment on hypothalamic ACBD7 protein levels.
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Figure 5—source data 2. Impact of leptin treatment on hypothalamic NDN levels.
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Figure 5—source data 3. Impact of acute pharmacological disruption of the EZ GPCR and the MC4R signaling pathways on the anorexigenic effect of leptin.
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Figure 5—source data 4. Impact of chronic treatment (2 icv injections / day) of NDN on food intake.
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Figure 5—source data 5. Impact of chronic treatment (2 icv injections / day) of NDN on body weight.
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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.034

Discussion

Our results demonstrate that Acbd7 is expressed and translated by some POMC neurons, as well as by some GABAergic neurons, but not by NPY/AgRP/GABAergic neurons in the ARC. This study also reveals that a splice variant of the Acbd7 mRNA is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to catabolic signals. This splice variant encoded a protein referred as ACBD7₈₉ which is processed into a bioactive 19-amino-acid fragment, that we called NDN (i.e. ACBD7_89 (34-52)). Furthermore, our experiments performed in mice indicate that NDN constitutes a anorexigenic peptide, seemingly acting through an uncharacterized EZ GPCR receptor and subsequently through a pathway involving the MC4R signalling. Finally, this work underlines the potential involvement of the ARC ACBD7₈₉-producing neurons, in the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway as well as in the endogenous control of energy homeostasis.

At the time this study was initiated, the only information regarding the expression of Acbd7 in the mouse brain consisted in microarray data provides by the Brainstars database (http://brainstars.org/probeset/1430107_at?hide=1). Here we confirm that Acbd7 mRNA is found in selective regions in the mouse CNS. Those regions include the accumbens nucleus (Acb), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), supraoptic nucleus (SON), PVN and ARC, which represent structures known to be involved in various behavioural and physiological regulation processes, including energy homeostasis (Morton et al., 2006, Schwartz et al., 2000, Richard, 2015). The distribution of Acbd7 mRNA contrasts with that of Dbi/Acbp mRNA, which is widely distributed in the rodent brain (Tonon et al., 1990, Rouet-Smih et al., 1992). Our results also reveal that the unexpected splice variant isoform of Acbd7 mRNA (i.e. Acbd7-002), which produces a 89 amino acid-containing protein (ACBD7₈₉), is expressed in the mouse brain. Interestingly, the additional glycine in the resulting ACBD7₈₉ protein sequence, is also present in the rat ACBD7 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001119551.1), suggesting that this amino acid is relevant for the biological functions of NDN in rodents.

Our western blot experiments indicate that ACBD7 is produced in the mouse CNS. Furthermore, in silico analyses suggest that, as for the DBI/ACBP, ACBD7₈₉ is likely to be cleaved by tryptic digestion into shorter fragments such as NDN (Ferrero et al., 1984). MRM-MS experiments further indicated that endogenous NDN was found in mouse MBH lysates, confirming that hypothalamic cells are capable of processing ACBD7₈₉ isoform into shorter fragments. This result further underlines that maturation processes of ACBD7₈₉ and DBI/ACBP, which lead to the production of NDN and ODN, respectively, have been well conserved during the evolution, suggesting that both maturation products have essential physiological functions. Nonetheless, our investigation does not allow for excluding the endogenous production of the ACBD7_88 (34-51) fragment in the mouse CNS. Finally, given the structure homology between ACBD7 and DBI/ACBP, and specifically the conservation of the Lys¹⁸ in the ACBD7 sequence, one can argue that brain cells could have the ability to produce several TTN-like compounds consisting of ACBD7_88 (18-51) and ACBD7_89 (18-52). Likewise, considering the marked selective pressure that have occurred on those two paralog genes, future investigations will be important in assessing the ability of ACBD7 to act as an acyl-CoA carrier, as is for DBI/ACBP.

Previous investigations have also characterized Dbi/Acbp, as exclusively produced by glial cells in the CNS (Tong et al., 1990, Tonon et al., 1990). However no information regarding the nature of Acbd7-expressing cells was available prior to our investigation. Using a double immunohistochemistry (IHC) approach, we showed that ACBD7 appeared to be exclusively produced by neuronal cells of the MBH. This result indicates that, in addition to glial cells (Tonon et al., 1990), neurons are also able to produce ODN-like compounds. Our study, which mainly focused on the ARC, further indicated that ACBD7 is produced by some POMC neurons, as well as by some GABAergic neurons. Our investigation also revealed that ACBD7 is not produced by NPY/AgRP/GABAergic neurons. Altogether these results suggest that ACBD7 is produced by some POMC neurons and GABAergic neurons distinct from the NPY/GABAergic neurons.

Interestingly, a previous study conducted on astrocytes reported that the release of the DBI-derived fragment ODN, which does not contain signal peptide, involved an autophagy-based unconventional secretory pathway (Loomis et al., 2010). In this study, 3-MA, a potent inhibitor of the autophagosome formation was shown to inhibit degradation of DBI/ACBP leading to its accumulation. In our study, we did not observe immunolabeling of ACBD7 without prior treatment with either colchicine or 3-MA. These results suggest that similar to DBI/ACBP, ACBD7 is likely processed into NDN and secreted in vivo by an autophagosome-based unconventional secretory pathway.

The expression of Acbd7 (and the production of its NDN fragment) in the ARC provides a neuroanatomical support for a role of this gene in the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance. Further supporting this role are our data, which show that Acbd7 mRNA levels, as well as the production of ACBD7 and NDN, correlate with the energy homeostasis status in the ARC.

