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. 2015 Nov 12;7(3):2401–2416. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6262

Prognostic impact of concurrent MYC and BCL6 rearrangements and expression in de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Qing Ye 1,#, Zijun Y Xu-Monette 1,#, Alexandar Tzankov 2,#, Lijuan Deng 1, Xiaoxiao Wang 1, Ganiraju C Manyam 3, Carlo Visco 4, Santiago Montes-Moreno 5, Li Zhang 3, Karen Dybkær 6, April Chiu 7, Attilio Orazi 8, Youli Zu 9, Govind Bhagat 10, Kristy L Richards 11, Eric D Hsi 12, William WL Choi 13, J Han van Krieken 14, Jooryung Huh 15, Maurilio Ponzoni 16, Andrés JM Ferreri 16, Ben M Parsons 17, Michael B Møller 18, Miguel A Piris 5, Jane N Winter 19, L Jeffrey Medeiros 1, Shimin Hu 1, Ken H Young 1,20
PMCID: PMC4823044  PMID: 26573234

Abstract

Double-hit B-cell lymphoma is a common designation for a group of tumors characterized by concurrent translocations of MYC and BCL2, BCL6, or other genes. The prognosis of concurrent MYC and BCL6 translocations is not well known. In this study, we assessed rearrangements and expression of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 in 898 patients with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with standard chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone plus rituximab). Neither BCL6 translocation alone (more frequent in activated B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) nor in combination with MYC translocation (observed in 2.0% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) predicted poorer survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with MYC/BCL6 co-expression did have significantly poorer survival, however, MYC/BCL6 co-expression had no effect on prognosis in the absence of MYC/BCL2 co-expression, and had no additive impact in MYC+/BCL2+ cases. The isolated MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− subset, more frequent in germinal center B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, had significantly better survival compared with the isolated MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− subset (more frequent in activated B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). In summary, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients with either MYC/BCL6 rearrangements or MYC/BCL6 co-expression did not always have poorer prognosis; MYC expression levels should be evaluated simultaneously; and double-hit B-cell lymphoma needs to be refined based on the specific genetic abnormalities present in these tumors.

Keywords: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, double-hit, MYC, BCL6, BCL2

INTRODUCTION

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and has heterogeneous biologic features. Chromosomal rearrangements, the biologic and diagnostic hallmarks of some other types of B-cell lymphoma, also occur in DLBCL. The most common chromosomal rearrangements in DLBCL are those involving chromosomal gene loci 8q24/MYC, 18q21/BCL2, and 3q27/BCL6 [1, 2]. MYC rearrangement, a disease-initiating event in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), can be observed in approximately 10% of de novo DLBCL and correlates with a poorer outcome [3–7]. However, MYC rearrangement alone may not explain the poor prognosis of patients with DLBCL that carry MYC rearrangement plus another chromosomal rearrangement. The designation double-hit lymphoma (DHL) has been used for a B-cell lymphoma carrying a MYC/8q24 rearrangement in combination with a rearrangement involving either BCL2, BCL6, or rarely other known oncogenes [2, 8, 9].

By far, the most common and well-studied type of DHL is characterized by concurrent MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (MYC/BCL2 DHL), occurring in about 5% of all cases of DLBCL [10, 11]. As key regulators of cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively, MYC and BCL2 may act synergistically to drive the pathogenesis of MYC/BCL2 DHL [12]. Clinically, patients with MYC/BCL2 DHL often exhibit adverse prognostic factors, such as high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, advanced stage of disease, extranodal involvement, and a high proliferation index with a median value of 90%. There is a general consensus that MYC/BCL2 DHL represents a treatment-refractory subgroup with a median survival of approximately 8 months [13–20]. Despite the dismal outcome of patients with MYC/BCL2 DHL, almost all of these tumors arise within the germinal center B cell-like (GCB) subtype, a generally favorable prognostic subtype, illustrating a discordance between clinical behavior and cell of origin (COO) subtypes [1, 15, 17, 21].

As an extension of the concept of MYC/BCL2 DHL, the concept of “double protein lymphoma (DPL)” has been developed in recent years referring to DLBCL with coexpression of MYC and BCL2 detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), regardless of activation mechanisms. MYC/BCL2 DPL is more common than MYC/BCL2 DHL and accounts for 18-44% of DLBCL cases and might result from gene amplification, transcriptional dysregulation or both [11, 22–26]. A series of studies have shown that patients with MYC/BCL2 DPL have a significantly poorer outcome than patients who express only one or neither protein, with a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) of 25% following R-CHOP treatment [11, 22]. Interestingly, unlike MYC/BCL2 DHL which is mainly observed in the GCB subtype, MYC/BCL2 DPL is more common in the activated-B cell-like (ABC) subtype and may largely contribute to inferior survival via NF-κB pathway activation [23].

According to the concept of DHL used currently, another type of DHL is MYC/BCL6 DHL with concurrent MYC and BCL6 rearrangements [1, 2]. However, there are far less data available for MYC/BCL6 DHL, in part because of its rarity. BCL6 is a transcriptional suppressor required for germinal center formation with numerous transcriptional targets, including the cell cycle regulator CCND2 and MYC, which explains downregulation of MYC in normal germinal center B-cells [27–29]. Studies by others have suggested that BCL6 expression is associated with better survival of DLBCL patients [24, 30]. The frequency and the prognostic impact of concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements and MYC/BCL6 protein coexpression in DLBCL remain unclear.

