Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the prognostic role of the preoperative plasma lipid profile, including low-density lipoprotein -cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], cholesterol, and triglycerides, in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing radical resection.
Methods: Clinical data, including the preoperative plasma profile levels, were retrospectively collected and reviewed in 1411 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, who underwent operation between 2001 and 2010. Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used in analyzing the DFS and OS.
Results: We found that HDL-C ≤ 0.88 mmol/L and cholesterol ≤ 4.420 mmol/L were preoperative risk factors of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). A decreased CHO level was significantly associated with decreased OS (HR, 0.800; 95% CI, (0.691-0.926), P =0.003) and decreased DFS (HR, 0.844; 95% CI, 0.737-0.966, P=0.012). Additionally, an increased HDL-C level was shown significant association with increased OS (HR, 0.679; 95% CI, 0.570-0.808, P<0.01) and DFS (HR, 2.085; 95% CI, 1.271- 3.422, P = 0.002). In the univariate and multivariate analyses involving OS and DFS, no significant relativity were observed between the LDL-C and TG groups.
Conclusions: Decreased levels of CHO and HDL might predict worse outcomes both DFS and OS for hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
Keywords: cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, hepatocellular carcinoma, prognosis.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with estimated 782,000 new cases global incidence every year, caused nearly 746,000 deaths worldwide annually 1. However, the high risk of metastasis and recurrence after operation for patients with HCC is high 2-3. The high rate of recurrence after complete resection is a significant prognostic factor, with a cumulative recurrence rate of 50% and 60% at 3 years and 60% and 80% at 5 years 4-7. To date, a variety of predictive biomarkers have been shown to predict clinical outcomes in HCC patients. For example, Chuma M found that HSP70 could be a sensitive indicator for the differential diagnosis of early HCC from precancerous lesions or noncancerous livers 8. In addition, Jiang suggested the possible oncogenic and prognostic role of Galectin-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma 9. Due to complicated detective equipment and expensive costs, accurate, fast, as well as convenient predictive biomarkers for the identification of patients with high risk of metastasis and recurrence are urgently needed.
Abnormal lipid metabolism is considered to be related to several cancers 10. In previous research, reduced pre-operative HDL-C levels were linked with poor survival in NSCLC patients 11. Additionally, low HDL-C levels are also associated with increased post-menopausal breast cancer risk 12-15. However, the role of lipid metabolism in cancer development has not been fully explored. Some recent studies have illustrated the plasma lipid profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma patients: Ahaneku et al 16 found that in HCC patients, HDL-fraction levels, including HDL-phospholipids (HDL-PL), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and the ratio of HDL-C/HDL-PL, in HCC patients were significantly lower than controls. Motta et al 17 recruited 40 HCC patients, and evaluated their LDL-C and HDL-C levels. In HCC patients, the LDL-C levels were significantly lower than controls, but the HDL-C levels were not statistically significantly different from those of the controls. Chen X et al 18 reported that there was a significant difference between high and low levels of serum TC that could be used to evaluate pancreatic carcinoma risk in Europeans. However, there is little evidence about the impact on lipid profiles in clinical outcomes with hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
The current study aimed to explore the predictive role of the lipid profile on overall survival (OS) and disease-free-survival (DFS) in HCC patients undergone complete resections.
Methods
Patient Selection
A total of 1411 HCC patients who had undergone complete surgical resection at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2001 to 2010 were collected and reviewed in the present study. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (Guangdong, China). Written informed consent was received from each patient. All patients met the following eligibility criteria: (1) all patients had pathologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma; (2) without cancer history; (3) no treatment before serum obtained; and (4) serum samples were collected before treatment, and the levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and CHO were tested using a Hitachi 7600-020 automatic biochemical analyzer. Clinical data, including the treatment strategy and the pathologically diagnosis, were obtained from the patients' records. For the current study, all pathological diagnoses were confirmed by an independent experienced pathologist at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Histological types were determined from the World Health Organization classification criteria.
Patient follow-up
All patients were followed-up in the outpatient department, and underwent physical examinations and laboratory tests every 3 months in the first 2 years, then every 6 months in the 3rd to 5th years, and every year for an extra 5 years or death, no matter which occurred first. The primary outcome of the present study was overall survival (OS), defined as the time from curative resection to the time of death. Relatively, the secondary outcome was disease-free survival (DFS), calculated from the date of radical operation to the date of disease recurrence or distant metastases diagnosed.
Statistical analysis
The cut-off value of the lipid profile was established by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve statistical analyses. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used to calculate the survival curves. The risk factors for survival were identified by the Cox proportional hazards model. The associations between CHO, HDL-C levels and clinic pathological parameters were tested by chi-square test. P Values of less than 0.05 were considered statistical significant in all statistical approaches. Data analyses were performed with SPSS 18.0 (PASW Statistics 18) for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
Results
Patient Characteristics
After the eligibility review, 1411 HCC patients who underwent radical surgical resection were enrolled in the analysis, and their characteristics are presented in Table 1. The median follow-up time was 79 months (range: 1 to 176 months). The median age at resection was 41 years (range: 5 to 78 years), and 1243 (88.1%) of the patients were males and 68 (11.9 %) were females. Staging was conducted according to the tumor-node -metastasis (TNM) classification for HCC (Union for International Cancer Control). 848 patients (60.1 %) were diagnosed with stage I disease, other 563 (39.9%) patients were diagnosed with stage II-III disease. A total of 1231 patients (87.2%) had hepatic B virus infection.
Table 1.
Characteristics of patients.
| Characteristics | Patients | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| ≤50 | 784 | 55.6 |
| >50 | 627 | 44.4 |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 68 | 11.9 |
| Male | 1243 | 88.1 |
| Tumor size | ||
| ≤5cm | 543 | 38.5 |
| >5cm | 868 | 61.5 |
| HBsAg | ||
| Negative | 179 | 12.7 |
| Positive | 1231 | 87.2 |
| Cirrhosis | ||
| NO | 497 | 35.2 |
| Yes | 914 | 64.8 |
| AFP (ng/ml) | ||
| ≤20 | 422 | 29.9 |
| >20 | 989 | 70.1 |
| Tumor number | ||
| Single | 1113 | 78.9 |
| Multiple | 298 | 21.1 |
| Tumor differentiation | ||
| I-II | 1169 | 82.8 |
| III-IV | 242 | 17.2 |
| TNM stage | ||
| I | 848 | 60.1 |
| II-III | 563 | 39.9 |
| BCLC stage | ||
| O-A | 527 | 37.3 |
| B-C | 884 | 62.7 |
| CHO (mmol/L) | ||
| ≤ 4.42 | 520 | 36.9 |
| >4.42 | 891 | 63.1 |
| TG (mmol/L) | ||
| ≤ 1.06 | 804 | 57 |
| >1.06 | 607 | 43 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | ||
| ≤3.09 | 701 | 49.7 |
| >3.09 | 710 | 50.3 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | ||
| ≤ 0.88 | 256 | 18.1 |
| >0.88 | 1155 | 81.9 |
Cut-off determination of lipid metabolism
After receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, the optimal cutoff value for CHO was 4.420 mmol/L (AUC: 0.532 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.502 - 0.562), 1.06 mmol/L for TG (AUC: 0.537 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.507-0.567), 0.88 mmol/L for HDL (AUC: 0.542 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.512 - 0.572), and 3.09 mmol/L for LDL (AUC: 0.501, 95% CI: 0.471 - 0.532).
The Correlation Between the CHO, HDL-C Levels and Other Clinical Characteristics
The relationships between the clinicopathological features of HCC and CHO and HDL-C levels are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The statistical analysis showed that the CHO level was significantly related with cirrhosis (P =0.047). However, there was no significant links between CHO levels and other clinicopathological parameters, including differentiation status, TNM stage, and BCLC stage (both P > 0.05). The HDL-C level was significantly correlated with tumor size (P <0.001), HBsAg (P =0.029), and BCLC stage (<0.001).
Table 2.
Relationship between CHO Concentration and Clinical Characteristics in 1411 Patients With liver cancer.
| Characteristics | CHO≤4.420 | CHO>4.420 | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.147 | ||
| ≤50 | 302 | 482 | |
| >50 | 218 | 409 | |
| Gender | 0.239 | ||
| Female | 55 | 113 | |
| Male | 465 | 778 | |
| Tumor size | 0.357 | ||
| ≤5cm | 192 | 351 | |
| >5cm | 328 | 540 | |
| HBsAg | 0.621 | ||
| Negative | 69 | 110 | |
| Positive | 451 | 780 | |
| Cirrhosis | 0.047 | ||
| NO | 166 | 331 | |
| Yes | 354 | 560 | |
| AFP (ng/ml) | 0.104 | ||
| ≤20 | 169 | 253 | |
| >20 | 351 | 638 | |
| Tumor number | 0.286 | ||
| Single | 402 | 711 | |
| Multiple | 118 | 180 | |
| Tumor differentiation | 0.059 | ||
| I-II | 422 | 743 | |
| III-IV | 98 | 148 | |
| TNM stage | 0.463 | ||
| I | 306 | 542 | |
| II-III | 214 | 349 | |
| BCLC stage | 0.349 | ||
| O-A | 186 | 341 | |
| B-C | 334 | 550 |
Table 3.
Relationship Between HDL Concentration and Clinical Characteristics in 1411 Patients With liver cancer.
| Characteristics | HDL-C≤0.88 | HDL-C>0.88 | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.385 | ||
| ≤50 | 136 | 648 | |
| >50 | 120 | 507 | |
| Gender | 0.111 | ||
| Female | 23 | 145 | |
| Male | 233 | 1010 | |
| Tumor size | <0.001 | ||
| ≤5cm | 62 | 481 | |
| >5cm | 194 | 674 | |
| HBsAg | 0.029 | ||
| Negative | 43 | 136 | |
| Positive | 213 | 1019 | |
| Cirrhosis | 0.546 | ||
| NO | 86 | 411 | |
| Yes | 170 | 744 | |
| AFP (ng/ml) | 0.262 | ||
| ≤20 | 84 | 338 | |
| >20 | 172 | 817 | |
| Tumor number | 0.506 | ||
| Single | 198 | 915 | |
| Multiple | 58 | 240 | |
| Tumor differentiation | 0.180 | ||
| I-II | 204 | 961 | |
| III-IV | 52 | 194 | |
| TNM stage | |||
| I | 140 | 707 | 0.054 |
| II-III | 116 | 448 | |
| BCLC stage | <0.001 | ||
| O-A | 59 | 467 | |
| B-C | 197 | 688 |
The Prognostic Significance of Clinical Characteristics in Hepatocellular carcinoma
In univariate analyses, significant correlation between tumor number, size, AFP, tumor differentiation, TNM stage, BCLC stage, CHO and HDL-C levels and DFS and OS were detected. In multivariate analysis, we observed significant associations of tumor size, AFP, TNM stage, CHO, and HDL-C levels with OS (Table 4). In addition, associations between tumor size, AFP, TNM stage and CHO levels with DFS were observed. The multivariate analysis was conducted based on age at resection, gender, HBsAg, gender, cirrhosis, AFP, tumor differentiation, tumor number, tumor size, TNM stage, BCLC stage, HDL-C level, CHO level, LDL-C level and TG level.
Table 4.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Analysis with Overall Survival.
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Age | 1.086(0.941-1.254) | 0.258 | ||
| ≤50 | ||||
| >50 | ||||
| Gender | 1.112(0.885-1.398) | 0.360 | ||
| Female | ||||
| Male | ||||
| Tumor size | 2.088(1.782-2.447) | <0.001 | 2.297(1.217 -4.337) | 0.01 |
| ≤50 | ||||
| >5cm | ||||
| HBsAg | 1.145(0.917-1.430) | 0.233 | ||
| Negative | ||||
| Positive | ||||
| Cirrhosis | 1.057(0.908-1.230) | 0.475 | ||
| NO | ||||
| Yes | ||||
| AFP (ng/ml) | 1.833(1.545-2.174) | <0.001 | 1.632 (1.372-1.941) | <0.001 |
| ≤ 20 | ||||
| >20 | ||||
| Tumor number | 1.990(1.696-2.334) | <0.001 | ||
| Single | ||||
| Multiple | ||||
| Tumor differentiation | 1.514(1.266-1.810) | <0.001 | 1.250(1.042-1.499) | 0.016 |
| I-II | ||||
| III-IV | ||||
| TNM stage | 2.405(2.081-2.779) | <0.001 | 2.017(1.673-2.430) | <0.001 |
| I | ||||
| II-III | ||||
| BCLC stage | 2.052(1.749-2.408) | <0.001 | ||
| O-A | ||||
| B-C | ||||
| CHO (mmol/L) | 0.800(0.691-0.926) | 0.003 | 0.831(0.714-0.967) | 0.017 |
| ≤4.42 | ||||
| >4.42 | ||||
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.908(0.785-1.049) | 0.588 | ||
| ≤1.06 | ||||
| >1.06 | ||||
| LDL | 0.936(0.811-1.080) | 0.364 | ||
| ≤3.09 | ||||
| >3.09 | ||||
| HDL | 0.679(0.570-0.808) | <0.001 | 0.790(0.658-0.948) | 0.011 |
| ≤0.88 | ||||
| >0.88 | ||||
The Prognostic Significance of the Serum Lipid Profile in Hepatocellular carcinoma
