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. 2016 Apr 20;6:24715. doi: 10.1038/srep24715

Levels of human platelet-derived soluble CD40 ligand depend on haplotypes of CD40LG-CD40-ITGA2

Chaker Aloui 1,2, Antoine Prigent 1,2, Sofiane Tariket 1, Caroline Sut 1, Jocelyne Fagan 2, Fabrice Cognasse 1,2, Tahar Chakroun 3, Olivier Garraud 1,4,a, Sandrine Laradi 1,2
PMCID: PMC4837387  PMID: 27094978

Abstract

Increased circulating soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is commonly associated with inflammatory disorders. We aimed to investigate whether gene polymorphisms in CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 are associated with a propensity to secrete sCD40L; thus, we examined this issue at the level of human platelets, the principal source of sCD40L. We performed single polymorphism and haplotype analyses to test for the effect of twelve polymorphisms across the CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 genes in blood donors. ITGA2 presented a positive association with rs1126643, with a significant modification in sCD40L secretion (carriers of C allele, P = 0.02), unlike the investigated CD40LG and CD40 polymorphisms. One CD40LG haplotype (TGGC) showing rs975379 (C/T), rs3092952 (A/G), rs3092933 (A/G) and rs3092929 (A/C) was associated with increased sCD40L levels (1.906 μg/L (95% CI: 1.060 to 2.751); P = 0.000009). The sCD40L level was associated with the inter-chromosomal CD40LG/CD40/ITGA2 haplotype (ATC), displaying rs3092952 (A/G), rs1883832 (C/T) and rs1126643 (C/T), with increased sCD40L levels (P = 0.0135). Our results help to decipher the genetic role of CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 with regard to sCD40L levels found in platelet components. Given the crucial role of sCD40L, this haplotype study in a transfusion model may be helpful to further determine the role of haplotypes in inflammatory clinical settings.

Clinical interest in CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) regulation is commonly reported in various inflammatory disorders1,2 and notably in relation to adverse events (AEs) after platelet transfusion. CD40L is mainly expressed on the surface of T cells, certain subsets of other leukocytes, endothelial cells and activated platelets3,4,5. CD40L binds to its preferred receptor CD40, thereby driving adaptive immune responses6.

Cell surface CD40L can be proteolytically cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to generate soluble CD40L (sCD40L), which is biologically active as an important proinflammatory molecule and is also classified as a “Biological Response Modifier”7,8. Circulating sCD40L is known to be mainly derived from activated platelets via MMP-29,10, which accounts for nearly 95% of the sCD40L in the plasma. sCD40L release increases in platelet components (PCs) under storage conditions and is directly responsible for febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions and other immediate transfusion adverse events (AEs)11,12,13,14,15.

Thus, we hypothesized the existence of a genetic risk factor in relation to the donor. In an initial study, we investigated the coding sequences, exon-intron junctions and regulatory regions of CD40LG, but we did not find any particular genetic pattern of CD40LG in two groups of individuals regardless of whether their donated platelets induced an AE16, despite the fact that two CD40LG polymorphisms are involved in CD40LG regulation, namely, sequence variations in the 5′ UTR of CD40LG (rs3092952)1 and a CA microsatellite in the 3′ UTR that affects mRNA stability17,18.

In the present study, we characterized the secretion of sCD40L in PCs destined for transfusion on day 0 of preparation (D0) and on the day of delivery (Ddel) in order to assess a possible genetic association between regulatory polymorphism and enhanced in vitro sCD40L release in PCs during storage. In most blood transfusion services, PC delivery is allowed from D0 to D5, with an average of D4 at worst and D3 at best. Moreover, sCD40L might also be modulated by independent genetic markers such as rs1883832 in the promoter region of the CD40 receptor19 and/or the C807T polymorphism (rs1126643) in the coding region of the platelet receptor for collagen (ITGA2). The latter was previously associated with some individual variation in platelet expression levels of GPIa/IIa (integrin α2β1), the preferential platelet receptor for collagen, which plays a crucial role in platelet adhesion and activation. This marker has further been defined as an independent predictor for the release of sCD40L20,21.

Therefore, the present study sought to highlight a possible genetic association (single markers and haplotypes) between 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CD40LG, rs1883832 of CD40 and rs1126643 of ITGA2, which display enhanced in vitro sCD40L release in PCs during storage.