In this study, we assessed the frequency, clinicopathologic features, and the prognostic impact of concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements or MYC/BCL6 coexpression in a large cohort of de novo DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP, in comparison to MYC/BCL2 rearrangements and MYC/BCL2 coexpression. The study evaluated the role of each genetic translocation separately and in combinations, providing reliable conclusion and practical recommendations for diagnostic workup and prognostic prediction.

RESULTS

Overall frequency and distribution

The median age of the study population was 64 years (range, 16-95). The median follow-up time was 58.9 months (range, 1-187 months). Among the 898 cases, 469 (52%) were GCB and 429 (48%) were determined to be GCB and ABC subtype, respectively. The complete response rate to R-CHOP therapy was 75%. As shown in Table 1, rearrangements of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 were detected in 71 (11.8%) of 600, 94 (13.6%) of 690, and 145 (23.1%) of 628 cases, respectively. MYC and BCL2 rearrangements were detected predominantly in GCB subtype (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively) whereas BCL6 rearrangement was more frequently observed in the ABC subtype (P = 0.0002). MYC/BCL2, MYC/BCL6, and BCL2/BCL6 concurrent rearrangements were identified in 20 (2.8%), 14 (2%), and 21 (2.9%) patients, respectively. Both MYC/BCL2 and BCL2/BCL6 concurrent rearrangements were observed mostly in the GCB subtype (MYC+/BCL2+: P < 0.0001; BCL2+/BCL6+: P = 0.0045) whereas MYC/BCL6 concurrent rearrangements were observed in two COO subtypes (9 GCB, 5 ABC) without significantly difference in frequency (P = 0.37).

Table 1. Frequencies of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 gene translocations and protein overexpression, and multivariate survival analysis.

Overall GCB ABC GCB vs ABC OS PFS
n/n (%) n/n (%) n/n (%) P value HR (95% CI) P value HR (95% CI) P value
MYC translocation 71/600 (11.8%) 51/314 (16.2%) 20/284 (7.0%) .0005 1.36 (0.83-2.23) .22 1.26 (0.79-2.01) .34
BCL2 translocation 94/690 (13.6%) 85/360 (23.6%) 9/328 (2.7%) <.0001 1.39 (0.86-2.24) .17 1.34 (0.86-2.09) .20
BCL6 translocation 145/628 (23.1%) 59/338 (17.5%) 86/286 (30.1%) .0002 1.06 (0.70-1.61) .77 1.13 (0.77-1.66) .53
MYC+ expression 249/825 (30.2%) 121/430 (28.1%) 127/390 (32.6%) .17 1.89 (1.26-2.84) .002 1.85 (1.26-2.71) .002
BCL2+ expression 439/849 (51.7%) 194/439 (44.2%) 245/406 (60.3%) <.0001 1.67 (1.14-2.46) .009 1.70 (1.19-2.42) .004
BCL6+ expression 555/887 (62.6%) 350/462 (75.8%) 204/424 (48.1%) <.0001 0.67 (0.45-1.00) .048 0.47 (0.40-0.89) .016
MYC+/BCL2+ double-hit 20/710 (2.8%) 19/359 (5.3%) 1/349 (0.3%) <.0001 3.38 (1.75-6.52) <.0001 3.04 (1.63-5.67) <.0001
MYC+/BCL6+ concurrent translocation 14/683 (2.0%) 9/356 (2.5%) 5/323 (1.5%) .37 0.67 (0.23-1.97) .47 0.85 (0.33-2.21) .74
BCL2+/BCL6+ concurrent translocation 21/718 (2.9%) 18/371 (4.9%) 3/341 (0.9%) .0045 0.47 (0.16-1.39) .14 0.52 (0.20-1.33) .17
MYC+/BCL2+ double-positive 146/831 (17.6%) 62/434 (14.3%) 84/390 (21.5%) .0079 2.54 (1.65-3.94) <.0001 2.92 (1.91-4.47) <.0001
MYC+/BCL6+ co-expression 178/821 (21.7%) 97/434 (22.4%) 81/413 (19.6%) .35 1.02 (0.65-1.58) .94 0.85 (0.56-1.30) .46
BCL2+/BCL6+ co-expression 282/845 (33.4%) 151/443 (34.1%) 131/415 (31.6%) .47 1.01 (0.68-1.49) .97 0.90 (0.62-1.30) .58
MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− 43/871 (4.9%) 13/460 (2.8%) 30/403 (7.4%) .0019 1.60 (1.01-2.54) .046 2.16 (1.39-3.34) .001
MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− 75/850 (8.8%) 49/434 (11.3%) 26/412 (6.3%) .011 0.87 (0.54-1.40) .56 0.86 (0.58-1.34) .51
MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6+ 101/829 (12.2%) 47/432 (10.9%) 54/390 (13.8%) .20 2.57 (1.86-3.56) <.0001 2.41 (1.77-3.28) <.0001
(triple-positive)
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Abbreviations: OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Note: (1) Not all the patients had experiment results available for all three genes (MYC/BCL2/BCL6) or protein mostly due to tissue exhaustion. Total patient numbers for particular biomarkers are listed. For defined combination biomarkers (double-hit/concurrent translocation or double positive/co-expression), total case numbers are more than those for single markers because some cases had only one gene/protein (as a component of the defined biomarker combinations) data available and the results were negative. For example, cases known to have no MYC translocation but without BCL2 translocation status known are included as non MYC+/BCL2+ double-hit cases during frequency calculation.

