Abstract Abstract
Background
In Australia, the subfamily Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) comprises over 45 genera with about 270 species described so far. However, life histories of the Australian larentiine moths have barely been studied.
New information
The current paper presents a list of larval food plants of 51 Australian larentiine species based on literature references, data from specimen labels and own observations. Some Australian habitats are shown. Possible relationships among the taxa based on food preference of the larvae are discussed. Additionally, a list of Australasian larentiine species from the genera occurring in Australia and their food plants is presented.
Keywords: Australasia, Australia, checklist, host plants, geometrid moths, larentiine moths
Introduction
The immature stages and biology of the Australian Larentiinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) have received little attention in the past and our knowledge of host plant affiliations of the Australian species is remaining scarce. Hudson (1898) was one of the first researchers who discussed food plants of New Zealand larentiine larvae. Turner (1904), Common (1966) and Common (1990) presented some details of biology and listed a few food plants of Australian Larentiinae. McFarland (1979) published an annotated list of food plants of 280 Australian geometrid moths, including 16 larentiine species, whereby four species were identified to genus. He also succeeded to rear a large number of south Australian geometrid moths and completed 72 life history studies, but only four larentiine species were included (McFarland 1988). McQuillan (1986), McQuillan et al. (1998), McQuillan (1999) and McQuillan (2004) has been studying some aspects of biology, ecology and conservation of Australian moths focusing on the Tasmanian species. Holloway (1997) presented data on food plants of Indo-Australian Larentiinae. Some data on the larvae and food plants of the species Anachloris Meyrick, Chaetolopha Warren, Scotocyma Turner and Visiana Swinhoe are given in the reviews of these genera (Schmidt 2001, Schmidt 2002, Schmidt 2005, Schmidt 2006b, Schmidt 2007, Schmidt 2013.) Descriptions of larvae and pupae are incomplete or absent. Some observations on the eggs of Australian moths have been published by McFarland (1973). The first comprehensive review of the southern Australian geometrid eggs, including 18 larentiine species was completed by Young (2006), who also reared Tasmanian larvae of Geometridae, including several Larentiinae. Craw (1986) briefly described and illustrated a few New Zealand larentiine larvae. Totally, more than 270 larentiine species referred to about 45 genera are currently described from Australia. However, life histories of the vast majority of Australian larentiine moths remain unstudied.
Materials and methods
The present report is based on literature references and personal observations. The following material has been used: Anachloris uncinata (Guenée) (Western Australia, Bremer Bay), "Chloroclystis" approximata (Walker) (New South Wales, Barren Grounds), "Chloroclystis" insigillata (Walker) (Queensland, Brisbane), Epicyme rubropunctaria (Doubleday) (New South Wales, Monga State Forest), Epyaxa sodaliata (Walker) (Queensland, Severnlea), Gymnoscelis lophopus Turner (Queensland, Brisbane), Phrissogonus laticostata (Walker) (Queensland, Brisbane), Scotocyma albinotata (Walker) (Queensland, Bunya Mountains), Visiana brujata (Guenée) (Queensland, Lamington National Park), V. incertata (Walker) (Queensland, Bunya Mountains). Additionally, data were taken from labels of specimens deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra (ANIC).
Taxonomic affiliation for several species is questionable therefore several names are cited in quotation marks. Tribal association is only cited for the first member of the tribe in the section “Nomenclature”. In the section “Notes” the source of data on the food plants is presented. A list of Australian species of Larentiinae and their larval food plants is available under “Supplementary Materials” (see Suppl. material 1). A list of Australasian larentiine species from the genera occurring in Australia and their food plants is also presented (see Suppl. material 2).
Checklists
List of the Australian Larentiinae (Geometridae) and their food plants
Epicyme rubropunctaria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Epicyme rubropunctaria Tribe Asthenini
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Geranium sp. (Geraniaceae)
Notes
Roberts 1979. However, a newly hatched larva refused to feed on flowers and leaves of Geranium sp. (Schmidt, unpubl. data).
Fig. 1.
Figure 1.
Epicyme rubropunctaria, female
Habitat of E. rubropunctaria is presented on Fig. 2.
Figure 2.
Habitat of Epicyme rubropunctaria, New South Wales, Monga State Forest
Epicyme rubropunctaria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Haloragis alata (Haloragaceae)
Notes
Epicyme rubropunctaria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Haloragis glauca (Haloragaceae)
Notes
S. Williams, pers. comm., in: Marriott 2011.
Epicyme rubropunctaria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Haloragis heterophylla (Haloragaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena balioloma
(Turner, 1907)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum myrtifolium (Myrtaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979. Larvae of a New Zealand species P. schistaria (Walker, 1861) feed on Leptospermum sp. (Myrtaceae) (Hudson 1898).
Poecilasthena ischnophrica
Turner, 1941
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum myrtifolium (Myrtaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena ischnophrica
Turner, 1941
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum myrsinoides (Myrtaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Macropiper excelsum (Piperaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Monotoca? scoparia (Epacridaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Monotoca glauca (Epacridaceae)
Notes
C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Epacris sp. (Epacridaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leucopogon juniperinus (Epacridaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae)
Notes
C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Astroloma humifusum (Ericaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Captured larvae were reared.