To further substantiate the role of Acdb7 in energy homeostasis, we assessed the effects NDN on food intake and energy expenditure and demonstrated the anorectic and thermogenic effects of this peptide. Moreover, our investigation reveals that NDN is more potent than ACBD7_88 (34-51) in reducing food intake, which suggests that the additional glycine of the ACBD7₈₉ sequence contributes to the biological activity of the ACBD7₈₉-derived peptides. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the anorexigenic effect of NDN appears to be stronger than that of ODN in mice (de Mateos-Verchere et al., 2001, do Rego et al., 2007). Interestingly, our investigations also reveal, as it has already been described for ODN (de Mateos-Verchere et al., 2001, do Rego et al., 2007, ), that the C-terminal octapeptide of NDN, also acts as potent anorexigenic peptide. Furthermore, the anorexigenic effect of NDN_(12-19) was not observed 24 hr after icv injection, suggesting that the half-life of NDN-related peptides is short in vivo. In addition, we also observed that dose response investigations performed with either NDN or its related peptides resulted in a U-shaped dose response curve, suggesting that high concentration of NDN can non-specifically stimulate hypothalamic orexigenic pathways. Additionally, NDN induced an increase in energy expenditure in fasted mice, further supporting the role of this peptide in energy homeostasis.

Pharmacological experiments performed in mice have demonstrated that the anorexigenic effect of ODN is relayed by the activation of a GPCR, still uncharacterized distinct from the classical benzodiazepine/EZ receptors (i.e. the GABA_A-R and the TSPO) (do Rego et al., 2007). The present results indicate that the anorexigenic effect of NDN is relayed by neither the GABA_A-R nor the TSPO, suggesting that even though NDN could bind classical EZ receptor, the anorexigenic effect of this ACBD7₈₉-derived peptide seems not to be relayed by those receptors. In contrast, our investigation also revealed that the anorexigenic effect of NDN was blunted by the co-injection of the antagonist of the EZ GPCR, suggesting that similarly to ODN, NDN is also capable to act via the EZ GPCR to induce its effect. Further investigations will be necessary to fully decipher the identity of the uncharacterized EZ GPCR and to assess the ability of ACBD7-derived peptides to bind the GABA_A-R and the TSPO.

From the potential neuroanatomical association of ACBD7 with POMC neurons in ARC, we were interested in further studying the link between ACBD7 and the melanocortin system. Using in situ hybridization analysis, we demonstrate that the icv injection of NDN increases the ARC levels of Pomc mRNA without affecting Agrp or Npy mRNA levels, which suggests that ARC ACBD7₈₉-producing neurons may directly activate POMC neurons. Additionally, using acute pharmacological blockade of the MC4R signalling pathway as well as the MC4R knockout mouse model, we demonstrated that the anorexigenic effects of NDN were relayed via the melanocortin system. Furthermore, experiments performed on mice hypothalamic explants revealed that NDN was able to increase the secretion of α-MSH, suggesting that NDN is able to activate POMC neurons in the ARC. In addition, we demonstrated that intra-MBH injections of NDN induce strong anorexigenic effects. Altogether, these results strongly support that ARC ACBD7₈₉-producing neurons are involved in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake and energy expenditure by acting on POMC neurons through releasing NDN. However, the full mechanisms whereby NDN modulates the melanocortin system tone have yet to be fully deciphered. The involvement of the melanocortin system in the action of NDN recapitulates that seen with ODN. Previous investigations performed in rodents have indeed revealed the ability of ODN to increase Pomc mRNA level (Compere et al., 2003) and the potential involvement of the MC4R receptor in the anorexigenic effect of the ODN (Lanfray et al., 2013).

Because of the acknowledged role of the leptin - melanocortin association in energy homeostasis (Goncalves et al., 2014, Hill et al., 2010) and the involvement of the MC4R in the effects of NDN, we hypothesized that Acdb7 neurons could be part of the leptin-melanocortin integrated pathway. In that respect, it is noteworthy that recent data indicated that leptin effects on the melanocortin system could be relayed through an uncharacterized class of ARC GABAergic cells diverging from POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons (Balthasar et al., 2004, Hill et al., 2010, van de Wall et al., 2008, Vong et al., 2011). Our results indicate that the icv injection of leptin led to an increase in the hypothalamic levels of both ACBD7 and NDN, supporting a connection between leptin and Acdb7 neurons. In that context, we sought to determine the involvement of the endogenous NDN production as part of the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway. Investigations performed on ad libitum fed mice showed that the anorexigenic effect induced by an icv injection of leptin was partially blunted by the co-injection of the LV-1075, indicating that the hypothalamic activation of the EZ GPCR is part of the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway. Additionally, our investigation revealed that the anorexigenic effect of icv injection of leptin is totally abolished by the co-injection of HS024, confirming that the melanocortin signalling pathway constitutes a major relay in the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway (Balthasar et al., 2004). Interestingly, no additional effects were seen when LV-1075 and HS024 were co-injected, suggesting that NDN relayed the anorexigenic effect of leptin mainly through activating POMC neurons. Although, this result does not establish a direct link between NDN and leptin signalling, it nonetheless provides further evidence for such a link i.e. LV-1075 also blocked NDN anorectic action. It is noteworthy that the hypothalamic Dbi/Acbp mRNA level is unaffected by central injection of leptin (Compere et al., 2010), suggesting that glial EZs (such as ODN) are not involved in the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway. Moreover, our observations and speculations are in line with a recent report from the translating ribosome affinity purification analysis of hypothalamic LepR positive neurons, indicating that the Acbd7 mRNA level is enriched by more than four times in hypothalamic neurons expressing the Lepr (Allison et al., 2015).

From the potential involvement of endogenous NDN production in the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway, we were interested in further assessing the physiological involvement of endogenous NDN signalling pathway, as well as the impact of long-term exposure to NDN, on the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance.

Interestingly, we found that NDN induced a significant reduction in body weight, which could be observed after two days of treatment, while it induced a transient inhibition of food intake that could only be seen on the second day of treatment, suggesting the involvement of compensatory mechanisms as previously shown in rodents for several anorexigenic neuropeptides including the α-MSH (Lucas et al., 2015) and the ODN (de Mateos-Verchere et al., 2001). Additionally, we observed that chronic pharmacological disruption of the EZ GPCR signalling induced a potent increase in both food intake and body weight, suggesting that the endogenous endozepines signalling pathway could be a part of the hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. Although, these results do not establish a direct link between endogenous production of NDN and the hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis, they nonetheless provide further evidence for the involvement endozepines in this process. Additionally, it is noteworthy that single nucleotide polymorphism in both the DBI/ACBP and ACBD7 are linked with morbid obesity in humans (Comuzzie et al., 2012), suggesting that these two genes are complementary involved in the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance.

In conclusion, our study identifies ACBD7₈₉ and its maturation product NDN as potential hypothalamic controllers of energy intake and energy expenditure. Our research further indicates that NDN acts as a significant anorexigenic signal through the mediation of an uncharacterized EZs GPCR and via the melanocortin signalling pathway. This work and that from others also provides converging evidence suggesting that MBH ACBD7₈₉-producing neurons are part of the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin system as well as a major actor in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis.

Material and methods

Animals and surgical procedures

Adult male C57BL/6 mice weighting 25–30 g, and MC4R knockout mice (Balthasar et al., 2005, Rossi et al., 2011) weighting 45–50 g, were housed under constant temperature (22°C) in a 12/12h light/dark cycle with free access to standard rodent chow (Teklab lab animal diet, Montreal, Canada) and drinking water. For icv injection experiments, mice were stereotaxically implanted with a permanent 22-gauge single-guide cannula (Plastics One, Roanoke, Virginia) aimed at the lateral ventricle using the following stereotaxic coordinates: 0.4 mm posterior to the bregma, 1 mm lateral to the bregma and 2 mm ventral to the skull surface. For intra-MBH injection experiments, mice were stereotaxically implanted with a permanent 22-gauge bilateral-guide cannula (Plastics One) targeting the MBH (5.8 mm depth, 1.8 mm caudal to bregma, 0.4 mm lateral from the sagittal suture). The guide cannulas were secured with screws and cranioplastic cement (Dentsply Canada, Woodbridge, Canada, ON). To prevent clogging and to reduce the potential for brain infection, sterile obturators (Plastics One) were inserted into the guide cannulas. For icv injection, cannula placement was functionally verified before experiments using the dipsogenic effects of angiotensin 2 injections (5 ng) as positive control. For intra-MBH injection, cannula placement was confirmed post-mortem.

Experiments were conducted according to the Laval University Animal Ethic Committee and the Canadian Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Mouse ACBD7 mRNA sequencing

Mouse hypothalamic mRNA was purified using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Toronto, Canada, ON), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The RNA concentrations were estimated from absorbance at 260 nm. cDNA synthesis was performed using random hexamer primers and the expand reverse transcriptase (Roche Diagnostics, Laval, Canada, QC). The Acbd7 cDNA was amplified using primers specific to the Acbd7 sequence (Acbd7-FP: 5’-TCCGTGTCTCATCATTATGTCC-3’; Acbd7-RP: 5’-AGGTAACCATGCTGACAGTCCT-3’) designed to cover the entire open reading frame of the Acbd7 mRNA (410-bp). After purification on agarose gel, PRC product was sequenced by the molecular platform of Laval University (Quebec City, Canada, QC).

Acbd7 probe design

The mouse Acbd7 cDNA riboprobe was prepared from a 410-bp fragment of the entire open reading frame of the Acbd7 mRNA using the previously described primers (Acbd7-FP and Acbd7-RP). After being subcloned, into a PGEM-T plasmid (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin), and linearized with NcoI and SpeI (New England Biolabs, Whitby, Canada, ON), for antisense and sense probes respectively, radioactive riboprobe was synthesized by incubating the linearized plasmid (250 ng) in 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM 1,4-dithiothreitol, 6 mM MgCl₂, 40 mM Tris (pH 7.9), 0.2 mM ATP/GTP/CTP, 100 µCi α-³⁵S-UTP (PerkinElmer, Foster City, California), 40 U RNase inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics), and 20 U of RNA polymerase (SP6 or T7 for antisense and sense probes, respectively) for 60 min at 37°C. The riboprobe was purified using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen), eluted in 150 µl of 10 mM Tris/1 mM EDTA buffer, and incorporated in a hybridization solution containing 10⁷ cpm of ³⁵S probe (per ml), 52% formamide, 330 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8, Denhardt’s solution 1x, 10% dextran sulfate, 0.5 mg/ml tRNA, 10 mM 1,4-dithiothreitol, and diethyl pyrocarbonate-treated water. This solution was mixed and heated at 65°C before being spotted on slides. The specificity of the probe was confirmed by the absence of positive signal in sections hybridized with the sense probe.

In situ hybridization

After having been harvested, brains were kept in paraformaldehyde (4%) for 7 days, transferred into a solution containing paraformaldehyde (4%) and sucrose (10%) and thereafter cut using a sliding microtome (Histoslide 2000, Heidelberger, Germany). Brain sections (25 µm) were taken from the olfactory bulb to the brainstem and stored at -30°C in a cryoprotective solution containing sodium phosphate buffer (50 mM), ethylene glycol (30%), and glycerol (20%). They were mounted onto poly-L-Lysine-coated slides. The Acbd7 mRNA as well as Pomc, Npy and Agrp mRNAs were localized by in situ hybridization as previously described (Baraboi et al., 2010). After hybridization the slides were exposed on X-ray film (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, New York) for 5 days (Acbd7) or for 1 day (Pomc, Npy, Agrp). Once removed from the autoradiography cassettes, the slides were defatted in toluene and dipped in NTB2 nuclear emulsion (Kodak, Oakville, Canada, ON). The slides were exposed for 5 weeks (Acbd7) or for 1 week (Pomc, Npy, Agrp) before being developed in D19 developer (Kodak) for 3.5 min at 14–15°C and fixed in rapid fixer (Kodak) for 5 min. Finally, tissues were rinsed in running distilled water for 2–3 hr, counterstained with thionin (0.25%), dehydrated through graded concentrations of alcohol, cleared in toluene, and coverslipped with dibutylphtalate-xylol (DPX) mounting medium.

In silico analysis of ACBD7 potential processing

Analysis of amino acid conservation between mouse DBI/ACBP and ACBD7 was performed using the DIALIGN software (http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/dialign/) and using the ACBD7 described sequence available from the NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_084339.1) and Ensembl website (http://useast.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Family?family=ENSFM00670001245867;g=ENSMUSG00000026644;r=2:3336168-3340993;t=ENSMUST00000115089) and the ACBD7 splice variant expected sequence as template. Prediction of potential cleavage sites in the ACBD7₈₈ and ACBD7₈₉ protein was performed by using the Vector NTI advance 11 software (Invitrogen, Burlington, Canada, ON).