(2) For multivariate analyses, four Cox models including different prognostic factors were used. The first model included 4 clinical parameters (International Prognostic Index, gender, B-symptoms, and tumor size), MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 translocation status, and MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 protein expression levels as variables (totally 10 factors) and the results are as shown in the top six rows. The second model included clinical parameters, and status for MYC+/BCL2+, MYC+/BCL6+, BCL2+/BCL6+, MYC+/BCL2+, MYC+/BCL6+ and BCL2+/BCL6+ (totally 10 factors) and the results are shown in the 7th-12th rows. The third models included clinical parameters, and status for “MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− and MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− (totally 6 factors) and the results are shown in the 13-14 rows. The fourth model included clinical parameters and MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6+ as a factor and the results are shown in the last row.

Using immunohistochemistry 249 (30.2%), 439 (51.7%), and 555 (62.6%) patients had high levels of MYC (≥70%), BCL2 (≥70%), and BCL6 ( > 50%) expression, respectively. MYC expression was similarly distributed between GCB and ABC subtypes (P = 0.17) whereas BCL2 and BCL6 expression were significantly more common in the ABC and GCB subtypes, respectively (both P < 0.0001), in contrast to the association of their gene translocations with GCB and ABC subtype respectively. MYC+/BCL2+, MYC+/BCL6+, and BCL2+/BCL6+ coexpression were observed in 146 (17.6%), 178 (21.7%), and 282 (33.4%) cases, respectively. Unlike the predominance of MYC+BCL2+ coexpression in the ABC subtype (P = 0.0079), both MYC+/BCL6+ and BCL2+/BCL6+ coexpression were equally distributed between the two COO subtypes (P = 0.35 and P = 0.47, respectively). All MYC protein positive patients were further stratified into three subgroups: MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− (MYC+/BCL2+ coexpression, BCL6−), MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− (MYC+/BCL6+ coexpression, BCL2−) and MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6+ coexpression. The MYC+BCL2+BCL6− subgroup was predominantly of ABC subtype (P = 0.0019), whereas the MYC+BCL6+BCL2− subgroup was more commonly of GCB subtype (P = 0.011) (Table 1).

Clinicopathologic features of DLBCL with concurrent rearrangement and coexpression

The clinicopathologic features of patients in the study cohort with or without concurrent gene rearrangements and protein coexpression are listed in Table 2. DLBCL patients with MYC/BCL2 rearrangements more frequently had large tumors (P = 0.02) and a lower complete response rate (P = 0.0033), and commonly the tumors were of GCB subtype (P < 0.0001). No clinicopathologic features were significantly different between DLBCL patients with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements versus patients without MYC/BCL6 concurrent rearrangement, although larger tumor size was of borderline significance (P = 0.058).

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of patients with concurrent MYC, BCL2 or BCL6 translocations and MYC, BCL2 or BCL6 protein co-expression.

Parameters MYC+/BCL2+ (DH) Non- MYC+/BCL2+ P MYC+/BCL6+ Non- MYC+/BCL6+ P MYC+/BCL2+ (DP) Non- MYC+/BCL2+ P MYC+/BCL6+ Non- MYC+/BCL6+ P MYC+/BCL2+, BCL6− MYC+/BCL6+, BCL2− P
N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%)
Age
 <60 7 (35) 254 (39.9) .73 4 (30.8) 253 (38.8) .51 39 (28.7) 285 (43.2) .0016 61 (36.5) 262 (40.4) .36 14 (34.1) 36 (50) .10
 ≥60 13 (65) 401 (60.1) 9 (69.2) 381 (61.2) 97 (71.3) 374 (56.8) 106 (63.5) 386 (59.6) 27 (65.9) 36 (50)
Gender
 F 6 (30) 266 (39.6) .35 7 (53.8) 252 (40.4) .30 61 (44.5) 272 (41.2) .47 74 (44) 266 (41) .47 17 (40.5) 30 (41.1) .95
 M 14 (70) 392 (60.4) 6 (46.2) 385 (59.6) 76 (55.5) 388 (58.8) 94 (56) 383 (59) 25 (59.5) 43 (58.9)
Stage
 I-II 5 (27.8) 292 (45.2) .13 5 (41.7) 278 (45.8) .81 40 (30.5) 318 (49.9) <.0001 60 (37) 299 (47.7) .015 16 (39) 36 (50) .26
 III-IV 13 (72.2) 345 (54.8) 7 (58.3) 337 (54.2) 91 (69.5) 319 (50.1) 102 (63) 328 (52.3) 25 (61) 36 (50)
B-symptoms
 No 11 (61.1) 372 (61.3) .98 6 (50) 357 (60.9) .43 70 (55.6) 393 (63.9) .078 96 (60.8) 377 (62.6) .67 22 (53.7) 48 (66.7) .17
 Yes 7 (38.9) 239 (38.7) 6 (50) 225 (39.1) 56 (44.4) 222 (36.1) 62 (39.2) 225 (37.4) 19 (46.3) 24 (33.3)
LDH
 Normal 5 (27.8) 244 (39.5) .25 4 (30.8) 226 (41.1) .52 44 (35.2) 243 (40.5) .27 59 (37.6) 239 (40.6) .48 12 (31.6) 27 (38.6) .47
 Elevated 13 (72.2) 349 (60.5) 9 (69.2) 346 (58.9) 81 (64.8) 357 (59.5) 98 (62.4) 349 (59.4) 26 (68.4) 43 (61.4)
# of extranodal sites
 0-1 12 (63.2) 481 (77.4) .16 7 (63.6) 468 (77) .28 88 (67.7) 501 (79.8) .0026 113 (70.2) 490 (79.5) .011 28 (70) 53 (74.6) .60
 ≥2 7 (36.8) 144 (22.6) 4 (36.4) 137 (23) 42 (32.3) 127 (20.2) 48 (29.8) 126 (20.5) 12 (30) 18 (25.4)
ECOG
 0-1 14 (77.8) 471 (82.5) .62 7 (63.6) 456 (82.3) .11 93 (75) 486 (84.4) .012 119 (76.8) 470 (83.3) .06 29 (76.3) 56 (81.2) .55
 ≥2 4 (22.2) 101 (17.5) 4 (36.4) 97 (17.7) 31 (25) 90 (15.6) 36 (23.2) 94 (16.7) 9 (23.7) 13 (18.8)
Size of largest tumor
 <5cm 4 (25) 273 (54) .02 2 (22.2) 259 (54.4) .058 50 (45) 288 (56.4) .03 67 (48.2) 268 (56.1) .10 11 (31.4) 28 (45.2) .19
 ≥5cm 12 (75) 229 (46) 7 (77.8) 221 (45.6) 61 (55) 223 (43.6) 72 (51.8) 210 (43.9) 24 (68.6) 34 (54.8)
IPI score
 0-2 8 (44.4) 377 (59.8) .17 6 (50) 355 (60.5) .50 56 (42.7) 401 (65.1) <.0001 81 (49.7) 381 (63.2) .0018 19 (47.5) 44 (61.1) .16
 3-5 10 (55.6) 246 (40.2) 6 (50) 239 (39.5) 75 (57.3) 215 (34.9) 82 (50.3) 222 (36.8) 21 (52.5) 28 (38.9)
Therapy response
 CR 10 (55) 487 (75.3) .026 8 (66.7) 464 (76.3) .48 79 (48.2) 501 (78.8) <.0001 108 (65.9) 484 (77.4) .0023 25 (61) 55 (77.5) .06
 PR 3 80 2 80 59 70 31 70 9 8
 SD 2 27 1 24 9 23 7 30 4 2
 PD 4 44 1 47 17 42 18 41 3 6
Cell-of-origin
 GCB 19 (95) 340 (52.2) <.0001 9 (64.3) 347 (49.4) .43 62 (42.5) 372 (54.9) .0079 97 (54.5) 337 (50.4) .35 13 (30.2) 49 (65.3) .0003
 ABC 1 (5) 348 (47.8) 5 (35.7) 318 (50.6) 84 (57.5) 306 (45.1) 81 (45.5) 332 (49.6) 30 (69.8) 26 (34.7)
Ki-67 index
 <70% 5 (45.5) 137 (32.5) .52 3 (37.5) 125 (33.1) .72 19 (19.4) 170 (39.2) .0002 29 (23.8) 159 (39.6) .0017 6 (19.4) 16 (28.6) .44
 ≥70% 6 (54.5) 277 (67.5) 5 (62.5) 260 (66.9) 79 (80.6) 264 (60.8) 93 (76.2) 243 (60.4) 25 (80.6) 40 (71.4)
TP53mutation
 WT 8 (72.7) 301 (78.8) .71 7 (100) 276 (78.2) .35 62 (71.3) 311 (78.9) .12 81 (75.7) 284 (78.0) .60 20 (76.9) 40 (83.3) .54
 MUT 3 (27.3) 81 (21.2) 0 (0) 77 (21.8) 25 (28.7) 83 (21.1) 26 (24.3) 80 (22.0) 6 (23.1) 8 (16.7)
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Abbreviations: DH, double-hit; DP, double-positive; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; IPI, International Prognostic Index; CR, complete remission; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; GCB, germinal center B-cell like; ABC, activated B-cell like; WT, wild type; MUT, mutant. For therapy response, we calculated P values as CR vs other responses. Some clinical features of certain cases were not available.

Patients with MYC+/BCL2+ coexpression were more often of older age (P = 0.0016) and more often had advanced disease stage (P < 0.0001), extranodal involvement (P = 0.0026), large tumor size (P = 0.03), International Prognostic Index score > 2 (P < 0.0001), low complete response rate (P = 0.0071), and high Ki-67 (P = 0.0002), and the lymphoma was more often of ABC subtype (P = 0.0079). Patients with MYC+/BCL6+ coexpression were associated with advanced disease stage (P = 0.015), extranodal sites (P = 0.011), low complete response rate (P = 0.0023) and high Ki-67 index (P = 0.0017). When MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− and MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− subgroups were isolated from the MYC+/BCL2+ and MYC+/BCL6+ patients respectively, MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− tumors were more often of ABC subtype, whereas MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− tumors were more commonly of GCB subtype (P = 0.0003) (Table 2).

Prognostic impact of concurrent rearrangements of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 in DLBCL

We first assessed the prognostic impact of rearrangements of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 in DLBCL (Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure S1). Both MYC and BCL2 rearrangements correlated to a poorer survival in the whole cohort (P = 0.003 for MYC, Figure 1A; P = 0.046 for BCL2, Figure 1B) and in the GCB subtype (P < 0.0001 for MYC, Figure 1D; P < 0.0009 for BCL2, Figure 1E) but not in the ABC subtype (Figure 1G–1H). BCL6 translocation, by contrast, did not correlate with poorer survival for either the whole cohort (P = 0.33, Figure 1C) or in the GCB (P = 0.87, Figure 1F) and ABC (P = 0.32, Figure 1I) subtypes.

Figure 1. Univariate analysis for patients with DLBCL with MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangemnts in the overall-, GCB, and ABC groups.

Figure 1

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A.-B., D.-E, G.-H. MYC and BCL2 rearrangements correlated with significantly poorer overall survival in overall and GCB- but not ABC-DLBCL. C., F., I. BCL6 translocation did not correlate with poorer overall survival.

We then assessed the prognostic impact of concurrent rearrangements in DLBCL. Patients with MYC/BCL2 translocations had a worse survival than patients with MYC rearrangement alone (overall survival [OS]: P = 0.025; PFS: P = 0.012, Figure 2A–2B). However, no difference was observed in OS and PFS between DLBCL patients with MYC/BCL6 rearrangement versus DLBCL patients with only MYC rearrangement (Figure 2C–2D). There was also no difference in OS and PFS between patients with DLBCL with BCL2/BCL6 rearrangement versus DLBCL with only BCL2 rearrangement (Figure 2E–2F). Notably the survival of patients with MYC/BCL6 rearrangement appeared to be affected by MYC expression levels (Figure 2G–2H).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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A.-B. The prognostic significance of MYC rearrangements in DLBCL depends on BCL2 rearrangement. C.-D. BCL6 rearrangement had no additive effect to MYC rearrangements. E.-F. BCL6 translocation had no additive effect to BCL2 rearrangements. G.-H. MYC expression levels appeared to impact the survival of MYC+/BCL6+ rearranged DLBCL with marginal P values probably due to the small case numbers.

The prognostic differences between patients with concurrent rearrangements of MYC/BCL2, MYC/BCL6, BCL2/BCL6 versus the remaining DLBCL patients are shown in Figure 3. Only concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements correlated with significantly poorer survival (Figure 3A–3B). Additional BCL6 translocation (triple-hit, n = 5, 26% of 19 MYC+/BCL2+ cases with BCL6 translocation status available) had no synergistic effect with concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements and, on the contrary, attenuated the adverse impact of concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements (Figure 3G–3H).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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A.-B. Concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements correlated with significant poorer overall survival. C.-D. Concurrent MYC+/BCL6+ rearrangements did not correlate with poorer overall survival. E.-F. Concurrent BCL2+/BCL6+ rearrangements did not correlate with poorer overall survival. G.-H. BCL6 attenuated the adverse prognostic impact of MYC+/BCL2+ double-hit lymphoma.

Prognostic impact of coexpression of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 in DLBCL

The prognostic impact of protein expression of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 is shown in Figure 4 and Supplementary Figure S2. BCL6 expression in DLBCL did not correlate with poorer patient survival, either in the whole group or in COO subtypes (Figure 4C, 4F, and 4I). In contrast, MYC+ or BCL2+ expression in DLBCL correlated with significantly poorer survival for the overall patient cohort (P < 0.0001, Figure 4A–4B) and for patients with GCB (MYC+: P < 0.0001, Figure 4D; BCL2+: P = 0.004, Figure 4E) and ABC subtypes of DLBCL (MYC+: P = 0.032, Figure 4G; BCL2+: P < 0.0001, Figure 4H).

Figure 4. Univariate analysis for DLBCL patients with MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 protein expression in the overall-, GCB, and ABC-DLBCL.

Figure 4

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A.-B., D.-E., G.-H. MYC and BCL2 protein expression correlated with significantly poorer overall survival in overall, GCB- and ABC-DLBCL. C., F., I. BCL6 overexpression did not correlate with poor survival.

Our results further showed that MYC+/BCL2+ (P < 0.0001, Figure 5A, Supplementary Figure S3A), MYC+/BCL6+ (OS: P = 0.0001, Figure 5C; PFS: P = 0.0002, Supplementary Figure S3C), and BCL2+/BCL6+ (OS: P = 0.014, Figure 5E; PFS: P = 0.033, Supplementary Figure S3E) coexpression correlated with significantly poorer survival in the overall cohort. The inferior survival of patients MYC+/BCL2+ and MYC+/BCL6+ DLBCL compared with all other DLBCL patients was significant for both the GCB and ABC subtypes, whereas BCL2+/BCL6+ only correlated with poorer OS for patients with ABC-DLBCL (Supplementary Figure S4). MYC expression showed dependence and synergy only with BCL2 expression (Figure 5B, Supplementary Figure S3B); BCL6 expression had no additive adverse impact in patients with MYC+, BCL2+ or MYC+/BCL2+ DLBCL (Figure 5D, 5F–5G, Supplementary Figure S3D, S3F-S3G). Patients with MYC+/BCL2+ DLBCL but not MYC+/BCL6+ DLBCL had poorer survival (Figure 5G, Supplementary Figure S3G). The poor prognosis of patients with MYC+/BCL6+ DLBCL was attributable to the poorer survival of MYC+/BCL2+ DLBCL patients.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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A., C., E. Patients with DLBCL and MYC/BCL2, BCL6/MYC or BCL2/BCL6 co-expression had significantly poorer overall survival in the DBLCL cohort. B. BCL2 overexpression had a synergetic effect with MYC overexpression and the adverse prognostic impact of MYC depended on BCL2 overexpression. D. BCL6 expression had no synergetic effect with MYC expression. F. BCL6 expression appeared to attenuate the adverse prognostic impact of BCL2 overexpression. G. The poorer overall survival of MYC+BCL6+ patients was due to the poor survival of MYC+BCL2+ patients. H. Isolated MYC+BCL6+ versus MYC+BCL2+ double-positive DLBCL had significantly better patient survival.

We further evaluated the survival of patients with isolated MYC+/BCL2+/BCL6− (i.e., BCL6− DPL) versus isolated MYC+/BCL6+/BCL2− (i.e., BCL2− DPL) DLBCL. Patients with isolated MYC+/BCL6+ DLBCL had favorable survival compared with isolated MYC+/BCL2+ DLBCL patients (OS: P = 0.004, Figure 5H; PFS: P < 0.0001, Supplementary Figure S3H).

Gene expression signatures of concurrent MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements and isolated MYC+BCL2+ and MYC+BCL6+ coexpression

To better understand the molecular mechanisms of the effects on prognosis, we compared the GEP of patients with concurrent MYC/BCL2 or MYC/BCL6 rearrangements with the remaining patients. Only MYC/BCL2 rearranged DLBCL showed a distinctive GEP signature, whereas concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearranged DLBCL did not show DEGs compared with MYC rearranged DLBCL or the remaining DLBCL patients. The GEP signature of concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearranged DLBCL included 24 upregulated genes and 14 downregulated genes at the false discovery rate threshold of 0.01 (Table. 3A, Figure 5A). These genes were involved in signaling (upregulation of BMP3, SWAP70, and CELSR1, and downregulation of PLA2G7 and DOCK10), cell proliferation (upregulated STRBP and MUC4), metabolism (eight upregulated genes), apoptosis (TMEM49, CFLAR, CARD16 and CASP1), transcription factors and genes related to cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, and migration (MYO3B, SLAMF7, SILEC10/12, TPM4, and SRGN).

Table 3. GEP signatures of MYC/BCL2 double-hit lymphoma, isolated MYC+BCL2+ (i.e., BCL6− DPL) and MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ (i.e., BCL2− DPL).

A. MYC+/BCL2 + double-hit vs others (false discovery rate < .01)
Functional categories Upregulated genes Downregulated genes
Signaling BMP3, SWAP70, CELSR1 PLA2G7, DOCK10, RNF149
Cell proliferation and growth STRBP, MUC4
Transcriptional regulation ZNF280D, DIP2C PRDM1
Metabolism RIMKLB, UGT8, PLA2G12A, SLC25A27, CYP39A1, C7orf10, ENPP3, HPGD
Cell death TMEM49, CFLAR, CARD16 /CASP1
Immune response NCR3LG1
Cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, migration MYO3B SLAMF7, SIGLEC10/12, TPM4, SRGN
microRNA MIR21
Others TPD52, C4orf34, FLJ41455, XKR6, FAM53B, TMEM156, CEACAM7 FLCN
B. MYC+BCL2+BCL6−vs MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ (false discovery rate < .05)
Upregulated in MYC+BCL2+BCL6− Upregulated in MYC+BCL2−BCL6+
BCR signaling, receptors, antigen, modulators, transducers CCR7, CYSLTR1, PRSS21 STAP1, SORL1, RFTN1, GNA13, SWAP70, ANKRD13A, PIK3CG
Proliferation, cell cycle, gene expression DNA replication SUB1, ZBTB32, LIMD1, C16orf53 BCL6, MYBL1, NEK6, BRWD1, SFRS15, HMGN1, TMPO
Apoptosis BCL2, CASP10 DNAJC10
DNA repair MSH6
Metabolism ALDH4A1 BPNT1
Cell shape, cytoskeleton, microtubes, migration BBIP10 MARCKSL1, VNN2, OSBPL3, ACTR2
Unknown function LOC100289094 C17orf99, KIAA0746, ZNF608
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Abbreviations: DH, double-hit; DP, double-positive.

Comparison of the GEP of MYC+ BCL6+ versus MYC+BCL2+ DLBCL did not show significant DEGs. We further compared the GEP of isolated MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ DLBCL versus isolated MYC+BCL2+BCL6− DLBCL, which resulted in 36 DEGs at the false discovery rate threshold of 0.05 (Table 3B, Figure 6B). Upregulated genes in MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ compared with MYC+BCL2+BCL6− included BCL6, a proliferation signature (MYBL1, NEK6, BRWD1 [bromodomain and WD repeat domain containing 1], SFRS15, HMGN1, and TMPO), MSH6 involved in DNA repair, DNAJC10 which promotes apoptotic in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, various signaling genes including PIK3CG (PI3K catalytic subunit gamma), STAP1 (B-cell receptor signaling) SORL1, RFTN1, GNA13, SWAP70, and ANKRD13A, and genes involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation and migration (MARCKSL1, VNN2, OSBPL3, ACTR2 and etc.). Comparably, upregulated genes in MYC+BCL2+BCL6− included signatures of apoptosis (antiapoptotic BCL2, and paradoxically proapoptotic, CASP10), glutamine metabolism (ALDH4A1), indicating that abnormal dysregulation of apoptotic and proliferation pathways are critical in patients with MYC+BCL6+BCL2−. In contrast, such signaling and molecular defects were not seen in patients with MYC+BCL6−BCL2+. The observations provide molecular basis for the difference of outcome and survival between these two groups of DLBCL patients.

Figure 6. Gene expression signature for MYC/BCL2 double-hit DLBCL (A) and comparison of MYC+BCL2+ BCL6− versus MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ translocation in DLBCL (B).

Figure 6

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DISCUSSION

In the literature B-cell lymphomas with concurrent MYC/BCL2 or MYC/BCL6 rearrangements are grouped together as double-hit B-cell lymphomas [1, 2]. Patients with MYC/BCL2 DHL have responded poorly to all traditional chemotherapy regimens and have extremely poor outcomes [1, 10, 11]. However, most of what we know about double-hit B-cell lymphoma is derived from studies of the most common form, MYC/BCL2 DHL. In contrast, very little has been published on DLBCL patients with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements. The findings in this study for a group of DLBCL patients treated with R-CHOP suggest that patients with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements do not have a poorer prognosis and that grouping these tumors with other forms of DHL could lead to inappropriate therapy.

In this large cohort of 898 cases of de novo DLBCL, rearrangements of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 were found in 11.8%, 13.6% and 23.1% of cases, respectively. BCL6 rearrangements were more frequently observed in the ABC subtype whereas MYC and BCL2 rearrangements were more frequently observed in the GCB subtype. Concurrent MYC/BCL6 and MYC/BCL2 rearrangements were observed in 2.0% and 2.8% of DLBCL cases, respectively. MYC/BCL2/BCL6 triple-hit was observed in 38% of MYC/BCL6 and 26% of MYC/BCL2 double-hit cases. The frequencies of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangement and concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements are similar to those reported in DLBCL in earlier studies [10, 11, 31–34].

In this study, DLBCL patients with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements did not have a poorer prognosis. The notion that concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements in DLBCL is not an indication of aggressive lymphoma was further substantiated by the lack of a distinctive GEP signature for MYC/BCL6 rearranged DLBCL although BCL6 was overexpressed in almost all MYC/BCL6 rearranged patients except one case with an IHC of 30%. These phenomena might be explained by a previous finding that up to 43% BCL6 translocations involved non-IG loci showing complex gene expression patterns [35], limited case numbers, and 36% of MYC/BCL6 cases showing low MYC expression levels (Figure 2G–2H). In contrast, MYC/BCL2 rearranged DLBCL correlated with significantly poorer survival, and was associated with a distinctive GEP signature suggesting increased proliferation, growth and metabolism and decreased apoptosis pathway (our results showed downregulation of both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes).

In the MD Anderson Cancer Center experience with 52 DHL patients tested for BCL6, 24 patients with BCL6 gene abnormality (translocation or amplification, n = 15 and n = 9 respectively. Among them, 14 patients had MYC/BCL2/BCL6 triple-hit) showed slightly better survival than other patients with DHL (hazard ratio: 0.59, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-1.69, P = 0.33) [36]. Ueda et al. presented a case report consistent with our results, in which a person having DLBCL with concurrent MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 rearrangements achieved complete remission after chemoradiotherapy for two years [37]. A recent study reported the largest DHL series including 41 cases with BCL6 rearrangement, in which patients' OS was not significantly affected by whether the DHL was MYC/BCL2 or MYC/BCL6 (P = 0.537). However, 25 (58.5%) of the 41 MYC/BCL6 patients also had BCL2 rearrangement (triple-hit) [38]. In contrast, in another study, MYC/BCL6 (n = 13) showed significantly worse survival than MYC/BCL2 DHL (n = 20) after exclusion of triple-hit lymphoma [39]. These MYC/BCL6 DHL showed a trend toward higher MYC mRNA expression and a distinct gene expression profile compared to MYC/BCL2 DHL. In a smaller study reported by Pillai et al. B-cell lymphoma with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements was associated with aggressive clinical course and poor survival [40]. A possible explanation for the discrepancy is patient selection. In the study by Pillai et al, patients with BL, BL-like lymphoma, and primary effusion lymphoma were also included. Moreover, the median age of their patients was 83 years and only one of six patients with adequate information received chemotherapy in combination with rituximab [40]. In this study, all patients met morphologic and immunophenotypic criteria for DLBCL with a median patient age of 64 years, which is comparable to that of patients with DLBCL without concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements, and all patients were treated with standard R-CHOP therapy.

Recently, the concept of MYC/BCL2 rearranged DHL has been extended to MYC and BCL2 protein coexpression [11, 22, 23]. These studies showed that patients with DLBCL with MYC/BCL2 double-positive (by immunohistochemistry) also have a dismal prognosis, regardless of the status of MYC or BCL2 rearrangement [11, 22, 23]. In this study, DLBCL patients with MYC/BCL6 coexpression showed a significantly poorer survival than DLBCL patients without MYC/BCL6 coexpression. However, this prognostic effect was significant only in the presence of DLBCL with MYC/BCL2 coexpression. The isolated MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ (from all MYC+BCL6+) subgroup had significantly better patient survival compared with the MYC+BCL2+BCL6− (from all MYC+BCL2+) subgroup. Previous studies also suggested that BCL6 expression is associated with favorable survival in patients with DLBCL [24, 30, 41, 42].

There is a biologic basis that may explain the lack of significantly adverse prognostic impact of recurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements and MYC/BCL6 coexpression. BCL6 represses CCND2 and MYC [27–29, 43]; we have recently shown that MYC expression levels significantly impact the prognosis of MYC rearranged DLBCL [44], and our multivariate analysis suggested BCL6 expression correlated with favorable survival (P = 0.048 for OS and P = 0.016 for PFS, Table 1), therefore the adverse prognostic impact of MYC might have been diminished by high BCL6 expression in these cases. In addition to the potential role of BCL6, the GEP signature of MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ DLBCL suggested DNA repair and proapoptosis, in contrast with the upregulation of antiapoptotic BCL2 in MYC+BCL2+BCL6− DLBCL. Interestingly, MYBL1 and LIMD1 were also significantly upregulated in our MYC+BCL2−BCL6+ (associated with GCB) and MYC+BCL2+BCL6− (associated with ABC) DLBCL subgroup respectively, which is in consistent with the correlations between a novel two-gene expression index, “LIMD1-MYBL1 Index”, and GCB/ABC subtypes and clinical outcome [45, 46].