Poecilasthena pulchraria
(Doubleday, 1843)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Brachyloma sp. (Ericaceae)
Notes
Poecilasthena xylocyma
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae)
Notes
ANIC label, C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
Bosara minima
(Warren, 1897)
Bosara minima Tribe Eupitheciini
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Glochidion ferdinandi (Euphorbiaceae)
Notes
Turner 1904. The plant species is described as Phyllanthus ferdinandi. An Indian larentiine species, Bosara emarginaria (Hampson, 1893) is known to feed on Breynia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) (P. Bell, pers. comm., in: Holloway 1997). The species Bosara minima was associated with the genera Chloroclystis Hübner and Gymnoscelis Mabille. The synonymy with B. refusaria Walker needs to be checked (see Holloway 1997).
"Chloroclystis" approximata
(Walker, 1869)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Malus domestica (Rosaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae occasionally damage the young fruits of apples.
Fig. 3.
Figure 3.
Chloroclystis approximata, female
Habitat of C. approximata is presented on Fig. 4.
Figure 4.
Habitat of "Chloroclystis" approximata, New South Wales, Barren Grounds
"Chloroclystis" approximata
(Walker, 1869)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Prunus avium (Rosaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae occasionally damage the young fruits of cherries.
"Chloroclystis" approximata
(Walker, 1869)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia terminalis (Fabaceae)
Notes
Turner 1904, McQuillan 1986, Common 1990, Schmidt, unpubl. data. Larvae usually feed on the flowers of Acacia sp. The foodplant is known as Acacia botrycephala.
"Chloroclystis" catastreptes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Bertya mitchellii (Euphorbiaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979. Larvae feed on flowers and flower buds of various unrelated plants.
"Chloroclystis" catastreptes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia sp. (Fabaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McQuillan 1986. Larvae feed on flowers and flower buds of various unrelated plants.
"Chloroclystis" catastreptes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Clematis microphylla (Ranunculaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979. Larvae feed on flowers and flower buds of various unrelated plants.
"Chloroclystis" catastreptes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Solidago sp. (Asteraceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McQuillan 1986. Larvae feed on flowers and flower buds of various unrelated plants.
"Chloroclystis" filata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Pultenaea largiflorens var. latifolia (Fabaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979. Larvae feed on leaves and buds of the foodplant.
"Chloroclystis" filata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hebe sp. (Plantaginaceae)
Notes
"Chloroclystis" insigillata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Macadamia sp. (Proteaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae attack the flowers of Macadamia sp.
"Chloroclystis" insigillata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia sp. (Fabaceae)
Notes
Common 1990, Schmidt, unpubl. data.
"Chloroclystis" insigillata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Bertya sp. (Euphorbiaceae)
Notes
"Chloroclystis" insigillata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Clematis sp. (Ranunculaceae)
Notes
Common 1990, Schmidt, unpubl. data.
"Chloroclystis" insigillata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Solidago sp. (Asteraceae)
Notes
Chloroclystis s.l. sp.
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Scrophulariaceae
Notes
Collix ghosha
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Ardisia sp. (Primulaceae)
Notes
P. Bell, pers. comm., in: Holloway 1997, Tominaga 1998. Bell describes biology of Collix ghosha. The foodplant Ardisia sp. was in the former Myrsinaceae. A south-east Asian species C. griseipalpis Wileman, 1916 has been reared from Allophylus sp. (Sapindaceae). A subspecies C. g. phaeochiton Prout, 1932 has been reared from Ardisia sp. and Trigonostemon sp. (Euphorbiaceae) (Prout 1932).
Collix ghosha
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Embelia sp. (Primulaceae)
Notes
P. Bell, pers. comm., in: Holloway 1997, Tominaga 1998. Bell describes biology of Collix ghosha. The foodplant Embelia sp. was in the former Myrsinaceae.
Gymnoscelis delocyma
Turner, 1904
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae (Rubiaceae)
Notes
F.P. Dodd, pers. comm., in: Turner 1904. The larvae of the Malaysian species Gymnoscelis pseudotibialis Holloway, 1997 apparently feed on Hevea sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Mangifera sp. (Anacardiaceae) (Yunus & Ho 1980, in: Holloway 1997).
Gymnoscelis derogata
(Walker, 1866)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Macadamia sp. (Proteaceae)
Notes
Zhang 1994. The species is known as Gymnoscelis subrufata Warren, 1898.
Gymnoscelis lophopus
Turner, 1904
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia aulacocarpa (Fabaceae)
Notes
Turner 1904, Common 1990. Larvae feed on the flowers of the foodplant.
Fig. 5.
Figure 5.
Gymnoscelis lophopus, female
Habitat of Gymnoscelis lophopus is presented on Fig. 6.
Figure 6.
Habitat of Gymnoscelis lophopus, Queensland, Brisbane
Gymnoscelis lophopus
Turner, 1904
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)
Notes
Schmidt, unpubl. data. Larvae feed on the flowers of the foodplant.
Gymnoscelis lophopus
Turner, 1904
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Lantana sp. (Verbenaceae)
Notes
Gymnoscelis lophopus
Turner, 1904
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Macadamia sp. (Proteaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae sometimes damage the flowers of Macadamia sp.
Gymnoscelis sp.
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Pittosporum venulosum (Pittosporaceae)
Notes
D. Herbison-Evans, pers. comm., 2015.
Microdes oriochares
Turner, 1922
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Olearia ramulosa (Asteraceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979. Larvae feed on leaves of the foodplant.
Microdes squamulata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia baileyana (Fabaceae)
Notes
Microdes squamulata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia buxifolia (Fabaceae)
Notes
Microdes squamulata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia dealbata (Fabaceae)
Notes
Microdes squamulata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia decurrens (Fabaceae)
Notes
Microdes squamulata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia mearnsii (Fabaceae)
Notes
Microdes villosata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia sp. (Fabaceae)
Notes
Pasiphila testulata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Malus domestica (Rosaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae occasionally damage the young fruits of apples. Three Europaean species, P. chloerata (Mabille, 1870), P. debiliata (Hübner, 1817) and P. rectangulata (Linnaeus, 1758) feed on Prunus spp. (Rosaceae), Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae) and Malus sp., Pyrus sp., Prunus spp., Crataegus sp. and Amelanchier sp. (Rosaceae) (Mironov 2003). A New Zealand species P. urticae (Hudson, 1939) feed on Urtica ferox (Urticaceae).
Pasiphila testulata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Prunus avium (Rosaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae occasionally damage the young fruits of cherries. P. testulata is known as Chloroclystis testulata (Guenée).
Pasiphila testulata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia terminalis (Fabaceae)
Notes
Common 1990, Schmidt, unpubl. data, C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008. Larvae usually feed on the flowers of Acacia sp. The foodplant is known as Acacia botrycephala.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Acacia sp. (Fabaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae usually feed on the flower buds and flowers of Acacia.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Clematis sp. (Ranunculaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae can damage the foliage of the foodplant.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Cosmos sp. (Asteraceae)
Notes
Schmidt, unpubl. data. Larvae readily accepted flowers of Cosmos sp. from a garden in Brisbane.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae can damage the foliage of the foodplant.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hypericum sp. (Hypericaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae can damage the foliage of the foodplant.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Malus domestica (Rosaceae)
Notes
Common 1990. Larvae can damage the foliage of the foodplant.
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Medicago sativa (Fabaceae)
Notes
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Prunus avium (Rosaceae)
Notes
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae)
Notes
Phrissogonus laticostata
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Rosa odorata (Rosaceae)
Notes
D. Herbison-Evans, pers. comm., 2015. Captured larvae readily accepted the flower petals from Rosa sp.
Symmimetis sp.
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Aglaia sp. (Meliaceae)
Notes
Sauris cirrhigera
(Warren, 1897)
Sauris cirrhigera Tribe Trichopterygini
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae)
Notes
Dugdale 1980. One specimen of the Indo-Pacific species Sauris eupitheciata (Snellen, 1881) was reared from the folliage of Loranthus sp. (Loranthaceae) (Holloway 1997), of Sauris hirudinata Guenée, 1858 from Alseodaphne sp. (Lauraceae) and Lagerstroemia sp. (Lythraceae) (P. Bell, pers. comm., in: Holloway 1997), of Sauris interruptata (Moore, 1888) on Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae) Holloway 1997), and of one species occurring on Niue Island on Ficus prolixa (Moraceae) (Dugdale 1980).
Sauris commoni
Dugdale, 1980
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Exocarpos latifolius (Santalaceae)
Notes
ANIC label. One larva was beaten from Exocarpos latifolia.
Sauris malaca
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae)
Notes
Dugdale 1980, Common 1990. Larvae have been reported feeding on the young foliage of Litchi sp.
Sauris malaca
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Toona ciliata (Meliaceae)
Notes
Dugdale 1980, Common 1990. Larvae have been reported feeding on the young foliage of Toona sp. The foodplant is known as Toona australis.
Tympanota perophora
(Turner, 1922)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Podocarpus lawrencei (Podocarpaceae)
Notes
ANIC label, Dugdale 1980. The species has been reared by I.F.B. Common (ANIC).
Acodia sp.
Acodia sp. Tribe Xanthorhoini
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Coprosma sp. (Rubiaceae)
Notes
Austrocidaria sp.
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Coprosma sp. (Rubiaceae)
Notes
Hudson 1898, Dugdale 1964, Dugdale 1988, McQuillan 1999, McQuillan 2004. One New Zealand species feeds on Myrsine sp. and Rapanea crassifolia (Myrsinaceae) (Dugdale 1971).