Among the 1411 patients, distant metastasis or local recurrence after a radical surgical resection was diagnosed in 345 of 520 (66.3%) patients with a CHO level ≤4.420 mmol/L and in 545 of 891 (61.2%) patients with a CHO level > 4.420 mmol/L (P = 0.012). Regarding OS, there were 300 of 520 (57.7%) patients with a CHO level ≤ 4.420 mmol/L, and 449 of 891 (50.4%) patients with a CHO level > 4.420 mmol/L (P=0.003) who occurred death. A decreased CHO level was significantly correlated with decreased OS (HR, 0.800; 95% CI, (0.691-0.926), P =0.003; Table 4; Figure 1) and remained statistically different in multivariate analysis including tumor size, AFP, tumor differentiation, and TNM stage (HR, 0.831; 95% CI, 0.714-0.967, P=0.017; Table 4). Patients with CHO levels ≤ 4.420 mmol/L presented with OS of 42 months. Conversely, patients with CHO level > 4.420 mmol/L presented with OS of 62 months. In univariate analysis, a decreased CHO level was significantly linked with decreased DFS (HR, 0.844; 95% CI, 0.737-0.966, P=0.012) (Table 5; Figure 2) and remained statistically different in multivariate analysis including tumor size, AFP, tumor differentiation, and TNM stage (HR, 0.850; 95% CI, 0.740-0.977, P=0.022) (Table 5). Patients with CHO levels ≤ 4.420 mmol/L had a median DFS of 19 months. In a contrast patients with CHO levels > 4.420 mmol/L presented with a median DFS of 26 months.
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival regarding low vs high CHO levels (P =0.003).
Table 5.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Analysis with Disease-Free-Survival.
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Age | 1.049(0.920-1.197) | 0.476 | ||
| ≤50 | ||||
| >50 | ||||
| Gender | 1.158(0.938-1.430) | 0.173 | ||
| Female | ||||
| Male | ||||
| Tumor size | ||||
| ≤5cm | 1.725(1.499-1.985) | <0.001 | 1.967(1.084-3.567) | 0.026 |
| >5cm | ||||
| HBsAg | 0.990(0.813-1.207) | 0.924 | ||
| Negative | ||||
| Positive | ||||
| Cirrhosis | 1.003(0.873-1.151) | 0.970 | ||
| NO | ||||
| Yes | ||||
| AFP (ng/ml) | 1.435(1.237-1.664) | <0.001 | 1.288 (1.107-1.498) | 0.001 |
| ≤20 | ||||
| >20 | ||||
| Tumor number | 1.972(1.700-2.288) | <0.001 | ||
| Single | ||||
| Multiple | ||||
| Tumor differentiation | 1.410(1.193-1.665) | <0.001 | 1.238(1.045-1.466) | 0.014 |
| I-II | ||||
| III-IV | ||||
| TNM stage | 2.324(2.034-2.654) | <0.001 | 2.023(1.703-2.403) | <0.001 |
| I | ||||
| II-III | ||||
| BCLC stage | 1.713(1.487-1.974) | <0.001 | ||
| O-A | ||||
| B-C | ||||
| CHO (mmol/L) | 0.844(0.737-0.966) | 0.012 | 0.850(0.740-0.977) | 0.022 |
| ≤ 4.42 | ||||
| >4.42 | ||||
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.964(0.844-1.101) | 0.588 | ||
| ≤ 1.06 | ||||
| >1.06 | ||||
| LDL (mmol/L) | 0.890(0.780-1.015) | 0.082 | ||
| ≤3.09 | ||||
| >3.09 | ||||
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.778(0.659-0.918) | 0.003 | 0.899(0.758-1.067) | 0.222 |
| ≤ 0.88 | ||||
| >0.88 | ||||
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier curve for disease-free survival regarding low vs high CHO levels (P =0.012).
Local recurrence or distant metastasis after radical surgical resection was confirmed in 176 of 256 (68.7%) patients with an HDL-C level ≤0.88 mmol/L and in 714 of 1155 (61.8%) patients with an HDL-C level > 0.88 mmol/L (P=0.002). Regarding OS, there were 161 of 256 (62.9%) patients with an HDL-C level ≤ 0.88 mmol/L, and 588 of 1155 (53.1%) patients with HDL-C levels > 0.88 mmol/L (P<0.01) who occurred death. In univariate analysis, a decreased HDL-C level was significantly associated with decreased OS (HR, 0.679; 95% CI, 0.570-0.808, P<0.01; Table 4; Figure 3) and remained statistically different in the multivariate analysis that included tumor size, AFP, tumor differentiation, and TNM stage (HR, 0.790; 95% CI, 0.658-0.948, P =0.011; Table 4). Patients with HDL-C levels ≤ 0.88 mmol/L had a median OS of 31 months. In contrast, patients with HDL-C levels > 0.88 mmol/L had a median OS of 61 months. In the univariate analysis, an increased HDL-C level was statistically linked with increased DFS (HR, 2.085; 95% CI, 1.271-3.422, P = 0.002; Table 5; Figure 4). However, in the multivariate analysis, HDL levels were not statistically significant (Table 5). Patients with HDL-C levels ≤ 0.88 mmol/L presented with a median DFS of 15 months, whereas patients with HDL-C levels > 0.88 mmol/L had a median DFS of 26 months.
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier curve for overall survival regarding low vs high HDL-C levels (P <0.01).
Figure 4.
Kaplan-Meier curve for disease-free survival regarding low vs high HDL-C levels (P =0.002).
Discussion
Due to the high rate of relapse after HCC resection, the risk factors for tumor relapse are worth studying and could help support the initiation of interventional measures earlier and improve the surveillance to reduce the rate of relapse and improve the quality of survival for patients with HCC 19-22. Several studies have confirmed that abnormal lipid profiles associated with an increased risk of recurrence and decreased survival in several cancers, including HCC 23-24. However, the present study enrolled a relatively large amount of Chinese patients to investigate the lipid profiles and HCC prognosis.
Approximately 80% of endogenous cholesterol is synthesized in the hepatocellular microsomes containing cholesterol synthase 25-26. In chronic liver diseases and HCC, the metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol are damaged, which lead to a decrease in plasma cholesterol levels 27-28. In our research, we found that having a lower CHO level results in a poor prognosis in HCC patients. Additionally, lower cholesterol levels are related to cirrhosis and not to cancer stages. Similar results have been described in patients with gastric cancer 29. Decreased serum cholesterol concentration was also found in other cancers 30-31, which are probably associated with the increased metabolism of cholesterol by the tumor cells. Additionally, it is reported that the synthesis of cholesterol has been reduced in cancer patients 32, and moderate increase of serum cholesterol levels may be a protective factor on cancer mortality.
In current years, there is increasing evidence that HDL-C may be linked with the tumorigenesis and progression of cancers 33. In the present study, we investigated the relation between HDL-C and hepatocellular carcinoma, and found that increased pre-operative plasma HDL-C levels were associated with increased DFS and OS after radical surgery.
From previous studies, two possible molecular mechanisms have suggested for the relation between HDL-C and the relapse of HCC and poor survival. One is that HDL-C remove redundant cholesterol from an intracellular pool to maintain normal cell cholesterol homeostasis. It was observed that serum HDL-cholesterol levels were negatively associated with cholesterol levels in the tumor tissues of patients 15. Due to an increasing consumption and storage of cholesterol within tumor tissues during growth, it is potential to assume that lower HDL levels are linked with the increasing cholesterol metabolism in proliferating tissues.
Another mechanism includes HDL metabolism, which could be regulated by cytokines. Increased levels of HDL have been connected with decreased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6(IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), whereas linked with elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, for example IL-10 34. These proinflammatory cytokines are thought to improve cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis 35.
Our study indicated that CHO and HDL-C levels are significantly related with HCC generation and development, and might be helpful in the identification and follow-up of high-risk HCC patients. CHO and HDL-C levels at diagnosis are considered as prognostic factors for HCC.
Abbreviations
- CHO
cholesterol
- TG
triglycerides
- HDL-C
high-density lipoprotein -cholesterol
- LDL-C
low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- DFS
disease-free survival
- OS
overall survival
- HCC
hepatocellular carcinoma.
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