Skip to main content
PMC home page
British Heart Journal logoLink to British Heart Journal
. 1995 May;73(5 Suppl 2):1–9. doi: 10.1136/hrt.73.5_suppl_2.1

How to quantitate valve regurgitation by echo Doppler techniques

Iain A Simpson 1, Mark A de Belder 1, Antoinette Kenny 1, Michael Martin 1, Petros Nihoyannopoulos 1; British Society of Echocardiography1
PMCID: PMC483890  PMID: 7612391

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

2Image
on p.2
2Image
on p.2
4Image
on p.4
6Image
on p.6
7Image
on p.7

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bargiggia G. S., Tronconi L., Sahn D. J., Recusani F., Raisaro A., De Servi S., Valdes-Cruz L. M., Montemartini C. A new method for quantitation of mitral regurgitation based on color flow Doppler imaging of flow convergence proximal to regurgitant orifice. Circulation. 1991 Oct;84(4):1481–1489. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berger M., Haimowitz A., Van Tosh A., Berdoff R. L., Goldberg E. Quantitative assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with tricuspid regurgitation using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985 Aug;6(2):359–365. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80172-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Blanchard D., Diebold B., Peronneau P., Foult J. M., Nee M., Guermonprez J. L., Maurice P. Non-invasive diagnosis of mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J. 1981 May;45(5):589–593. doi: 10.1136/hrt.45.5.589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bolger A. F., Eigler N. L., Pfaff J. M., Resser K. J., Maurer G. Computer analysis of Doppler color flow mapping images for quantitative assessment of in vitro fluid jets. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988 Aug;12(2):450–457. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90418-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chambers J., Fraser A., Lawford P., Nihoyannopoulos P., Simpson I. Echocardiographic assessment of artificial heart valves: British Society of Echocardiography position paper. Br Heart J. 1994 Apr;71(4 Suppl):6–14. doi: 10.1136/hrt.71.4_suppl.6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chao K., Moises V. A., Shandas R., Elkadi T., Sahn D. J., Weintraub R. Influence of the Coanda effect on color Doppler jet area and color encoding. In vitro studies using color Doppler flow mapping. Circulation. 1992 Jan;85(1):333–341. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.1.333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Helmcke F., Nanda N. C., Hsiung M. C., Soto B., Adey C. K., Goyal R. G., Gatewood R. P., Jr Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation. 1987 Jan;75(1):175–183. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.75.1.175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Henry W. L., Bonow R. O., Borer J. S., Ware J. H., Kent K. M., Redwood D. R., McIntosh C. L., Morrow A. G., Epstein S. E. Observations on the optimum time for operative intervention for aortic regurgitation. I. Evaluation of the results of aortic valve replacement in symptomatic patients. Circulation. 1980 Mar;61(3):471–483. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.61.3.471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Himelman R. B., Kusumoto F., Oken K., Lee E., Cahalan M. K., Shah P. M., Schiller N. B. The flail mitral valve: echocardiographic findings by precordial and transesophageal imaging and Doppler color flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Jan;17(1):272–279. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90738-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Maciel B. C., Moises V. A., Shandas R., Simpson I. A., Beltran M., Valdes-Cruz L., Sahn D. J. Effects of pressure and volume of the receiving chamber on the spatial distribution of regurgitant jets as imaged by color Doppler flow mapping. An in vitro study. Circulation. 1991 Feb;83(2):605–613. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.2.605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Maciel B. C., Simpson I. A., Valdes-Cruz L. M., Recusani F., Hoit B., Dalton N., Weintraub R., Sahn D. J. Color flow Doppler mapping studies of "physiologic" pulmonary and tricuspid regurgitation: evidence for true regurgitation as opposed to a valve closing volume. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1991 Nov-Dec;4(6):589–597. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80218-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Miyatake K., Izumi S., Okamoto M., Kinoshita N., Asonuma H., Nakagawa H., Yamamoto K., Takamiya M., Sakakibara H., Nimura Y. Semiquantitative grading of severity of mitral regurgitation by real-time two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Jan;7(1):82–88. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80263-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Omoto R., Yokote Y., Takamoto S., Kyo S., Ueda K., Asano H., Namekawa K., Kasai C., Kondo Y., Koyano A. The development of real-time two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and its clinical significance in acquired valvular diseases. With special reference to the evaluation of valvular regurgitation. Jpn Heart J. 1984 May;25(3):325–340. doi: 10.1536/ihj.25.