Chrysolarentia decisaria
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Pelargonium rodneyanum (Geraniaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988, C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
Chrysolarentia decisaria
(Walker, 1863)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Ranunculus prasinus (Ranunculaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988, C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
Chrysolarentia insulsata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia lucidulata
(Walker, 1963)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hibbertia sp. (Dilleniaceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Lythrum sp. (Lythraceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Malva sp. (Malvaceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Polygonum sp. (Polygonaceae)
Notes
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Centaurium sp. (Gentianaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture.
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Chenopodium sp. (Chenopodiaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture.
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Medicago sp. (Fabaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture.
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture.
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Solidago sp. (Asteraceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture.
Chrysolarentia vicissata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Stellaria sp. (Caryophyllaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979, McFarland 1988. Larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture.
Epyaxa sodaliata
(Walker, 1963)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Anagallis arvensis (Primulaceae)
Notes
McFarland 1979. Larvae readily accepted leaves and buds of Anagallis arvensis but refused to feed on Plantago. A New Zealand species E. rosearia (Doubleday, 1843) feeds on Nasturtium officinale (Brassicaceae) (Hudson 1898).
Fig. 7.
Figure 7.
Epyaxa sodaliata, female
Habitat of Epyaxa sodaliata is presented on Fig. 8.
Figure 8.
Habitat of Epyaxa sodaliata, Queensland, Severnlea
Epyaxa sodaliata
(Walker, 1963)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Primula sp. (Primulaceae)
Notes
Schmidt, unpubl. data. Larvae were feeding on Primula sp. from a garden in Brisbane.
Epyaxa sodaliata
(Walker, 1963)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Myosotis arvensis (Boraginaceae)
Notes
D. Herbison-Evans, pers. comm., 2015.
Epyaxa subidaria
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Medicago polymorpha var. vulgaris (Fabaceae)
Notes
McFarland (1979), Schmidt, unpubl. data. Captured larvae were reared.
Epyaxa subidaria
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (Araliaceae)
Notes
McQuillan (1999). Captured larvae were reared to the final instar.
Epyaxa subidaria
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)
Notes
McQuillan (2004). One New Zealand Epyaxa species is known to feed on Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae) and Tropaeolum majus (Tropaeolaceae) (White 1991).
Scotocyma albinotata
(Walker, 1866)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Coprosma repens (Rubiaceae)
Notes
Schmidt (2003), Schmidt (2005), Schmidt (2006a), Schmidt (2007).
Fig. 9.
Figure 9.
Scotocyma albinotata, female
Habitat of Scotocyma albinotata is presented on Fig. 10.
Figure 10.
Habitat of Scotocyma albinotata, Queensland, Bunya Mountains
Xanthorhoe vacuaria
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Medicago polymorpha var. vulgaris (Fabaceae)
Notes
McFarland (1979), McFarland (1988). Captured larvae were reared. Malaysian Xanthorhoe liwagu Holloway, 1997 were feeding on Brassica sp. (Cruciferae) and Mentha sp. (Labiatae) (Yunus and Ho 1980, Singh 1953, in: Holloway 1997).
Anachloris subochraria
(Doubleday)
Anachloris subochraria Unplaced to tribe
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Epilobium? ciliatum (Onagraceae)
Notes
S. Williams, unpubl. data.
Anachloris tofocolorata
Schmidt, 2001
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hibbertia virgata (Dilleniaceae)
Notes
Anachloris uncinata
(Guenée)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hibbertia obtusifolia (Dilleniaceae)
Notes
Common (1966), McFarland (1979), Schmidt (2001).
Fig. 11.
Figure 11.
Anachloris uncinata, male
Habitat of A. uncinata is presented on Fig. 12.
Figure 12.
Habitat of Anachloris uncinata, Western Australia, Stirling Range
Anachloris uncinata
(Guenée)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hibbertia riparia (Dilleniaceae)
Notes
S. Williams, unpubl. data.
Anachloris uncinata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hibbertia stricta (Dilleniaceae)
Notes
Chaetolopha emporias
(Turner, 1904)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Pteridium esculentum (Polypodiaceae)
Notes
ANIC label, Schmidt (2002). In ANIC there is a specimen with a label written by I.F.B. Common, “Larvae eat bracken fern".
"Chrysolarentia" actinipha
(Lower, 1902)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Medicago polymorpha var. vulgaris (Fabaceae)
Notes
"Chrysolarentia" leucophanes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae)
Notes
C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
"Chrysolarentia" leucophanes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Melaleuca squamea (Myrtaceae)
Notes
C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
"Chrysolarentia" leucophanes
(Meyrick, 1891)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Monotoca glauca (Epacridaceae)
Notes
C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2008.
"Chrysolarentia" severata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Astroloma humifusum (Ericaceae)
Notes
S. Williams, pers. comm., in: Marriott (2011).
"Chrysolarentia" severata
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae)
Notes
C. Byrne, pers. comm., 2016. The species is recorded as "Euphyia" nr. severata. The collection details are: Cape Bruny, Tasmania, 28/10/99, C. Byrne.
"Chrysolarentia" squamulata
(Warren, 1899)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Olearia ramulosa (Asteraceae)
Notes
Heterohasta conglobata
(Walker, 1963)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Hibbertia scandens (Dilleniaceae)
Notes
ANIC label. Larvae feed on leaves and shoots of Hibbertia scandens.
Melitulias sp.
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Fabaceae
Notes
Melitulias s.l. sp. undescribed
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Casuarina paludosa var. robusta (Casuarinaceae)
Notes
McFarland (1988). The species cited as “Horisme” sp.? has been reared. The specimen apparently represents an undescribed species (Schmidt, unpubl. data).
Polyclysta hypogrammata
Guenée, 1858
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Ficus sp. (Moraceae)
Notes
Visiana brujata
(Guenée, 1858)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Urtica incisa (Urticaceae)
Notes
ANIC label, Schmidt (2006b), Schmidt (2013). Larvae were reared from eggs.
Visiana incertata
(Walker, 1862)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Urtica incisa (Urticaceae)
Notes
Schmidt, unpubl. data. Larvae were reared from eggs.
Fig. 13.
Figure 13.
Visiana incertata, female
Habitat of Visiana incertata is presented on Fig. 14.
Figure 14.
Habitat of Visiana incertata, Bunya Mountains
Visiana incertata
(Walker, 1862)
Ecological interactions
Feeds on
Urtica dioica (Urticaceae)
Notes
Schmidt, unpubl. data. Final instar larvae readily accepted the leaves of Urtica dioica (flowers and buds were not offered).
Discussion
Larval food plants of 51 Australian larentiine species from the following tribes are presented, including Asthenini (5 species), Eupitheciini (17 species), Trichopterygini (4 species) and Xanthorhoini (10 species). Additionally, food plants of 15 species unplaced to tribe are listed. The larvae are recorded to feed on 36 plant families (Table 1). More than a half of plant species are native to Australia. Two species, namely Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) and Acacia mearnsii (Fabaceae) are recorded as invasive species.
Table 1.
Families of the larval food plants of Australian Larentiinae
| No | Food plant | Tribe | Species |
| 1 | Araliaceae | Xanthorhoini | Epyaxa subidaria |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" catastreptes |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" insigillata |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Eupitheciini | Microdes oriochares |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Eupitheciini | Phrissogonus laticostata |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Eupitheciini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 2 | Asteraceae | Unplaced to tribe | "Chrysolarentia" squamulata |
| 3 | Boraginaceae | Xanthorhoini | Epyaxa sodaliata |
| 4 | Caryophyllaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 5 | Chenopodiaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 6 | Dilleniaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 6 | Dilleniaceae | Unplaced to tribe | Anachloris tofocolorata |
| 6 | Dilleniaceae | Unplaced to tribe | Anachloris uncinata |
| 6 | Dilleniaceae | Unplaced to tribe | Heterohasta conglobata |
| 7 | Epacridaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena pulchraria |
| 7 | Epacridaceae | Unplaced to tribe | "Chrysolarentia" leucophanes |
| 8 | Ericaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena pulchraria |
| 8 | Ericaceae | Asthenini | Phrissogonus laticostata |
| 8 | Ericaceae | Unplaced to tribe | "Chrysolarentia" severata |
| 9 | Euphorbiaceae | Eupitheciini | Bosara minima |
| 9 | Euphorbiaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" catastreptes |
| 9 | Euphorbiaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" insigillata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" approximata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" catastreptes |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" filata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" insigillata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | Gymnoscelis lophopus |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | Microdes squamulata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | Microdes villosata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | Pasiphila testulata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Eupitheciini | Phrissogonus laticostata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Xanthorhoini | Epyaxa subidaria |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Xanthorhoini | Xanthorhoe vacuaria |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Unplaced to tribe | "Chrysolarentia" actinipha |
| 10 | Fabaceae | Unplaced to tribe | Melitulias sp. |
| 11 | Gentianaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 12 | Geraniaceae | Asthenini | Epicyme rubropunctaria |
| 12 | Geraniaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia decisaria |
| 13 | Haloragaceae | Asthenini | Epicyme rubropunctaria |
| 14 | Lauraceae | Trichopterygini | Sauris cirrhigera |
| 15 | Lamiaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 16 | Lythraceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 17 | Malvaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 18 | Meliaceae | Eupitheciini | Symmimetis sp. |
| 18 | Meliaceae | Trichopterygini | Sauris malaca |
| 19 | Moraceae | Unplaced to tribe | Polyclysta hypogrammata |
| 20 | Myrtaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena balioloma |
| 20 | Myrtaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena ischnophrica |
| 20 | Myrtaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena pulchraria |
| 20 | Myrtaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena xylocyma |
| 20 | Myrtaceae | Unplaced to tribe | "Chrysolarentia" leucophanes |
| 21 | Onagraceae | Unplaced to tribe | Anachloris subochraria |
| 22 | Piperaceae | Asthenini | Poecilasthena pulchraria |
| 23 | Pittosporaceae | Eupitheciini | Gymnoscelis sp. |
| 24 | Plantaginaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" filata |
| 24 | Plantaginaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia insulsata |
| 24 | Plantaginaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia lucidulata |
| 24 | Plantaginaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 24 | Plantaginaceae | Xanthorhoini | Epyaxa subidaria |
| 25 | Podocarpaceae | Trichopterygini | Tympanota perophora |
| 26 | Polygonaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia vicissata |
| 27 | Primulaceae | Eupitheciini | Collix ghosha |
| 27 | Primulaceae | Eupitheciini | Epyaxa sodaliata |
| 28 | Proteaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" insigillata |
| 28 | Proteaceae | Eupitheciini | Gymnoscelis lophopus |
| 28 | Proteaceae | Eupitheciini | Gymnoscelis derogata |
| 29 | Ranunculaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" catastreptes |
| 29 | Ranunculaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" insigillata |
| 29 | Ranunculaceae | Eupitheciini | Phrissogonus laticostata |
| 29 | Ranunculaceae | Xanthorhoini | Chrysolarentia decisaria |
| 30 | Rosaceae | Eupitheciini | "Chloroclystis" approximata |
| 30 | Rosaceae | Eupitheciini | Pasiphila testulata |
| 30 | Rosaceae | Eupitheciini | Phrissogonus laticostata |
| 31 | Rubiaceae | Eupitheciini | Gymnoscelis delocyma |
| 31 | Rubiaceae | Xanthorhoini | Acodia sp. |
| 31 | Rubiaceae | Xanthorhoini | Austrocidaria sp. |
| 31 | Rubiaceae | Xanthorhoini | Scotocyma albinotata |
| 32 | Santalaceae | Trichopterygini | Sauris commoni |
| 33 | Sapindaceae | Trichopterygini | Sauris malaca |
| 34 | Scrophulariaceae | Eupitheciini | Chloroclystis s.l. sp. |
| 35 | Urticaceae | Unplaced to tribe | Visiana brujata |
| 35 | Urticaceae | Unplaced to tribe | Visiana incertata |
| 36 | Verbenaceae | Eupitheciini | Gymnoscelis lophopus |
"Chloroclystis" approximata, "C." insigillata, Gymnoscelis lophopus, G. derogata, Pasiphila testulata, Phrissogonus laticostata and Sauris malaca are known as minor pests of cultivated plants.
The food plants are recorded for about 20% of Australian species therefore conclusions about food preference are rather preliminary. Moreover, the larentiine larvae are often polyphagous, hence the assumptions that taxa are closely related based solely on food preference of the larvae should not be overestimated.
Tribes Asthenini and Eupitheciini
Like in the Palaearctic region, larvae of Australian species of the tribe Eupitheciini are mostly polyphagous or oligophagous, tending to feed on flowers and buds of various plants. The tribes Eupitheciini and Asthenini are often considered closely related (e.g. Xue and Scoble 2002). Holloway (1997) treated the ‘asthenine’ genera in Eupitheciini, although he mentioned that Poecilasthena Warren, Parasthena Warren, Eois Hübner, Polynesia Swinhoe and Pseudopolynesia Holloway could be placed in Ashtenini. The present study revealed no evidence of concordance of the data on food preference of the larvae of these two tribes. The asthenine larvae mainly feed on leaves of native Epacridaceae, Ericaceae, Haloragaceae and Myrtaceae, with one species feeding on Piperaceae, whereas the larvae of Eupitheciini prefer feeding on the flowers and buds of Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Hypericaceae, Pittosporaceae, Plantaginaceae, Primulaceae, Proteaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae and occasionally on Meliaceae and Menispermaceae. The tribe Asthenini seems to be distinct from Eupitheciini, however, additional data need to be collected and analysed to clarify placement of several genera currently included in these tribes.
Tribe Trichopterygini
Food plants are recognized for several Indo-Pacific and South American species of the genera occurring in Australia. Larvae of one Japanese species of Episteira Warren from the tribe Trichopterygini feed on foliage of trees or shrubs of Podocarpus sp. (Podocarpaceae) (Sugi, 1987, in: Holloway 1997), like Australian trichopterygine species of Tympanota. Generally, the Australian trichopterygines are associated with Lauraceae, Meliaceae, Santalaceae and Sapindaceae. In Europe, larvae of Trichopterygini are associated with trees and shrubs from the families Anacardiaceae, Cupressaceae, Salicaceae and Sapindaceae, with a few polyphagous species feeding on Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae (see Hausmann and Viidalepp 2012). Most of the trichopterygine food plants belong to the Sapindales in both Europe and Australasia.
Tribe Xanthorhoini
Like in the Palaearctic region, larvae of Australian xanthorhoines are polyphagous, feeding mainly on foliage of flowering plants and herbs. Most of the Australian larvae accepted Plantaginaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae.
Genera unplaced to tribes
Larvae of a New Zealand species Aponotoreas dissimilis (Philpott, 1914) accepted Dracophyllum sp. (Epacridaceae), whereas A. synclinalis (Hudson, 1903) was feeding on Empodisma minus (Restionaceae) (B. Patrick, pers. comm., in: Craw 1986). The genus Aponotoreas Craw is currently assigned to the tribe Hydriomenini (McQuillan and Edwards 1996) but does not share several morphological characters of the tribe and is in need of taxonomic study (Schmidt, unpubl. data). Epacridaceae is a food plant of several asthenine species and of Chrysolarentia leucophanes of which the tribal assignment is still unclear. Apart from A. synclinalis, no further larentiine larvae are known to feed on Restionaceae. In Europe, the larvae of Hydriomena spp. are known to feed on Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae and Salicaceae (see Hausmann and Viidalepp 2012). Regarding the larval food preference of Aponotoreas, there is no indication of a close affinity with Hydriomenini.
Larvae of an Indo-Pacific species Eois grataria (Walker, 1861) feed on Mallotus sp. (Euphorbiaceae) (Singh, 1953, in: Holloway 1997), while most of South American species of the genus readily accept Piper sp. (Piperaceae) (Strutzenberger and Fiedler 2011). Eois Hübner is not assigned to any tribe currently although it has been cited in Asthenini and Eupitheciini, or excluded from both tribes (Holloway 1997, Xue and Scoble 2002, Strutzenberger and Fiedler 2011, Viidalepp 2011). Glochidion sp., Bertya sp., Trigonostemon sp., Hevea sp. (Euphorbiaceae) are food plants of the Indo-Australian eupitheciine larvae, which would indicate an affinity of Eois with Eupitheciini. However, larvae of one asthenine species feed on Piperaceae, like Poecilasthena pulchraria (Doubleday, 1843) that is placed in Asthenini. Adult morphological characters indicate a close relationship of the Australasian Eois to Eupitheciini (Schmidt, unpubl. data).
Supplementary Material
List of the Australian Larentiinae (Geometridae) and their food plants
O. Schmidt
Data type: food plants
File: oo_81963.xls
List of the Australasian Larentiinae (Geometridae) and their food plants
O. Schmidt
Data type: food plants
File: oo_72989.xls
Acknowledgements
The work has been mainly conducted at the Zoologische Staatssammlung (ZSM, Munich, Germany) and Australian National Insect Collection (Canberra, Australia). Many thanks to Axel Hausmann (ZSM), Ted Edwards and Marianne Horak (ANIC) for offering access to the geometrid moth collections. I am grateful to Catherine Byrne (Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart) for sharing information on the food plants of six Tasmanian larentiine species which she reared and for valuable comments on the manuscript. Peter McQuillan (University of Tasmania, Hobart) and Don Herbison-Evans (Macleay Museum University of Sydney) are acknowledged for sharing data on the larvae of several geometrid moths. I appreciate valuable comments made by Sei-Woong Choi (Mokpo National University, Moppo) and Axel Hausmann on the manuscript. Sincere thanks to Alice Wells and Laurence Mound (Canberra) for hospitality. Stefan Schmidt (ZSM) is thanked for support.
References
- Common I. F.B. Australian Moths (revised ed.) Jacaranda Pocket Guides. Jacaranda Press; Brisbane: 1966. 131 [Google Scholar]
- Common I. F.B. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press; Melbourne: 1990. 535 [Google Scholar]
- Craw R. C. Review of the genus Notoreas (sensu auctorum) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 1986;13:134–140. doi: 10.1080/03014223.1986.10422654. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Dugdale J. S. Insects of Campbell Island. Appendix. Lepidoptera: Geometridae. Pacific Insects Monograph. 1964;7:607–623. [Google Scholar]
- Dugdale J. S. Entomology of the Aucklands and other islands south of New Zealand: Lepidoptera, excluding non-crambine Pyralidae. Pacific Insects Monograph. 1971;27:55–172. [Google Scholar]
- Dugdale J. S. Australian Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with descriptions of eight new taxa. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1980;28:301–340. doi: 10.1071/zo9800301. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Dugdale J. S. Lepidoptera – annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand. 1988;14:1–262. [Google Scholar]
- Hausmann A., Viidalepp J. The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Apollo Books; Stenstrup: 2012. Larentiinae I.742 [Google Scholar]
- Holloway J. D. The moths of Borneo: family Geometridae, subfamilies Sterrhinae and Larentiinae. Malayan Nature Journal. 1997;51:1–242. English. [Google Scholar]
- Hudson G. V. New Zealand Moths and Butterflies (Macro-Lepidoptera) Newman & Co.; London, West: 1898. 144 [Google Scholar]
- Marriott P. Moths of Victoria. Part 3 Waves, Carpets and Allies. Entomological Society of Victoria; Melbourne: 2011. 36 [Google Scholar]
- McFarland N. Some observations on the eggs of moths and certain aspects of first instar larval behaviour. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 1973;12(4):199–208. [Google Scholar]
- McFarland N. Annotated list of larval food plant records for 280 species of Australian moths. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society. 1979;Supplement:1–72. [Google Scholar]
- McFarland N. Portraits of South Australian Geometrid Moths. Allen Press; Lawrence, Kansas: 1988. iv+400 [Google Scholar]
- McQuillan P. B. Trans-Tasman relationships in the highland moth (Lepidoptera) fauna. In: Barlow B. A., editor. Fauna and Flora of Alpine Australasia: ages and origins. E.J. Brill and CSIRO; Australia: 1986. 13 [Google Scholar]
- McQuillan P. B. Program and Abstracts: Biodiversity in Australia 1699-1999 and beyond. In: George A., Harvey M., Majer J., editors. Patterns of diversity in the phytophagous insects of southern Australia. Dampier 300. Western Australian Museum; Perth: 1999. 65-66 [Google Scholar]
- McQuillan P. B. An overview of the Tasmanian geometrid moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and its conservation status. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2004;8:209–220. doi: 10.1007/s10841-004-1353-0. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- McQuillan P. B., Edwards E. D. Geometridae . In: Nielsen E. S., Edwards E. D., Rangsi T. V., editors. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera, Vol. 4. CSIRO; Melbourne: 1996. 28 [Google Scholar]
- McQuillan P. B., Taylor R. J., Bereton R. N., Cale P. G. Seasonal patterns of activity in geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from a lowland and highland eucalypt forest in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Entomology. 1998;37:228–237. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1998.tb01576.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Mironov V. Larentiinae II (Perizomini and Eupitheciini) In: Hausmann A., editor. The geometrid moths of Europe 4. Appollo Books; Stenstrup: 2003. 462 [Google Scholar]
- Prout L. B. New Exotic Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae. 1932;38(1):103–126. [Google Scholar]
- Roberts L. I.N. Insects from the Cavalli Islands. Tane. The journal of the Auckland University Field Club. 1979;25:125–132. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt O. The Australian species of Anachloris Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae): taxonomy, male genitalia musculature and systematic position. Australian Journal of Entomology. 2001;40(3):219–230. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00232.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt Olga. A revision of the genus Chaetolopha Warren (Lepidoptera : Geometridae : Larentiinae) with a description of Parachaetolopha, gen. nov. Invertebrate Systematics. 2002;16(5):703–733. doi: 10.1071/IT01013. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt O. Some results of taxonomic research on larentiine moths from the Australasian region. Spixiana. 2003;26(3):204. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt Olga. Revision of Scotocyma Turner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) Australian Journal of Entomology. 2005;44(3):257–278. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.2005.00471.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt Olga. Visiana sordidata (Moore), a complex of species from the Indo-Pacific region (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) Spixiana. 2006;29:77–85. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt O. Australasian genus Scotocyma Turner and the recently described species S. sumatrensis Schmidt (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) Heterocera Sumatrana. 2006;12(6):241–255. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt O. Description of the male of the north-eastern Australian species Scotocyma rutilimixta Schmidt (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae, Xanthorhoini) Spixiana. 2007;30(1):93–97. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt Olga. Review of the species of Visiana Swinhoe from the Papua New Guinea region (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) Zootaxa. 2013;3693(2):189–199. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3693.2.5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Scoble M. J. Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) CSIRO Publishing; Collingwood, Victoria: 1999. 1200 [Google Scholar]
- Strutzenberger P., Fiedler K. Temporal patterns of diversification in Andean Eois, a species-rich clade of moths (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011;24:919–925. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02216.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tominaga S. Hostplant of Collix ghosha Walker Geometridae, Larentiinae in Okinawa. Japan Heterocerist’s Journal. 1998;25:4. [Google Scholar]
- Turner A. J. Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. Family Geometridae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 1904;16:218–284. [Google Scholar]
- Viidalepp Jaan. A morphological review of tribes in Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Zootaxa. 2011;44(3136):1–44. [Google Scholar]
- White E. G. The changing abundance of moths in a Tussock Grassland, 1962-1989, and 50- to 70-year trends. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1991;15(1):5–22. [Google Scholar]
- Xue D., Scoble M. J. A review of the genera associated with the tribe Asthenini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) Bulletin of the Natural History Museum London (Entomology) 2002;71(1):77–133. doi: 10.1017/s0968045402000044. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Young C. J. Descriptions of the eggs of some southern Australian Geometridae (Lepidoptera) Zootaxa. 2006;1287:1–294. [Google Scholar]
- Yunus A., Ho T. N. List of Economic Pests, Host Plants, Parasites and Predators in West Malaysia (1920-1978) Bulletin of the Malaysian Department of Agriculture. 1980;153:1–538. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang B. C. Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera. CAB International; Wallingford, Oxford, UK: 1994. 599 [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
List of the Australian Larentiinae (Geometridae) and their food plants
O. Schmidt
Data type: food plants
File: oo_81963.xls
List of the Australasian Larentiinae (Geometridae) and their food plants
O. Schmidt
Data type: food plants
File: oo_72989.xls