Results

The genotype distribution for all investigated polymorphisms was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Correlation between sCD40L levels and single polymorphisms

Relevant CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 polymorphisms were assessed.

No significant correlation was detected between the investigated CD40LG polymorphisms and sCD40L levels in the PCs, neither at D0 nor at Ddel, for all ten investigated CD40LG polymorphisms (Table 1).

Table 1. Frequency distribution of CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 genotypes, considering sCD40L level, on the day of preparation (D0) and on the day of PC delivery (Ddel).

Gene Polymorphism Genotype N D0: Median (1st–3rdQuartile) p-value Ddel: Median (1st–3rd Quartile) p-value
CD40LG rs3092952 AA+A 69 560.34 (336.82–916.4) 0. 99 854. 78 (534. 26–1148. 66) 0. 33
AG 43 496.44 (303.98–967.47) 781. 84 (472. 23–1266. 56)
GG+G 30 589.45 (362.42–791.13) 1121. 455 (564. 897–1353. 59)
CACA 26+/other 37 498.36 (336.82–1123.88) 0. 55 746. 72 (431–1266. 56) 0. 3
Only 26 24 444.4 (230.86–898.925) 682. 74 (515. 15–1253. 45)
No 26 81 556 (361.88–908.76) 924. 54 (584. 18–1251. 6)
rs975379 CC+C 70 547.5 (340.265–914.49) 1 853. 91 (535. 15–1144. 325 0. 35
CT 42 502.08 (301.73–973.085) 799. 8 (471. 455–1266. 56)
TT+T 30 589.45 (362.42–791.13) 1121. 455 (564. 898–1353. 59)
rs3092948 CC+C 66 589.93 (340.265–920.075) 0. 9 865. 64 (526. 025–1187. 405) 0. 47
CG 44 494.97 (306.23–961.855) 799. 8 (473. 005–1266. 56)
GG+G 32 527.18 (360.925–765.35) 1084. 295 (573. 613–1347. 33)
rs3092945 CC+C 6 875.95 (531.935–1022.295) 0. 31 1186. 315 (694. 273–1256. 79) 0. 25
TC 22 364.16 (272.27–834.385) 678. 66 (471. 455–1079. 625)
TT+T 114 581.25 (358.115–914.49) 900. 52 (542. 5–1340. 11)
rs715762 CC+C 127 546.48 (345.99–924.24) 0. 6 853. 04 (517. 89–1255. 06) 0. 32
CT 8 370.36 (271.215–706.9) 851. 46 (515. 415–1158. 05)
TT+T 7 642.6 (430.32–930.08) 1199. 83 (940. 05–1350. 46)
rs3092933 AA+A 14 693.37 (391.3–791.13) 0. 9 944. 07 (516. 2–1226. 195) 0. 56
GA 37 546.48 (362.84–927.18) 932. 62 (560. 54–1594. 4)
GG+G 91 498.36 (295.56–949.43) 839. 96 (536. 1–1200. 075)
rs3092929 AA+A 80 495.34 (284.07–898.925) 0. 34 847. 37 (574. 81–1234. 04) 0. 55
AC 38 494.97 (359.945–986.99) 835. 4 (452. 68–1256. 1)
CC+C 24 693.37 (408.945–918.54) 1037. 81 (571. 483–1275. 85)
rs3092927 AA+A 22 693.37 (419.265–892.89) 0. 3 1084. 295 (558. 508–1310. 51) 0. 58
GA 39 496.44 (372.19–987.97) 853. 04 (456. 06–1245. 64)
GG+G 81 492.32 (288.94–893.1) 839. 96 (556–1223. 2)
rs3092920 GG+G 77 498.36 (288.94–893.1) 0. 44 876. 5 (556–1266. 56) 0. 83
GT 39 546.48 (381.58–1060.56) 818. 48 (453. 36–1245. 64)
TT+T 26 632.57 (382.26–834.965) 980. 34 (516. 2–1256. 79)
CD40 rs1883832 CC 82 553.41 (338.47–910.575) 0. 93 895. 93 (591. 49–1244. 88) 0. 62
CT 52 531.86 (312.11–922.77) 865. 64 (467. 36–1271. 075)
TT 8 451.22 (377.53–1087.42) 544. 175 (386. 4–1472. 04)
ITGA2 rs1126643 CC 53 534.66 (299.48–868.98) 0. 08 876. 5 (490. 7–1224. 72) 0. 02
CT 64 647.6 (361.455–1009.2) 998. 95 (639. 67–1621. 995)
TT 25 401.28 (218.04–657.18) 691. 5 (454. 72–942. 56)
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The association analysis between sCD40L level and rs1126643 in ITGA2 on the day of delivery is detailed as follows: CC vs CT = 0.095; CC vs TT = 0.167; TT vs CT = 0.006.

There was also no association found between sCD40L levels and rs1883832 of the CD40 gene, although this polymorphism has been shown elsewhere to regulate CD40L expression19,22.

However, there was a significant association with rs1126643 of ITGA2; the platelets of C-allele carriers (CC and CT) secreted elevated levels of sCD40L upon storage in shelf-life conditions–that is, with no deliberate stimulation–compared with the non-C carriers (TT homozygous), P = 0.08 at D0 and P = 0.02 at Ddel (Table 1).

Haplotype association with sCD40L levels

Five CD40LG haplotypes accounted for 97.6% of all potential combinations, including rs975379 (C/T), rs3092952 (A/G), rs3092933 (A/G) and rs3092929 (A/C). The association between CD40LG haplotypes and CD40L secretion leading to sCD40L is reported in Table 2. One haplotype (H4: TGGC; frequency: 2.6%) was associated with the largest increase in sCD40L levels at the day of PC delivery, i.e., 1.906 μg/L (95% CI: 1.060 to 2.751; P = 0.000009), compared with the reference haplotype H1 (CAGA). None of the other four CD40LG haplotypes was associated with any difference in sCD40L secretion and plasma levels.

Table 2. Frequency distribution of CD40LG haplotypes in PCs and their interaction with sCD40L level, considering sCD40L level, on the day of preparation (D0) and on the day of PC delivery (Ddel).

CD40LG haplotype (rs975379, rs3092952, rs3092933, rs3092929) Haplotype interaction with sCD40L
  Haplotype Frequency (N = 142) sCD40L mean (95% CI) at D0 P-value sCD40L mean (95% CI) at Ddel P-value
H1 CAGA 0.578 −0.122 (−0.776−0.531) reference 0.470 (−0.098–1.040) reference
H2 CAGC 0.057 0.172 (−0.922–0.127) 0.484 0.203 (−0.978–1.384) 0.594
H3 TGGA 0.105 −0.037 (−0.690–0.615) 0.698 0.353 (−0.336–1.043) 0.639
H4 TGGC 0.026 −0743 (−1.357 −1.208) 0.927 1.906 (1.060–2.751) 0.000009*
H5 TGAC 0.210 −0.123 (−0.829–0.583) 0.997 0.509 (−0,272–1.291) 0.843
Other   0.024        
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Data represent the mean and relative 95% CI of the difference in platelet supernatant sCD40L levels (μg/L) observed in one copy of each haplotype configuration compared with the reference haplotype. Haplotypes (Hn) are indicated in ACGT format with rs975379 (C/T), rs3092952 (A/G), rs3092933 (A/G) and rs3092929 (A/C). The data are boldfaced if the corresponding haplotypes show a significant P-value (<0.05). All data were adjusted for gender, age and platelet count. Data on Ddel were further adjusted for the number of days before delivery.

Eight haplotypes accounted for 100% of potential multigene CD40LG (rs3092952)/CD40 (rs1883832)/ITGA2 (rs1126643) combinations. These haplotypes were tested for association with PC sCD40L levels. A significant association was shown for haplotype HC at the time of preparation [HC: ATC; frequency: 10.8% with increased sCD40L level, i.e., 0.189 μg/L (95% CI: −0.182 to 0.560; P = 0.0135)], compared with the most common haplotype HA (ACC; Table 3). It is interesting to note that haplotype HG (GTC), which differs from HC (ATC) by the first allele (A instead of G of the rs3092952 polymorphism), was also associated with a small non-significant increase in sCD40L levels at Ddel, i.e., 0.553 μg/L (95% CI: 0.235–0.87; P = 0.071). No other haplotype was consistently associated with sCD40L levels.

Table 3. Frequency distribution of CD40LG/CD40/ ITGA2 haplotypes in PCs and their interaction with sCD40L levels.

CD40LG (rs3092952)/ CD40 (rs1883832)/ ITGA2 (rs1126643) Haplotype interaction with sCD40L
  Haplotype Frequency (N = 142) sCD40L mean (95% CI) at D0 P-value sCD40L mean (95% CI) at Ddel P-value
HA ACC 0.277 −0.118 (−0.461–0.226) reference 0.248 (−0.345–0.531) reference
HB ACT 0.226 −0.097 (−0.423–0.228) 0.869 0.293 (−0.444–0.631) 0.768
HC ATC 0.108 0.189 (−0.182–0.560) 0.0135* 0.242 (−0.195–0.678) 0.975
HD ATT 0.033 −0.201 (−1.083–0.681) 0.857 0.301 (0.188–0.789) 0.827
HE GCC 0.161 −0.084 (−0.398 −0.231) 0.828 0.390 (0.009 −0.771) 0.350
HF GCT 0.093 −0.002 (−0.343–0.340) 0.394 0.145 (−0.426–0.717) 0.715
HG GTC 0.058 −0.141 (−0.820–0.539) 0.936 0.553 (0.235–0.872) 0.071
HH GTT 0.044 −0.201 (−0.108–0.681) 0.993 0.130 (−0,694–0.954) 0.754
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Data represent the mean and relative 95% CI of the difference in platelet supernatant sCD40L levels (μg/L) observed in one copy of each haplotype configuration compared with the reference haplotype. Haplotypes (Hn) are indicated in ACGT format with rs3092952 (A/G), rs1883832 (C/T) and rs1126643 (C/T). The data are boldfaced if the corresponding haplotypes show significant P-values (<0.05). All data were adjusted for gender, age and platelet count. Data on Ddel were further adjusted for number of days before delivery.

These results are reported after full adjustments for covariates, i.e., gender, age, number of platelets (109/L) and the number of days of storage (inventory condition) prior to delivery. The major contributing factor exerting a positive effect on sCD40L levels was the platelet count (P = 0.000406 and P < 0.000001 at D0 and Ddel, respectively) for the CD40LG haplotype analysis. The same covariate was identified in the inter-chromosomal haplotype analysis (P = 0.001457 and P < 0.000001 at D0 and Ddel, respectively).

Discussion

SNP association studies did not reveal any association with sCD40L levels measured in PCs at either D0 or Ddel. These results were consistent with our previous findings16 showing that no particular pattern of CD40LG in individuals who donated platelets by single apheresis and those in whom PCs induced an adverse transfusion reaction. It does seem, in light of the results and limitations of this study, that there are no so-called “regulator polymorphisms of CD40LG”, at least in healthy individuals.

Our findings did disagree with the observations of Malarstig et al., who showed in a large cohort of patients with cardiovascular disease that carriers of the G allele of rs30929521 had a 10% higher sCD40L level. However, to the best of our knowledge, this finding has yet to be consistently reproduced and despite this apparent correlation, rs3092952 did not confer an increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events. Regarding CA repeats in the 3′-UTR of CD40LG, our results corroborate those of Bugert et al., indicating that neither the sizes of the alleles nor the genotypes of the CA repeat polymorphism were associated with plasma sCD40L levels23 (Table 1). Dai et al. found no association between CA repeats and mRNA expression in CD4 + T cells24. Only studies by Perez-Aciego et al. found that CD40L expression (membrane and mRNA) decreases in CD4 + T cells, but only in those with 24 CA alleles25,26. Taken together, these results indicate that the regulation of membrane CD40L expression and sCD40L levels is complex and implies not only genetic variations in CD40LG. Furthermore, one cannot exclude the possibility of environmental influences, cell-related post-translational regulation, catabolic regulation and/or polygenic control.

Extensive literature reported the association of the CD40 -1C/T polymorphism (rs1883832) with CD40L expression. However, published results are difficult to compare because either the T or the C allele is implicated, with relatively equal frequencies between them19,22. The present study found no significant association with this polymorphism. Some of our unpublished data, however, confirm a positive correlation between surface protein CD40L expression and the rs1883832 genotypes present in the CD40 gene in T lymphocytes, in line with the findings of Zhang B et al.22.

The only genotype associated with sCD40L levels in PCs was found with C-allele carriers (CC and CT) of ITGA2, with a positive association (P = 0.02). This finding is discordant with the work of Antoniades et al., who defined the T allele as an independent predictor for the release of sCD40L in healthy subjects but only in the subgroup with von Willebrand factor greater than or equal to the median21. Thus, again, an association with a specific allele (T or C) seems to be an ambiguous result, similar to other polymorphisms, e.g., CD4019,22. This polymorphism may affect either mRNA stability or a regulatory genetic region, with a subsequent change in the density of the expressed molecule on the platelet surface and, consequently, an alteration of platelet adhesion and activation, although this polymorphism does not alter the functional status of the protein20. This possibility may explain why the association between the ITGA2 genotype and sCD40L levels was only found on the day of delivery, suggesting the requirement for sustained platelet activation over time, due to the preparation and storage process27,28.

We identified a highly significant association with the CD40LG haplotype at the day of PC delivery (H4: TGGC; P = 0.000009; Table 2). This result may be explained by progressive sCD40L release during platelet storage13,27. Moreover, we also identified one inter-chromosomal CD40LG/CD40/ ITGA2 haplotype, HC (ATC) from the rs3092952, rs18828232 and rs1126643 genotypes, associated with sCD40L levels (P = 0.0135; Table 3). This result highlights the importance of the association of several polymorphisms in different genes that are involved in the complex regulation of this immuno-modulatory molecule that is released after platelet activation. Notably, the frequency of HC was nearly 11% of all the investigated CD40LG/CD40/ ITGA2 haplotypes.

HG was also associated with a relative increase in sCD40L levels at Ddel, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. This similarity could be linked to the similarity of the two haplotypes, HG (GTC) and HC (ATC), given that they show a difference in only the allele of the first rs3092952 polymorphism, which presents a regulatory function; however, that function was not identified in our study, which considered the polymorphism alone.

The apparent controversies between individual polymorphisms and haplotype analysis are explained by their different biological values and a higher informative analysis was attributed to haplotype investigation29. Sequential nucleotide variants may catch subtle changes in protein function, regardless of the presence of nucleic acid changes in the coding region29,30.

We identified two haplotypes associated with high levels of plasma sCD40L. However, a large fraction of CD40L is known to be carried by extracellular vesicles, including microvesicles and exosomes, after platelet activation31. As most methods used to assay sCD40L (i.e., ELISA and Luminex technologies) don’t distinguish between free sCD40L and microvesicle-carried-CD40L32,33, we believe that the levels of sCD40L measured in our study are not an underestimate.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest the haplotypic and polygenic control of sCD40L release from platelets stored for transfusion. This highly informative in vitro model contributes to a better understanding of the genetic role of CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 with regard to sCD40L platelet secretion and the subsequent levels in PCs and, consequently, the role of sCD40L in AEs. However, we cannot exclude that the biological response may also be affected by pathophysiologic aspects and co-morbidities in the transfusion recipients. The replication of the associations we found, as well as additional functional studies in pathological situations with inflammatory disorders, is required to confirm our findings in a larger number of individuals and must be extended to other clinical settings (e.g., in vivo models).

Methods

Subjects

Ethics statement

The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the ethical committee of the F. Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. Informed and written consent was obtained from all the healthy donors who participated in this study.

Study population

The studied cohort comprised 142 volunteer blood donors, including 52 males and 90 females, 26 ± 10 years of age (mean ± SD), who donated whole blood at the Transfusion Centre of Sousse. Individual PCs were derived from each donation as described34. None of the blood donors were family-related; donors entered the study randomly, on the sole basis of the timing of their donations; no selection criteria specific to this study were applied.

Genotyping

Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral venous blood using the FlexiGene DNA Kit (Qiagen, Paris, France). For CD40LG, rs3092952 A/G and CA repeats were genotyped as previously described using denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (dHPLC) and capillary electrophoresis, respectively16. The remaining 8 CD40LG polymorphisms were genotyped via multiplex PCR amplification in two groups of quadruplex Tetra primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System-PCR (T-ARMS-PCR) followed by fragment analysis (the first group included rs3092945 C/T, rs975379 C/T, rs3092929 A/C and rs3092920 G/T; the second group included rs3092948 C/G, rs3092927 A/G, rs715762 C/T and rs3092933 A/G)35,36,37,38,39. Each of the two groups of primers used for the amplification of twelve fragments of different sizes was pooled in a single 25-μL reaction volume, which contained 12.5 μL of master mix from the Multiple × PCR Kit (Qiagen, Paris, France), according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. PCR conditions included an initial denaturation step of 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 7 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 70 °C minus 1 °C per cycle for 30 s and 72 °C for 30 s. Then, we performed 29 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, followed by annealing for 30 s at 65 °C and 63 °C for multiplex T-ARMS-PCR groups I and II, respectively40.

Genotype data were integrated with two additional SNPs, mapping at CD40 (rs1883832 C/T) and at ITGA2 (rs1126643 C/T), genotyped by single T-ARMS-PCR under the same technical conditions, with annealing temperatures of 67 °C and 67.5 °C for CD40 and ITGA2, respectively (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2).

Soluble CD40L assay

Non-leukodepleted, individual PCs were prepared according to the standard protocol of the blood bank of Sousse34. Under sterile conditions, 4 mL was derived from PCs, first on the day of blood donation and platelet bag preparation (D0) and again on the day of delivery (Ddel). The samples were centrifuged at 180 g for 10 min and supernatants were collected and frozen at −80 °C and then thawed immediately before being assayed at room temperature. Soluble CD40L in PC supernatants was measured using a commercially available method by Luminex Technology according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Milliplex Map Kit Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany).

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed with XLSTATTM software (Addinsoft, Paris, France) using non-parametric methods. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was used to control the genotyping results. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the association between the genetic polymorphisms and sCD40L levels.

To test for the prevalence of genotypes of the CA repeat polymorphism, we defined three types as referred to Table 1 as follows: (i) genotype ‘only 26′ with the 26 CA allele exclusively (this group comprised females with two 26 alleles and males with one 26 allele, because the gene is X-linked); (ii) genotype ‘26+’ with any allele other than 26 in addition to one 26 allele (heterozygous females); and (iii) genotype ‘no 26’ with no 26 allele (any genotype without the 26 allele).

For haplotype association, we used Haploview 4.2 software and employed the algorithm proposed by Gabriel41 in order to choose tagged SNPs based on our previous study16. The haplotype tagger function was used to identify redundant SNPs, which were considered redundant if the pairwise LD (r2) was ≥0.8. Haplotypes with a frequency ≤1% were excluded from the analysis (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Representative LD plot of the two haplotype blocks at CD40LG and the tagged SNPs used for the haplotype association.

Figure 1

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The consequences of displaying haplotypes on the propensity for platelet secretion of sCD40L were evaluated using THESIAS v3.1 software42. The association of each haplotype with sCD40L levels was measured using a regression parameter and the 95% confidence interval (CI), where the effect of each haplotype is compared with the most frequent haplotype, termed the ‘reference’ in the regression model. Adjustments were performed for different covariates, such as gender, age, platelet count and storage length prior to delivery (considered when testing for sCD40L at Ddel).

All significance thresholds were set at P < 0.05.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Aloui, C. et al. Levels of human platelet-derived soluble CD40 ligand depend on haplotypes of CD40LG-CD40-ITGA2. Sci. Rep. 6, 24715; doi: 10.1038/srep24715 (2016).

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Information
srep24715-s1.doc (90.5KB, doc)

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the French National Blood Service–EFS (Grant APR), France Cooperation Région Rhône-Alpes CMIRA - France, Erasmus Mundus Al-Idrisi (idri-1100823); the Association for Research in Transfusion (ART), Paris, France; and the Association “Les Amis de Rémi”, Savigneux, France. We also thank the blood donors for having agreed to take part in this study.

Footnotes

Author Contributions S.L., F.C. and O.G. initiated and completed the project. S.L. and C.A. designed the experiments. C.A. carried out the primer design, participated in the sample collection and performed the statistical analysis (Haploview and THESIAS programs). C.S. and J.F. performed the genotyping. A.P. and S.T. participated in the interpretation of the results. T.C. participated in the sample collection. S.L. and C.A. drafted the manuscript. O.G. coordinated the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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