In summary, DLBCL patients with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements are not necessarily associated with an inferior prognosis when treated with R-CHOP therapy, unlike DLBCL patients with concurrent MYC/BCL2 rearrangements, probably due to different pathogenesis and MYC expression levels. In addition, DLBCL patients with MYC/BCL6 coexpression did have an inferior prognosis, but only in the presence of MYC/BCL2 coexpression, and therefore MYC/BCL6 coexpression seems to be of less prognostic importance [46]. These data support the notion that DLBCL with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements and DLBCL with MYC/BCL2 DHL are not equivalent prognostically. These results suggest that the concept of double-hit lymphoma needs to be refined. The grouping of cases of DLBCL with concurrent MYC/BCL6 rearrangements with cases of DLBCL with MYC/BCL2 rearrangements may lead to over treatment of MYC/BCL6 rearranged DLBCL patients.

PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

A cohort of 898 patients with de novo DLBCL treated with standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone (R-CHOP) therapy was collected as part of The International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study [33, 46]. All patients were diagnosed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system and received treatment between 1998 and 2010. Cases were excluded if patients had a history of low-grade B-cell lymphoma; human immunodeficiency virus infection; or primary mediastinal, cutaneous B cell lymphoma, or central nervous system DLBCL. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of each participating center, and the comprehensive collaborative study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Tissue microarray, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization

Construction of tissue microarrays, IHC staining procedures on tissue microarray sections, and scoring criteria for MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 have been described previously [23, 44, 47]. MYC (clone Y69; Epitomics, Burlingame, CA) and BCL6 (clone LN22; Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL) expression showed a distinct nuclear pattern and BCL2 (clone 124; DAKO, Denmark) expression exhibited a cytoplasmic pattern. Cutoffs for MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 overexpression are determined as ≥70%, ≥70%, and > 50% respectively based on survival analysis as described previously, and cutoffs and positivity rates reported by other study groups.

Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and BCL2 and BCL6 dual-color, break-apart probes (Vysis), IGH/MYC/CEP8 tricolor dual-fusion probes (Vysis) and a locus specific MYC dual-color break-apart probe (Vysis) as described previously [47].

Gene expression profiling and COO classification

Gene expression profiling (GEP) was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples using Affymetrix GeneChip HG-U133 Plus Version 2.0 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) as described in an earlier study [47]. The CEL files are deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus repository (GSE#31312).61 The microarray data were quantified and normalized by the frozen robust multiarray analysis (RMA) algorithm [48]. Differential expression gene (DEG) analysis was performed using multiple t-tests [31, 47]. Cell-of-origin classification into either GCB or ABC subtypes was achieved by using either GEP (n = 497) or IHC methods (n = 401) according to the Visco-Young (first selection) and Choi (the second selection) algorithms [49–53].

Statistical analysis

Clinical and laboratory features of DLBCL patients at the time of presentation according to different subgroups were compared using the chi-squared test and the Spearman rank correlation test. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of last follow-up or death. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the time of progression or death. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate OS and PFS rates, and the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to assess differences in survival between groups. Multivariate analysis for survival was performed with IBM statistics SPSS 19 software using the Cox proportional hazards regression model (Chicago, SPSS Inc.). All differences with P≤0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FIGURES

Acknowledgments

This study is supported by the National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health grants (R01CA138688 and R01CA187415, K.H.Y). QY is the recipient of pathology scholarship award from Jiangsu Province for Oversea Studies (JS-2011-093) and Nanjing Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation (ORX11080).. ZYXM is the recipient of the Harold C. and Mary L. Daily Endowment Fellowships and Shannon Timmins Fellowship for Leukemia Research Award. KHY is supported by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Lymphoma Moonshot Program, Institutional Research Grant Award, an MD Anderson Lymphoma Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) Research Development Program Award, an MD Anderson Myeloma SPORE Research Development Program Award, MD Anderson Collaborative Research Funds with High-Throughput Molecular Diagnostics, Gilead Pharmaceutical, Adaptive Biotechnology, Seattle Genetics, and Roche Molecular Systems. This work was also partially supported by National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health grants (P50CA136411 and P50CA142509), and by the MD Anderson Cancer Center Support Grant CA016672.

Footnotes

Authors' Contributions

Conception and design: SH, ZYXM, KHY; Research performance: QY, ZYXM, AT, KHY; Provision of study materials, key reagents and technology: QY, ZYXM, LD, AT, XW, GCM, CV, LZ, SMM, KD, AC, AO, YZ, GB, KLR, EDH, WWLC, JHK, JH, MP, AJMF, BMP, MBM, MAP, JNW, S.H., LJM, KHY; Collection and assembly of data under approved IRB and MTA: ZYXM, AT, CV, SMM, KD, AC, AO, YZ, GB, KLR, EDH, WWLC, JHK, JH, MP, AJMF, BMP, MBM, MAP, JNW, KHY; Data analysis and interpretation: QY, ZYXM, LD, XW, SH, KHY; Manuscript writing: YQ, ZYXM, LD, XW, LJM, SH, KHY; Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

EDITORIAL NOTE

This paper has been accepted based in part on peerreview conducted by another journal and the authors' response and revisions as well as expedited peer-review in Oncotarget.

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