Western blot

Antibody directed against ACBD7 was obtained from Novus Biologicals (Oakville, Canada, ON; NBP1-56527). Rabbit secondary antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, California). Tissues (10 mg) were homogenized in a lysis buffer composed of 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 40 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate (Sigma, Oakville, Canada, ON), 10 mM sodium glycerophosphate (Sigma), 50 mM sodium fluoride (Sigma), and 2 mM sodium orthovanadate (Sigma), supplemented with 0.1% of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1% of sodium deoxycholate (Sigma), and 1% of Nonidet-P40 (Sigma). One tablet of protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Indianapolis, United Stated, IN) and one tablet of phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche) were added per 10 ml of lysis buffer. Tissues were rotated at 4°C for 10 min, and then the soluble fractions were isolated by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min in a refrigerated microcentrifuge. Protein levels were then quantified using a protein assay dye reagent concentrate (Bio-Rad, Mississauga, Canada, ON), and analyzed by western blotting. Briefly, 20 μg of proteins were electrophoresed (2 hr, 110 V) onto NuPAGE Novex 8–16% Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen, Burlington, Canada, ON) using TRIS-Glycine running buffer. Proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (Bio-Rad) using the Trans-Blot Turbo transfer system (Bio-Rad) in transfer buffer for 7 min (1.3 A; 25V). After the transfer, the PVDF membrane was washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-Tween and incubated in blocking buffer (5% non-fat milk in PBS-Tween) for 1 hr at room temperature. The membrane was then washed and incubated overnight at 4°C with antibody directed against ACBD7 (1:1,000 in 5% non-fat milk in PBS-Tween). The membrane was washed and incubated for 1 hr at room temperature with the secondary antibody (1:10,000 in 5% non-fat milk in PBS-Tween). After washing four times, the membrane was incubated with chemiluminescent substrate, ECL (Amersham Biosciences, Arlington Heights, United Stated, IL), for 1 min, and signal was detected by exposing the membranes on a ECL-hyperfilm.

Immuhistochemistry experiments

Mice were centrally injected with colchicine (Tocris, Minneapolis, Minnesota - 100 ng) or 3-methyladenin (Tocris - 3-MA, 50pmol), 24 hr before the sacrifice. Brains were perfused with Bouin fixative solution, harvested and embedded in paraffin. Mice brain coronal sections (7µm) were sequentially incubated at room temperature in methanol containing 3% of H₂O₂ (30 min), PBS containing 0.1% of triton X-100 (10 min), HCl (1N, 2 min) and PBS containing 1% of normal goat serum (NGS) for 1 hr. They were then incubated at 4°C for 18 hr with rabbit affinity-purified antiserum directed again ACBD7 (1:400; Novus biologicals). Sections were rinsed with PBS, incubated with SignalStain Boost IHC detection reagent (Cell Signaling, Whitby, Canada, ON; 30 min, RT) and labelled using SignalStain DAB substrate kit (Cell Signaling). After inactivation of the initial reaction with methanol containing 3% of H₂O₂ (20 min, RT), secondary immunolabelling was processed. Coronal sections were sequentially incubated in PBS containing 1% of NGS and 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 hr, then slices were incubated at 4°C for 18 hr with rabbit purified antiserum directed again the GFAP (DAKO, 1/400), the POMC (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Burlingame, California, 1/500), the NPY (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, 1/500) or the VGAT (Novus biologicals, 1/400). After having been rinsed with PBS, coronal sections were incubated with DAB/Nickel peroxidase substrate (Vector Laboratories, Burlington, Canada, ON). After washes in PBS, slices were mounted in DPX.

Proteomic analysis of ACBD7 in vivo processing

Ability of hypothalamic cell to process ACBD7 in vivo has been evaluated using multiple reactions monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) analysis of hypothalamic explant (Proteomic Centre Facility of the Laval University, Québec City, Canada, QC). Briefly, fresh MBH hypothalamic explants were solubilized in extraction buffer containing 0.5% of sodium deoxycholate, 50 mM of 1,4-dithiothreitol and protease inhibitor. After sonication, half of the volume was precipitated by incubating with acetone (-20°C, 12 hr) and the remaining half part was purified using Amicon cartridge (cut-off 10 KDa). Both fractions were then combined and purified using HLB Oasis cartridge (Waters, Mississauga, Canada, ON). After adjustment of the sample concentration with formic acid solution (0.1%), 100 fmol/µl of exogenous synthetic peptide was added to each sample in order to normalize each analysis.

Real time PCR assessment of Ucp1 mRNA levels in the iBAT

Total mRNA was isolated from iBAT using QIAzol and the RNeasy Lipid Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Mississauga, ON, Canada). The RNA concentrations were estimated from absorbance at 260 nm and cDNA synthesis was performed using the expand reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON, Canada) on 1 µg of total mRNA. mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and cDNA was diluted in DNAse-free water (1:30) before quantification by real-time PCR. Ucp1 and acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 (Arbp) mRNA levels were measured in duplicate samples using a CFX96 touch real-time PCR (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Mississauga, Canada, ON) by using primers specific to the murine Ucp1 mRNA (Ucp1-FP: 3’-GCAGTGTTCATTGGGCAGCC 5’; Ucp1-RP: 3’- GGACATCGCACAGCTTGGTAC-5’) and to the Arbp mRNA (Arbp-FP: 3’- AGAAACTGCTGCCTCACATC-5’; Arbp-RP: 3’- CATCACTCAGAATTTCAATGG-5’). Chemical detection of the PCR products was achieved with SYBR Green I (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, Canada, ON). At the end of each run, melt curve analyses were performed, and representative samples of each experimental group were run on agarose gel to ensure the specificity of the amplification. Fold differences in target mRNA expression were measured using the ΔΔ-cycle threshold method by comparison with the house-keeping gene and expressed as fold change between vehicle versus NDN icv-injected mice.

Drug injections

Icv injections were performed in a final volume of 2 µL of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; Harvard Apparatus, Saint-Laurent, Canada, QC). Synthetic ACBD7_88 (34-51)(H-Gln-Ser-Val-Ile-Gly-Asp-Ile-Asn-Ile-Ala-Cys-Pro-Ala-Met-Leu-Asp-Leu-Lys-OH; Thermo Scientific Pierce Protein Research, ThermoFisher, Waltham, Massachusetts) fragment was injected at doses between 10 and 1000 ng. Synthetic NDN (H-Gln-Ser-Val-Ile-Gly-Asp-Ile-Asn-Ile-Gly-Ala-Cys-Pro-Ala-Met-Leu-Asp-Leu-Lys-OH; ThermoFisher) corresponding to the ACBD7_89 (34-52) fragment was injected at doses between 0.1 and 1000 ng for dose-response evaluation and 10 ng for the other experiments. Synthetic NDN_(12-19) (H-Cys-Pro-Ala-Met-Leu-Asp-Leu-Lys-OH; PRIMACEN, Rouen, France) corresponding to the ACBD7_89 (45-52)was injected at doses between 5 to 500 ng. The doses of icv injected cyclo_1-8[DLeu⁵]ODN_(11-18) (Arg-Pro-Gly-Leu-DLeu-Asp-Leu-Lys; LV-1075), HS024 and leptin were selected according to previous feeding experiments performed in mice (do Rego et al., 2007). Intra-MBH dual injection was performed in a final volume of 0.5 µL of aCSF (Harvard Apparatus) by cannula. Synthetic NDN (ThermoFisher) was injected at the dose of 0.5 ng by side. Intraperitoneal injections of PK11195 (10mg/Kg of body weight, Tocris) and Flumazenil (10mg/Kg of body weight, Sigma Aldrich) were performed in saline solution (NaCl, 0.9%) containing 10% DMSO, 20 min before icv injection.

Food intake experiments

Fasted mice (ZT9 to ZT27, total 18 hr) had access to a weighed food pellet (25 g) 20 min after icv injection. Cumulative food intake was measured by briefly (less than 20 s) removing and weighing the pellet at the indicated time points as previously described (Lanfray et al., 2013, do Rego et al., 2007).

Culture of mice hypothalamic explants

Mice hypothalamus were equilibrated in aCSF (Harvard Apparatus) at 37°C for 1 hr under constant bubbling of 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂. The explants were preincubated with fresh aCSF for 45 min followed by another incubation of 45 min with or without NDN (2 µg/mL). Measurement of α-MSH-like immunoreactivity in media was performed using ELISA kit (MyBioSource, San Diego, CA).

Indirect calorimetry

After 48 hr of acclimation in metabolic cages, mice were fasted for 24 hr (ZT12 to ZT36). They were then icv injected at ZT30 with NDN (10 ng) or vehicle solution (aCSF), and individually monitored by indirect calorimetry to analyse O₂ consumption, CO₂ production and locomotor activity. Measurements were made continuously over 6 hr (ZT30 to ZT36) in an open circuit system with an oxygen analyzer (Applied Electrochemistry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, S-3A1) and carbon dioxide analyzer (Applied Electrochemistry, CD-3A) as previously described (Sell et al., 2004).

Statistical analysis

All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test or the one way ANOVA, followed by a post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni test (Prism 6 software, GraphPad, La Jolla, California). For each test, a value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Acknowledgements

We thank our colleagues, particularly Julie Plamondon and Pierre Samson for their technical assistance.

Funding Statement

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Funding Information

This paper was supported by the following grants:

Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Obesity/Healthy Body Weight Research to Alexandre Caron.
Canadian Diabetes Association Post-doctoral fellowship to Alexandre Caron.
Foundation of the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre Obesity axis fund 2013 to Denis Richard.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research Operating Grant MOP-142361 to Denis Richard.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research Operating Grant MOP-119436 to Denis Richard.
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada RGPIN-2014-06721 to Denis Richard.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

Author contributions

DL, Conception and design, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article, Contributed unpublished essential data or reagents.

AC, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article.

M-CR, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article.

ML, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article, Contributed unpublished essential data or reagents.

FM, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article, Contributed unpublished essential data or reagents.

JL, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article, Contributed unpublished essential data or reagents.

M-CT, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article, Contributed unpublished essential data or reagents.

DR, Conception and design, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafting or revising the article, Contributed unpublished essential data or reagents.

Ethics

Animal experimentation: This study was performed in strict accordance with the recommendations in Canadian Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The protocol was approved by the Animal Ethic Committee (CPAUL) of the Laval University (Permit Number: #2013-019-3). All surgery was performed under Isoflurane anesthesia, and every effort was made to minimize suffering.

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eLife. 2016 Feb 15;5:e11742. doi: 10.7554/eLife.11742.035

Decision letter

Editor: Richard D Palmiter¹

In the interests of transparency, eLife includes the editorial decision letter and accompanying author responses. A lightly edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the most substantive concerns; minor comments are not usually included.

Thank you for submitting your work entitled "Involvement of ACBD7 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure in mice" for consideration by eLife. Your article has been favorably evaluated by a Senior editor and three reviewers, one of whom, Richard Palmiter, is a member of our Board of Reviewing Editors.

The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission.

Summary:

The authors have provided compelling evidence that a novel peptide derived from the Acbd7 gene has potent inhibitory effects on food intake. The peptide appears to be produced in the novel class of neurons in the arcuate nucleus and acts on POMC neurons.

Essential revisions:

Three reviewers find the results describing the effects of this novel peptide on food intake as provocative and suitable for publication after attending to the following major issues that were raised.

1) The authors should provide good evidence that exogenous NDN peptide can dramatically affect food intake; however, more compelling evidence that NDN peptide is necessary for regulation of food intake is necessary.

2) More data related to the duration of NDN effects on food intake and the consequences of repeated injections on body weight are requested.

3) The authors should examine the possibility that ACBD7 is co-expressed in other (non-POMC, non-AgRP) populations of ARC neurons that have been described in recent literature.

4) Although, the GPCR through which NDN acts is unknown, electrophysiological experiments showing a direct action on of NDN on POMC neurons would provide important mechanistic information; authors should include such experiments if possible. The authors should also do their best to respond to the other comments raised by the reviewers that will improve the manuscript.

Reviewer #1:

The authors of this paper show that the Acbd7 gene is differentially spliced in the hypothalamus to give rise to a 19-amino acid peptide (NDN) instead of the typical 18 amino acid peptide (ODN). The precursor protein is made by POMC neurons but not by AGRP/NPY neurons; its expression is reduced by fasting and induced by feeding. The peptide, results in pronounced anorexia when injected into the brain (icv) that depends on melanocortin signaling. Blockade of either the receptor for NDN or the melanocortin MC4 receptor blocks the anorectic effect of NDN. The results clearly establish the anorectic effect of NDN and begin to establish the neurons involved; however, there are several issues that need to be resolved.

1) The data establish that NDN is sufficient to reduce food intake; however, it is equally important to know whether it is necessary. The only experiment that addresses that issue is Figure 5, in which the authors show that the EZ GPCR antagonist (LV-1075) blunts the anorexic effect of leptin. The problem with this experiment is that leptin affects many different neuronal populations; thus, it is hard to draw firm conclusions about pathways. Comparing the effectiveness of LV-1075 with the MC4R antagonist (HS024) and the combination of the two would help establish the contribution of the melanocortin pathway to the anorexic effect. Another approach would be to see if LV-1075 would block a 5HT2c agonist-induced anorexia.

2) The paper presents several sets of dose-response histograms with various peptides. Many of the dose-response relationships appear to be "U" shaped – i.e. higher doses give less anorexia than middle doses. A comment on this phenomenon would be useful.

3) Also, because the peptides are of different molecular weights, it would be useful to show at least the descending portions of the dose-response curves in one graph and express the data in terms of picomoles peptide injected rather than micrograms. That way, the relative potency of the various peptides will become more obvious.

4) Acbd7 protein does not appear to have a signal peptide; thus, it is worth discussing how the NDN is secreted from the cells that make it.

Reviewer #2:

In the manuscript by Lanfray et al., the authors describe the identification of novel peptide product that has potential influences on food intake and energy homeostasis in mice. Specifically, they identify a nonadeca peptide (NDN) that is produced out of the ACBD7 gene product, which is regulated in its mRNA and protein expression depending on energy status. in vivo injection studies of the NDN reduces appetite and increases energy expenditure and suggesting this is mediated via interaction with the melanocortin and leptin system.

This is a comprehensive and well-designed study which identifies a potential new player in the complex regulatory circuitries that control energy homeostasis. However, it falls a bit short on providing detailed mechanistic insights.

Comments:

One interesting aspect of this new protein is the expression pattern which seems to be different from the classical players POMC and NPY/AGRP specifically in the Arc where there seems to be little or no overlap. It would be nice to see some attempts to more closely identifying these novel type of neurons e.g. are they GABAergic? Any other neuropeptide markers that are colocalised in these neurons, etc.?

While the inhibitory effect on food intake is sticking, it is only shown for the duration of 5 hours. How long does the effect last? Are they back to normal after 24 hours?

What are the chronic effects?

Is the mRNA expression of ACBD7 only altered in the ARC in response to food depravation/refeeding or are other nuclei (e.g. PVN) also affected?

Has IHC being performed on brain slices without colchicine injection e.g. can the peptide be seen in fibres and does this give any information to which other areas these 'novel' neurons projecting too?

While I am not demanding to perform this experiments ultimate proof of the functionality as a novel regulator of energy homeostasis will have to include some chronic models e.g. transgenics/KO's.

Reviewer #3:

In their current contribution Lanfray et al. investigate the role of ACBD7 on energy homeostasis and feeding. They reveal transcriptional and translation control of ACBD7 in the hypothalamus dependening on feeding state, with a pronounced upregulation upon refeeding. ACBD7 appears to be primarily expressed in the ARC and PVN. They also demonstrate, that ACBD7 is cleaved to a NDN peptide, and that also NDN increases upon refeeding. Functionally, icv injection of NDN suppresses refeeding, increases energy expenditure and BAT UCP1-expression. The anorexigenic effect of icv applied NDN relies on a yet uncharacterized GPCR, but not on GABA-R-signaling. Finally, the anorexigenic effect of NDN is abrogated upon application of an MC4R-antagonist and leptin increases ACBD7-expression.

Overall, the experiments appear well performed and support the conclusions drawn by the authors. The findings are novel and interesting. However, a few parts of the study present interesting findings, which are correlative, but not fully causally linked. Important questions, which should be addressed include.

1) What is the exact quantitative proportion of POMC-cells expressing ACBD7?

2) Does NDN directly excite POMC-neurons. This should be addressed through investigating the effect of NDN on firing properties of identified POMC-neurons.

3) Given that ACBD7 appears to be regulated by leptin, it should be addressed to which extend NDN-action contributes to leptin's anorexigenic action, thus linking both aspects of the study. Here, the effect of blocking the NDN-activated GPCR on leptin's ability to suppress feeding and to evoke neuroactivation in the PVN (via c_Fos staining) should be addressed.

eLife. 2016 Feb 15;5:e11742. doi: 10.7554/eLife.11742.036

Author response

Essential revisions:

Three reviewers find the results describing the effects of this novel peptide on food intake as provocative and suitable for publication after attending to the following major issues that were raised.

In order to further demonstrate the role of NDN on energy balance we have added data demonstrating that repeated icv injections of NDN reduce body weight gain (see response to point # 2, below). Additionally, we carried out new experiments (Figure 5F and Figure 5—figure supplement 5) to examine the impact of repeated injections of LV-1075, an antagonist of the uncharacterized endozepine metabotropic receptor, also an apparent receptor of NDN. Our results demonstrate that acute pharmacological disruption of the EZ-R signaling pathway leads to an increase in both food intake and body weight during 5 days of the treatment.

2) More data related to the duration of NDN effects on food intake and the consequences of repeated injections on body weight are requested.

Our results indicate that the hypophagic effect of a single injection of NDN12-19 is no longer present 24 hours after a single icv injection. Moreover, we have added new data, which show that repeated icv injections NDN over 5 days led to a consistent reduction in body weight while transiently reducing food intake. These results have been added in Figures 2 and 5 and have also been discussed (Discussion).

3) The authors should examine the possibility that ACBD7 is co-expressed in other (non-POMC, non-AgRP) populations of ARC neurons that have been described in recent literature.

To address this major point, we have performed additional immunohistochemistry experiments, which reveal that ACBD7 is colocalized with the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) in the ARC. This result indicates that ACBD7 is produced by both GABAergic and POMC neurons in the ARC. We have added these findings in Figure 1 and elaborated upon our findings in the Discussion section.

Electrophysiological experiments could not be done. We nonetheless have added new data demonstrating that NDN induces MSH release from hypothalamic explants and decreases food intake after its injection into the mediobasal hypothalamus. We have added these results in Figure 4L and M, and elaborated upon them in the Discussion section.

Reviewer #1: The authors of this paper show that the Acbd7 gene is differentially spliced in the hypothalamus to give rise to a 19-amino acid peptide (NDN) instead of the typical 18 amino acid peptide (ODN). The precursor protein is made by POMC neurons but not by AGRP/NPY neurons; its expression is reduced by fasting and induced by feeding. The peptide, results in pronounced anorexia when injected into the brain (icv) that depends on melanocortin signaling. Blockade of either the receptor for NDN or the melanocortin MC4 receptor blocks the anorectic effect of NDN. The results clearly establish the anorectic effect of NDN and begin to establish the neurons involved; however, there are several issues that need to be resolved.

We sincerely thank the reviewer for his/her comments and suggestions for revision.

We have compared the effectiveness of LV-1075 and HS024 in blocking the anorexigenic effect of a central injection of leptin. Our results indicate that while HS024 almost completely blocked the anorexigenic effect of a central injection of leptin, LV- 1075 only partly (50%) reduced the anorexigenic effect. We have included these results in Figure 5D, and added comments in the Discussion section.

2) The paper presents several sets of dose-response histograms with various peptides. Many of the dose-response relationships appear to be "U" shaped – i.e. higher doses give less anorexia than middle doses. A comment on this phenomenon would be useful.

We agree that this point needs clarification. We have added a new paragraph in the Discussion section to suggest that high concentration of NDN could non-specifically stimulate hypothalamic orexigenic pathways.

We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have incorporated this suggestion in Figure 2.

4) Acbd7 protein does not appear to have a signal peptide; thus, it is worth discussing how the NDN is secreted from the cells that make it. We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have added a comment in Discussion, which suggests a potential involvement of an unconventional secretory pathway in the release of NDN, as it has been proposed for the DBI/ACBP-derived peptide ODN.

Reviewer #2: In the manuscript by Lanfray et al., the authors describe the identification of novel peptide product that has potential influences on food intake and energy homeostasis in mice. Specifically, they identify a nonadeca peptide (NDN) that is produced out of the ACBD7 gene product, which is regulated in its mRNA and protein expression depending on energy status. in vivo injection studies of the NDN reduces appetite and increases energy expenditure and suggesting this is mediated via interaction with the melanocortin and leptin system. This is a comprehensive and well-designed study which identifies a potential new player in the complex regulatory circuitries that control energy homeostasis. However, it falls a bit short on providing detailed mechanistic insights. Comments: One interesting aspect of this new protein is the expression pattern which seems to be different from the classical players POMC and NPY/AGRP specifically in the Arc where there seems to be little or no overlap. It would be nice to see some attempts to more closely identifying these novel type of neurons e.g. are they GABAergic? Any other neuropeptide markers that are colocalised in these neurons, etc.?

We thank the reviewer for bringing this concern to our attention. We performed additional immunohistochemistry experiments, which reveal that ACBD7 is partially colocalized with the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) in the ARC. We have added these results in Figure 1 and have also added a comment in the Discussion section.

While the inhibitory effect on food intake is sticking, it is only shown for the duration of 5 hours. How long does the effect last? Are they back to normal after 24 hours?

We have assessed the food consumption 24 h after the acute icv injection of NDN12-19. Our results indicate that the anorexigenic effect is lost 24h after a single injection. We have added these results in Figure 2.

What are the chronic effects?

In response to this comment, we have investigated the impact of repeated (5 days) icv injections of NDN on both food intake and body weight. Our results demonstrate the ability of repeated injections of NDN in reducing food intake and body weight (Figure 5E, F and Figures 5—figure supplement 4 and 5).

Is the mRNA expression of ACBD7 only altered in the ARC in response to food depravation/refeeding or are other nuclei (e.g. PVN) also affected?

We have assessed the Acbd7 mRNA levels in the PVN following fasting and refeeding challenges. Our results indicate that the mRNA levels are unaffected in the PVN. We have added these results in Figure 2, and have elaborated upon them in the Discussion section.

Immunolabeling failed to reveal projections even without prior treatment with colchicine. We have added immunolabeling images in Figure 1—figure supplement 3.

While I am not demanding to perform this experiments ultimate proof of the functionality as a novel regulator of energy homeostasis will have to include some chronic models e.g. transgenics/KO's. Reviewer #3: In their current contribution Lanfray et al. investigate the role of ACBD7 on energy homeostasis and feeding. They reveal transcriptional and translation control of ACBD7 in the hypothalamus dependening on feeding state, with a pronounced upregulation upon refeeding. ACBD7 appears to be primarily expressed in the ARC and PVN. They also demonstrate, that ACBD7 is cleaved to a NDN peptide, and that also NDN increases upon refeeding. Functionally, icv injection of NDN suppresses refeeding, increases energy expenditure and BAT UCP1-expression. The anorexigenic effect of icv applied NDN relies on a yet uncharacterized GPCR, but not on GABA-R-signaling. Finally, the anorexigenic effect of NDN is abrogated upon application of an MC4R-antagonist and leptin increases ACBD7-expression. Overall, the experiments appear well performed and support the conclusions drawn by the authors. The findings are novel and interesting. However, a few parts of the study present interesting findings, which are correlative, but not fully causally linked. Important questions, which should be addressed include. 1) What is the exact quantitative proportion of POMC-cells expressing ACBD7?

We agree with the reviewer that this information will be relevant. However, our immunohistological analyses is limited in terms of the specific quantification of ACBD7-labelled cells. We therefore prefer not to include an approximate value of these cells in our manuscript.

2) Does NDN directly excite POMC-neurons. This should be addressed through investigating the effect of NDN on firing properties of identified POMC-neurons.

Unfortunately, we cannot perform electrophysiological experiments. Please see our comments in response to the point number 4 of the essential revision above.

Indeed, we have already performed experiments looking to establish the potential involvement of NDN in the anorexigenic effects induced by leptin. These results were originally present in the manuscript as Figure 5D. Additionally, we have performed new experiments comparing the effectiveness of LV-1075 and HS024 in blocking the anorexigenic effect of a central injection of leptin. Results presented in Figure 5D.

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Figure 1—source data 1. Synthetic NDN MRM-MS profile.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.004

elife-11742-fig1-data1.xlsx^{(17.2KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.004

Figure 1—source data 2. Hypothalamic lysate MRM-MS profile.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.005

elife-11742-fig1-data2.xlsx^{(53.2KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.005

Figure 1—source data 3. Impact of body energy status on ARC Acbd7 mRNA levels mRNA levels.

In situ hybridization source data.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.006

elife-11742-fig1-data3.xlsx^{(9.8KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.006

Figure 1—source data 4. Impact of body energy status on PVN Acbd7 mRNA levels.

In situ hybridization source data.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.007

elife-11742-fig1-data4.xlsx^{(9.8KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.007

Figure 1—source data 5. Impact of body energy status on hypothalamic ACBD7 levels.

Source data.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.008

elife-11742-fig1-data5.xlsx^{(9.4KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.008

Figure 1—source data 6. Impact of body energy status on hypothalamic NDN levels.

MRM-MS quantification source data.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.009

elife-11742-fig1-data6.xlsx^{(9.4KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.009

Figure 2—source data 1. Impact of icv injection of NDN on food intake.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.014

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.014

Figure 2—source data 2. Impact of icv injection of ACBD7_88(34-51) on food intake.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.015

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.015

Figure 2—source data 3. Impact of icv injection of NDN_(12-19) on food intake.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.016

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.016

Figure 2—source data 4. Impact of icv injection of NDN on energy expenditure.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.017

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.017

Figure 2—source data 5. Impact of icv injection of NDN on iBAT Ucp-1 mRNA levels.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.018

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.018

Figure 3—source data 1. Impact of flumazenil treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.020

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.020

Figure 3—source data 2. Impact of PK-11195 treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.021

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.021

Figure 3—source data 3. Impact of LV-1075 treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.022

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.022

Figure 4—source data 1. Impact of NDN on the hypothalamic Pomc, AgRP, and Npy mRNA levels.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.024

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.024

Figure 4—source data 2. Impact of HS024 treatment on the anorexigenic effect of NDN.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.025

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.025

Figure 4—source data 3. Impact of NDN on food intake in MC4R-KO mice.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.026

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.026

Figure 4—source data 4. Impact of NDN on α-MSH release by hypothalamic explants.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.027

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.027

Figure 4—source data 5. Impact of intra-MBH injection of NDN on food intake.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.028

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.028

Figure 5—source data 1. Impact of leptin treatment on hypothalamic ACBD7 protein levels.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.030

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.030

Figure 5—source data 2. Impact of leptin treatment on hypothalamic NDN levels.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.031

elife-11742-fig5-data2.xlsx^{(9.5KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.031

Figure 5—source data 3. Impact of acute pharmacological disruption of the EZ GPCR and the MC4R signaling pathways on the anorexigenic effect of leptin.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.032

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.032

Figure 5—source data 4. Impact of chronic treatment (2 icv injections / day) of NDN on food intake.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.033

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DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.033

Figure 5—source data 5. Impact of chronic treatment (2 icv injections / day) of NDN on body weight.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.034

elife-11742-fig5-data5.xlsx^{(11.3KB, xlsx)}

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11742.034

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PERMALINK

Involvement of the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure in mice

Damien Lanfray

Alexandre Caron

Marie-Claude Roy

Mathieu Laplante

Fabrice Morin

Jérôme Leprince

Marie-Christine Tonon

Denis Richard

Roles

Abstract

eLife digest

Introduction

Results

Acbd7 mRNA sequence and hypothalamic expression of ACBD7

Figure 1. Acbd7 mRNA sequence, distribution and processing in the mouse brain.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Acbd7 mRNA sequence and conservation.

Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Relative Acbd7 mRNA levels in mice brain structures.

Figure 1—figure supplement 3. ACBD7 labelling observed without prior colchicine or 3-MA treatment.

Effects of NDN on food intake and energy expenditure

Figure 2. Effects of NDN on food intake and energy expenditure.

Role of the EZ receptors in the anorexigenic effect of NDN

Figure 3. Pharmacological characterization of the receptor relaying the anorexigenic effects of NDN.

Role of the MC4R in the anorexigenic effect of NDN

Figure 4. The melanocortin system relayes the anorexigenic effects of NDN.

Involvement of ACBD789 and NDN in the hypothalamic leptin-signalling pathway

Figure 5. Hypothalamic NDN production is potentially involved in the leptin signaling pathway and the control of energy homeostasis.

Discussion

Material and methods

Animals and surgical procedures

Mouse ACBD7 mRNA sequencing

Acbd7 probe design

In situ hybridization

In silico analysis of ACBD7 potential processing

Western blot

Immuhistochemistry experiments

Proteomic analysis of ACBD7 in vivo processing

Real time PCR assessment of Ucp1 mRNA levels in the iBAT

Drug injections

Food intake experiments

Culture of mice hypothalamic explants

Indirect calorimetry

Statistical analysis

Acknowledgements

Funding Statement

Funding Information

Additional information

Competing interests

Author contributions

Ethics

References

Decision letter

Roles

Author response

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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Involvement of ACBD7₈₉ and NDN in the hypothalamic leptin-signalling pathway