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Quinones M. A., Young J. B., Waggoner A. D., Ostojic M. C., Ribeiro L. G., Miller R. R. Assessment of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in detection and quantification of aortic and mitral regurgitation. Br Heart J. 1980 Dec;44(6):612–620. doi: 10.1136/hrt.44.6.612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Recusani F., Bargiggia G. S., Yoganathan A. P., Raisaro A., Valdes-Cruz L. M., Sung H. W., Bertucci C., Gallati M., Moises V. A., Simpson I. A. A new method for quantification of regurgitant flow rate using color Doppler flow imaging of the flow convergence region proximal to a discrete orifice. An in vitro study. Circulation. 1991 Feb;83(2):594–604. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.2.594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Rokey R., Sterling L. L., Zoghbi W. A., Sartori M. P., Limacher M. C., Kuo L. C., Quinones M. A. Determination of regurgitant fraction in isolated mitral or aortic regurgitation by pulsed Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Jun;7(6):1273–1278. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80146-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Samstad S. O., Hegrenaes L., Skjaerpe T., Hatle L. Half time of the diastolic aortoventricular pressure difference by continuous wave Doppler ultrasound: a measure of the severity of aortic regurgitation? Br Heart J. 1989 Apr;61(4):336–343. doi: 10.1136/hrt.61.4.336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Simpson I. A., Reece I. J., Houston A. B., Hutton I., Wheatley D. J., Cobbe S. M. Non-invasive assessment by Doppler ultrasound of 155 patients with bioprosthetic valves: a comparison of the Wessex porcine, low profile Ionescu-Shiley, and Hancock pericardial bioprostheses. Br Heart J. 1986 Jul;56(1):83–88. doi: 10.1136/hrt.56.1.83. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Simpson I. A., Valdes-Cruz L. M., Sahn D. J., Murillo A., Tamura T., Chung K. J. Doppler color flow mapping of simulated in vitro regurgitant jets: evaluation of the effects of orifice size and hemodynamic variables. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Apr;13(5):1195–1207. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90284-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Spain M. G., Smith M. D., Grayburn P. A., Harlamert E. A., DeMaria A. N. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow imaging: angiographic and hemodynamic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Mar 1;13(3):585–590. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90597-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Stewart W. J., Currie P. J., Salcedo E. E., Klein A. L., Marwick T., Agler D. A., Homa D., Cosgrove D. M. Evaluation of mitral leaflet motion by echocardiography and jet direction by Doppler color flow mapping to determine the mechanisms of mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;20(6):1353–1361. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90248-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Switzer D. F., Yoganathan A. P., Nanda N. C., Woo Y. R., Ridgway A. J. Calibration of color Doppler flow mapping during extreme hemodynamic conditions in vitro: a foundation for a reliable quantitative grading system for aortic incompetence. Circulation. 1987 Apr;75(4):837–846. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.75.4.837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Thomas J. D., Liu C. M., Flachskampf F. A., O'Shea J. P., Davidoff R., Weyman A. E. Quantification of jet flow by momentum analysis. An in vitro color Doppler flow study. Circulation. 1990 Jan;81(1):247–259. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.1.247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Utsunomiya T., Ogawa T., King S. W., Sunada E., Moore G. W., Henry W. L., Gardin J. M. Effect of machine parameters on variance display in Doppler color flow mapping. Am Heart J. 1990 Dec;120(6 Pt 1):1395–1402. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(90)90254-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Utsunomiya T., Patel D., Doshi R., Quan M., Gardin J. M. Can signal intensity of the continuous wave Doppler regurgitant jet estimate severity of mitral regurgitation? Am Heart J. 1992 Jan;123(1):166–171. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(92)90761-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Vandervoort P. M., Rivera J. M., Mele D., Palacios I. F., Dinsmore R. E., Weyman A. E., Levine R. A., Thomas J. D. Application of color Doppler flow mapping to calculate effective regurgitant orifice area. An in vitro study and initial clinical observations. Circulation. 1993 Sep;88(3):1150–1156. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.3.1150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Yoshida K., Yoshikawa J., Shakudo M., Akasaka T., Jyo Y., Takao S., Shiratori K., Koizumi K., Okumachi F., Kato H. Color Doppler evaluation of valvular regurgitation in normal subjects. Circulation. 1988 Oct;78(4):840–847. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.78.4.840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Zhang J., Jones M., Shandas R., Valdes-Cruz L. M., Murillo A., Yamada I., Kang S. U., Weintraub R. G., Shiota T., Sahn D. J. Accuracy of flow convergence estimates of mitral regurgitant flow rates obtained by use of multiple color flow Doppler M-mode aliasing boundaries: an experimental animal study. Am Heart J. 1993 Feb;125(2 Pt 1):449–458. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90025-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Heart Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES